語法中文三主語與謂語主謂一致

一、SC的做題方法與原3．做改錯題時，首先應通讀句子，找出句子中能幫助做題的。在很多情況下，句子中幫助做題的離劃線部分會很遠。4．GMC原則(grammarmeaningandconcision):主謂一致，平行，代詞，修飾，動詞時態(tài)、語態(tài)和主，比較和習慣用法二、意思與句子簡潔(GMC原則語法，語義，簡潔STEP1、首先看有無語法錯誤（習慣說法不一定正確STEP2、看意思表達是否準確（不會讀2遍以上才明白也不會產生歧義）STEP3、是否簡潔（能用6個詞不要用10個詞）（一）①Economic-economical- ；aggravating-令 ③Knownasknowntobe-被承認…；known④Lossof失去；lossin-⑤Mandate-命令；haveamandate-擁 ⑥Nativeof-（人）來自；nativeto–物 ⑦Rangeofranging-⑨Rise–上升,形容無方向，單純上升；raise- 或工資）上漲，有方Rate⑨Rise–上升,形容無方向，單純上升；raise- 或工資）上漲，有方⑩Suchaslike-好像（舉例只能用suchas,不能用⑾⑾Trytodo–努力去完成； ng–嘗試去 Actual:IfChrisandJedmet,theyDISCUSSEDHypothetical:IfChrisandJedmet,theyWOULDDISCUSS不要亂加2，原句是likely，不能替換成should3,只能用must，不能用should替要關注一些重點詞，all,onlyEG:ONLYthecouncilvotesonThursdays.ThecouncilvotesONLYon關注句子的整體順序，是否會產生歧義；EG：主語序強調的對象不同（二）簡潔是GMAT最后考到的點，只有在語法和意思都無誤的情況，才選擇最簡潔的；換言EG:differ好于havedifferenceinWordy:TheyHAVEDIFFERENCESoverTHEWAYINWHICHthecompanyshouldMAKEINVESTMENTSinnewtechnologies.Better:TheyDIFFERoverHOWthecompanyshouldINVESTinnewEG:OG12 panied清晰；另外關于什么的增長，一般的用法是increaseinsth，而不是increasedsthRise-increase;sum-total;regain-again;enable-beableto;attempt-try;otherthan-opposite;drop-decrease;sufficient-enough;including-amonghaveto–require及近義詞then-laterso-inorder過去：previously;formerlyinthepastbefore現(xiàn)在：nowcurrently;presently;at每年的：annualeachyear;a法錯誤，使得此類選項稍好一點。（being只有2種情況對）1，介詞＋beingdone;2,進行時bebeing12thEdition:8,12,16,17,21,31,37,39,49,VerbalReview:2,13,57,76OR2ndEdition:3,18,22,36,54,Eg.27三、主語與謂語(主謂一致每一個句子都必須有一個主語和謂語（動詞），（一）EGBecausethedogwasnevermine.EG:×Thedevelopmentofahydrogencarbasedonexpectedperformanceparameterswillbeabletotravelhundredsof withoutrefueling.(development不能夠不加油就跑幾百) Thediscoveryofnewmedicines(was/were)vitaltothecompany's若不知道主語是否單復，就想是什么造成公司的上漲?？隙ㄊ且患隆Ｋ允菃谓橘e短語中的名詞不是主語可以忽略：（of,／fore.g.NearGalway,thehousesontheroadtoSpiddleis/are（NEARGalway）,theHOUSES（ONtheroadTOSpiddle）AREEG:(whentheauditorsleft),theexecutive(whohadbeeninterviewed)wase.g.（Lim,）thehorse（onceconsideredoneofthefavorites）was/weretaken（四）andand其他連接性的詞（alongwithinadditiontoaswellastogetherwithincluding）雖然也e.g.Joe,aswellashisfriends,ISgoingtotheMathematics,inadditiontohistoryandscience,ISarequired（五）eitheror,neitherEG:NeitherthecoachnortheplayersaregoingtotheNeithertheplayersnorthecoachISgoingtothe若僅僅只有eitherorneither,沒有or、nor（家具疾病 疾病 雖然以Se.g.TheCROWDinthestandsIScheeringloudlyasthehomeTEAMTAKESthefield.OurARMYofahundredthousandsoldiersISattackingtheenemy.2,主語是非限制性的代詞，用單數(shù).(就好了Anyone,anybody,anything,noone,nobody,nothing,each,every,someone,somebody,something,everyone,everybody,everything,whatever,whoever（七）介賓短語前面有“量”的修飾的21，大于1個的用復數(shù)。Eg.Threebirdsofthezoowere2，.1)．Some allof,more/mostof,partof,halfof謂語單復數(shù)。需要看介賓短語中的EG:SomeofthemoneywasstolenfrommySomeof swerestolenfromthe2)．Anyof noneofnotoneof謂語一定是單數(shù)e.g.NotoneofmyfriendsISherethis（八）each&everyEG:everydogandcathaspaws.Theyeacharegreattennis（九）Anumberof復數(shù)主語+復數(shù)謂語（anumberof可以看成是Thenumberof復數(shù)/單數(shù)主語+Majority（多數(shù)）minority（少數(shù)民族／少數(shù)）andplurality（多數(shù)）這3個詞后面“＋of”ThemajorityofthestudentsinthisclassAREhardIntheSenate,themajorityHAScoalescedintoaunifiedvoting（十）Havinggoodfriends]Sawonderfulthing.WhatevertheywanttodoISfinewithOG68sththatbe…,當前面的sth做主語的時候thatbe一般要省略，否則不符合英文（十一）1常用的副詞主要有：heretherenowthenoutindownupaway等，OutrushedtheTherebe+主語+地點。其中動詞be也可以是其他Therearemanydifferentkindsofmooncakesonthe在結果狀語從句句型so…that中，如果強調so…放在句首，主句需要部分倒Soexcitedwassheatthenewsthatshecouldn”tsayaword當判斷倒裝句的單復數(shù)，要看謂語動詞后名詞（主語）1.）Wrong:NearthosebuildingsSITalonelyhouse,inhabitedbysquatters.Right:NearthosebuildingsSITSalonelyhouse,inhabitedbysquatters.Wrong:ThereISayoungmanandanolderwomanatthebusstop.Flipit!AyoungmanandanolderwomanAREthereatthebusstop.Right:ThereAREayoungmanandanolderwomanatthebusUncertain:Pongisaclassicgamefromwhichhave/hasdescendedmanycurrentcomputerFlipit!PongisaclassicgamefromwhichmanycurrentcomputerpastimesHAVEdescended.Right:PongisaclassicgamefromwhichHAVEdescendedmanycurrentcomputerpastimes.12thEdition:2,5,13,27,45,60,66,68,78,84,D41VerbalReview:8,16,24,34,35,59,77OR2ndEdition:10,11,四、平行結（一）And,bothandor,eitheror;neithernor,notbutnotonlybutalso,ratherthan,fromto前后連接的A和B必須詞性相同，結構一致，甚至“數(shù)”一致（二）有時候becan,to…Wrong:IwanttoretiretoaplaceWHEREIcanrelaxANDIpaylowtaxes.RightIwanttoretiretoaplaceWHEREIcanrelaxANDWHEREIpavlowtaxes.RightTherearemanypeopleWHOspeakEnglishBUTWHOSEparentsdonot.4．但是“引導詞”前面的詞不可以省略！thosewho連在一起不分家。中間不能插入bothWrong:RalphlikesBOTHTHOSEWHOarepopularANDWHOarenot.Right:RalphlikesBOTHTHOSEWHOarepopularANDTHOSEWHOare（三AandBA,B，andCA,B,C,and當連接兩個元素是長de獨立句子時候，會用A，andIreallylikecandyapples,ANDIeatthemRight:ShearguesTHATtheagencyactsWITHrecklessabandonANDWITHdisregardhumanlifeANDproperty.ANDTHATitshouldthereforebeshut，（四）Wrong:ThebouquetofflowersWASagivingoflove.Right:ThebouquetofflowersWASagiftoflove.Wrong:Uponbeingnominated,thispoliticianREPRESENTSastepforwardinurban-ruralrelationsinthiscountry.Right:ThenominationofthispoliticianREPRESENTSastepforwardinurban-ruralrelationsinthiscountry.12thEdition:6,11,14,15,22,24,26,28,29,36,42,46,52,53,55,56,62,65,72,81,83,88,D36,D39,VerbalReview:1,4,6,11,22,25,27,46,47,51,52,56,62,64,66,五、代（一）先行詞（代詞指代的名詞）EG:錯。Theparkrangersdiscussedmeasurestopreventseverewildfireswhichwouldbedevastatingtoit.It無指代對象，因為park在此處是形容詞，真正的主語是parkrangers（二）將代詞換為先行詞（它所指代的名詞），EG:(錯)Althoughtheterm” puter”maysoundwonderful,itissimplyandmachinethatcanexecutetril-lionsofcalculationseverysecond.（對）:Althoughtheterm" puter"maysoundfancifulorexaggerated,itsimplyREFERSTOanextremelyfastmainframethatcanexecutetril-lionsofcalculationseverysecond.注意：通常解釋一個新名詞，用的是itrefersto而不是itis（三）每一個代詞都只能有一個清晰的先行詞，多個的話，指代是模糊的或者一個單數(shù)代詞，2個單數(shù)先行詞，也必錯，因為指代不清比如：alongwith…/by…,要找到真正的主語。（五）代詞主格可用做主語：I,you,she,he,it,we,they,who2．代詞賓格用作賓語：meyou,himherit,usthem,whom3．所有格：mymine,youryours,his,herhersits,ourourstheir（?？迹﹖heirswhoseEG:Supernovasdestroytheirimmediateenvironmentsinvastexplosions,BUTbysynthesizingheavychemicalelements,THEYprovidetheuniversewiththepossibilityofbiochemistry-basedlifeasweknowit.EG:Wrong:Theboardisinvestigatingseveralexecutives'compensationpackagesinordertodeterminehowmuchmayhavebeenimproperlyawardedtoTHEM.這里them本想指代executives但是這里面executives是以所有格executivescompensationRight:TheboardisinvestigatingthecompensationpackagesofseveralexecutivesinordertodeterminehowmuchTHESEEXECUTIVESmayhavebeenimproperlyawarded.Right:TheboardisinvestigatingthecompensationpackagesofseveralexecutivesinordertodeterminehowmuchTHEYmayhavebeenimproperlywhich，that只能指代物，只有who,whom（六）this,that,these,those在句子中不能奔，必須用作this/that/those/these+n的結構才(this,thosethatandtheseareneverusedasastand-alonepronounwithoutanounfollowing)EG：New”nano-papers”incorporatefibersthatgiveTHESEMATERIALSEG:Themoneyspentbyherparentsismorethanthatspentbyherthat或those表明新copy的時候一定前后完全一致（包括單復數(shù)），否則需要重復先行EG：錯。Hercompanyisoutperformingthoseofher 替換 12thEdition:1,7,23,47,91,VerbalReview:12,15,19,29,41,44,49,53,65,OR2ndEdition:16,六、修（一）GMAT形容詞+形容詞+副詞+形容詞+EGJamesisMax’ssupposedIrishancestor.Irish是形容詞，ancestor是名詞。Max’sgrandmotherishissupposedlyIrishancestor.此處supposedlyM的肯定是M的祖先，只是不知道是不是他的Irish祖先而已，因此副詞再次修飾形容常見的形容詞+ly變副詞的詞語corresponding,frequent,independentrarerecent,seeming,separate,significant,supposed,usual. 語義前置修飾（同位語）是GMATEG:Tiredfromchasingmice,thecattooka解。劃線部分修飾的是逗號后緊挨的“thecat”EG:Jimbikedalonganolddirtroadtogettohishouse,whichcutthroughthewoods.錯Togettohishouse,Jimbikedalonganolddirtroad,whichcutthroughthewoods.對Wrong:Resignedtothebadnews,therewasnocommotionintheoffice.Right:Resignedtothebadnews,theofficeworkersmadenocommotion.最常見的模式就是：修飾語，修飾語謂賓必錯／主語，修飾語，修飾語，謂賓必Wrong:GeorgeCarlin，bothshockingandentertainingaudiencesacrossthena-tion，whoalsostruggledpubliclywithdrugabuseinfluencedandin-spiredagenerationofcomedians.Better:Bothshockingandentertainingaudiencesacrossthenation，GeorgeCar-lin，whoalsostruggledpubliclywithdrugabuse，influencedandinspiredagenerationofcomedians.BEST:Bothshockingandentertainingaudiencesacrossthenation，GeorgeCarlininfluencedandinspiredagenerationofcomedians,EG:Wrong:Onlyinthepastcenturyhasorigami’sdevelopment,aceremonialactivityinventedmillenniaago,intoatrueartformtakenplace.Right:Origami-aceremonialactivityinventedmillenniaago-hasdevelopedintoatrueartformonlyinthepastcentury.（三）Which（修飾物），that（不能修飾人）who/whom(修飾人)whose,where,when,Who:一般修飾主語；whom:in／forGMAT中e.g.thetownwhosewatersupplywasWho/whom當在修飾關系從句中，who是從句中謂語的主語；whom是從句中Wrong:ThesecurityguardWHOwemetwasnice.(whometwe)Right:ThesecurityguardWHOMwemetwasnice.（wemetwhom）Where/which:where只能修飾具體的地點,which可以修飾虛擬的，如condition,situation(位置),case,circumstance,arrangement（布置。）When／which:修飾一個具體時間或者時間段時，可以通用，如time,period,age1987,Non-essential:Thismansion，WHICHHASBEENRECENTLYPAINTEDRED,isownedbytheLees.Essential:ThemansionTHATHASBEENPAINTEDREDisownedbytheLees.但是當which前面有介詞的時候，例如forwhich，可能不需要that,但是依然需要逗號原則。Non-essential:Thismansion,FORWHICHIYEARN,isownedbytheLees.Essential:ThemansionFORWHICHIYEARNisownedbythe簡單說就是the開頭,沒逗號，用that／forwhichthis／these開頭，有逗號，用which/forwhich從屬結構，通過becausealthough,if,whilesothat（五）whichWrongCrimehasrecentlydecreasedinourneighborhood.WHICHhasledtoariseinpropertyvalues.（此句中which指的是neighborhood,錯）Right:Therecentdecreaseincrimeinourneighborhoodhasledtoariseinpropertyvalues.ingEG:Crimehasrecentlydecreasedinourneighborhood,leadingtoariseinpropertyinging形式在主謂賓結構之后，可以表示與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生，表伴隨，此時其邏輯主(6)inged表12thEdition:10,18,25,30,38,40,48,58,61,63,71,79,D40,VerbalReview:7,OR2ndEdition:33,42,57,59,69,71,75,83,七、動詞的時態(tài)、語氣和主（一）（來時表示一般狀態(tài)的動詞不用進行時，比如know,signify（意味著），emit(發(fā)射)EG:Wrong:ThisinscriptionISSIGNIFYINGtheemperor'sbirth.Right:ThisinscriptionSIGNIFIEStheemperor'sWrong:QuentinISMEETINGHarveyforlunchtomorrow.Right:QuentinWILLMEETHarveyforlunchtomorrow.SandyWILLBEPLAYINGsoccerRightSheWASPLAYINGwithherfriendswhenthebabysitterARRIVED.此句要表達的是thebabysitterarrived之前shewasplaying.ShePLAYEDwithherfriendswhenthebabysitterARRIVED.此句表達的是thebabysitterarrived之后sheplayed.（二）現(xiàn)在完成時的標志詞：since+within/over/during/in+時間段EG:SheWILLPAYyouwhenyouHAVETAKENoutthegarbage.(ThetimeofwillpayisLATERthanthefuturetimeofhave表示詞：likeihood/possibility+that,over+時間點（三）若轉述一個人的或者報告，要將現(xiàn)在時轉化為過去時，過去時轉化為過去完成時，EG:Themanbelievesthatthemachinewillbewonderful.Thescientistbelievedthatthemachinewouldbewonderful.錯誤：ThemanbelievesthatthemachinewouldbeThemanbelievedthatthemachinewillbe如果主句和分句主語相同，且以andbefore,but等連接，如果句子邏輯上存在先后順序EG:AntonioDROVEtothestore,andCristinaBOUGHTsomeiceLauraLOCKEDthedeadboltbeforesheLEFTforEG:ThebandU2wasoneofmanynewgroupsontherockmusicsceneintheearlybutlessthantenyearslater,U2hadfullyeclipseditsearlyrivalsinthepantheonofpopular（四）看起來不可能或者不真實的條件，用if,asif,asthoughRight:To emyfearofgerms,IwillthinkaboutdiseaseasthoughitWEREposal,desirerequest等表“建議”、“命令”的詞用that引導虛擬語氣中，be一般用were.EG:ifIwerearichmanIf…then….常見的五種句型(then經常會被省略掉表示確定If＋一般現(xiàn)在時thenEG:ifsheeatspizza,(then) es表示某種程度的不確定:if＋一般現(xiàn)在時,thencan／may＋v.原型Ifsheeatspizza,(then)shemay eill.if＋一般現(xiàn)在時，thenIfsheeatspizzatomorrow,(then)she eifthen＋情態(tài)動詞＋v.Ifsheatepizzatomorrow,(thenshe eill.(使用虛擬語氣if＋過去完成時thenIfshehadeatenpizzayesterday,(then)shewouldhave eill.使用虛擬語氣)注：a.在GMAT中，如果遇到butif..那么就要考慮是否是以上的五種之一。Right:IFyoustudydiligently,[THEN]youwillscorehighly.Right:YouwillscorehighlyIFyoustudyb.情態(tài)動詞would/should不會出現(xiàn)在“if”從句命令性的虛擬語氣，（比假設性虛擬更重要+命令性動詞+that+從句主語+虛擬動詞原型（沒有S沒有 令虛擬語氣，不能用不定式：demand,dictate,insist,mandate,propose, mend,request,stipulate（規(guī)定）,suggestWedemandTHATHEBETheattorneysproposedtomeetthefollowing詞－只能用不定式的：adviseallowforbidpersuade令虛擬語氣，又可以接不定式：askbeg令虛擬語氣，又可以接不定式：askbegorder,prefer,urge,WerequireTHATHEBEhere.ORWerequireHIMTOBERight:HisdemandTHATheBEpaidfullseverancewasnot形容詞性令詞匯既可用虛擬語氣，也可用不定式：如essential,advisable,crucial,desirable,fitting,imperative,importantmandatory,necessarypreferable,urgent,Right:ItisessentialTHATGaryBEreadybeforenoon.itisessentialforGarytobereadybefore例 詞－prohibit既不接that也不接to常見用法：prohibitsth；prohibitfrom ng；prohibitsbfrom Right:TheagencyPROHIBITEDGaryFROMWORKINGonweekends.EG:Inanattempttoguaranteethesecurityofitsinnovativewaterpurificationmethod,thecompanyrequiredeachemployeetosigna ityagreementprohibitingdisclosureofitswaterpurificationmethodstoanycompanyusingan ogouspurificationprocess.注：a.在虛擬語氣中，這些詞沒有第三人稱單數(shù)形式。thattheschoolboardDISBAND,notBE作為虛擬語氣動詞的時候，只有Be的形式，沒有am,isBEreadybeforenoon,第一句：缺第四句：沒有第五句：沒有正確：BossyVerbTHATsubjectCommandSubjunctiveWePROPOSETHATtheschoolboardDISBAND.Right:Thevice-WANTSherTOGOtotheretreat.Wrong:Thevice-WANTSTHATsheGOtotheretreat.（五）語態(tài)與主動語態(tài)BE(am,is,are/was,were)+過去分by后面一般跟動作的執(zhí)行者且一定是語態(tài)；through和becauseof后面跟一些設完成時態(tài)可用不及物動詞，但語態(tài)不可以，例如arrive,不能用語態(tài)，因為不“arrivesomething/somethingcan`tbeWrong:ThealiensWEREARRIVEDonNeptuneinthe20thRight:ThealiensARRIVEDonNeptuneinthe20th12thEdition:3,19,41,54,67,69,70,74,85,86,VerbalReview:3,21,28,30,37,39,40,55,61,OR2ndEdition:30,37,38,39,56,八、GMAT中常見的比（一）likevsLike是一個介詞，因此like后面只能跟名詞（或者動名詞作名次，如likeswimming,skatingisgreatexercise）詞或者名詞短語。（不能跟從句／介詞短語）As既可以跟介賓短語，又可以跟連詞（后面可以跟句子）表示列舉的時候，只能用as,不能用like＋句子一定錯（三）like&like可以修飾名詞和動詞(IdancedLIKEyoulastnight.)，但likeasasAsIstrolledtothestoreIsmelledtheair.(while,during)當…Iwill lyou,asyoualreadyknow.(since,because)Youshouldwalkasshewantsyouto(inthesameway)做“象／相似于”講de時候，通常和“just,so,sotoo”一起，連接2個句子，或者連接一個Right:JUSTASthetrainswerelateyesterday,SOTOOaretheylatetoday.Right:ASinthepreviouscase,thejudgetookanearlybreak.AS作為介詞，表“作為，當”而不是“象Asyourleader,Iamincharge.Ithinkyouasmyfriend.ASachild,IthoughtIcouldas…as第一個As后面跟形容詞或副詞，第二個asTheyareashungryastheywerelast舉例只能用As（或suchas），不能用Wrong:IenjoyfastfoodLIKEhamburgers.(=fastfoodSIMILARTORight:IenjoyfastfoodSUCHAS（二）Wrong:Frank'sbuild,LIKEhisbrother,isbroadandmuscular.Right:Frank'sbuild,LIKEhisbrother's,isbroadandmuscular.Right:Frank'sbuild,LIKEthatofhisbrother,isbroadandmuscular.Right:Frank,LIKEhisbrother,hasabroadandmuscularbuild.Wrong:IliketorunthroughforestsmorethanIenjoywalkingthroughcrowds.Right:IlikerunningthroughforestsMORETHANwalkingthroughcrowds.（三）AdosththanBdo.（AB為對等名詞，加do是為了顯示這是一個可以發(fā)出AdosthofC1byD1thanofC2byD2.（C1C2，D1D2對等名詞注意一定要是介賓才能直接跟在thanTheclothesinsidethestorelookedmoreappealingthanoutsidetheracks.錯,不是介賓比較Theclothesinsidethestorelookedmoreappealingthandidthoseoutsidetheracks.對AdoC1thanC2.(C1C2為對等名詞狀語比較Adosththanusual/everbefore/peopleexpected(直接加狀語Ieatfasterthanyou.注意與下句區(qū)別IeatapplefasterthanyoudoIeatapplefasterthanyou按ETS的理解，從語法上就變成我吃蘋果比吃你快，成AS族的比較大同小異，as可單獨引導比較，也可以復合成asmanyasashardas等Sandroadcoststwiceasmanytobuildastomaintain(類似于介賓比較）Sandroadcoststwiceasmanytobuildasstoneroaddo(主語比較）Sandroadcoststhe ernmenttwiceasmanytobuildastheresidents.(賓語比較)ASpoorastheyare,theycannotaffordaTheyhave800millionstudents,asmanyashaveenrolledinourTherebe句型等同于一般的主謂賓俱全的句型ThereisonePCforevery32pupilsinAmericanfourtimesasmanyastherewerefouryearsThereisonePCforevery32pupilsinAmericanfourtimesasmanyasDVDplayer(較ThereisonePCforevery32pupilsinAmericanfourtimesasmanyasforschoolThereisonePCforevery32pupilsinAmericanfourtimeasmanyasinchina(介賓比較P.S.所有格/EG:MycarisbiggerthanBrian's[car}.MytoesarelongerthanBrian'sEG:WhereasIdrink2quartsofmilkaday,myfrienddrinks3IwalkfasterthanBrianIwalkasfastnowas[Iwalked]whenIwasEG:Visualeatsmorecarrotsthandonuts.(donuts必須為賓語才能省略)Ambiguous:IlikecheesemorethanYvetteYvettecouldbesubjectorobject.}Right:IlikecheesemorethanYvetteDOES.(=thanYvettelikescheese)Right:IlikecheesemorethanIDOYvette.(=thanIlike（四）與OG以ly結尾的副詞的是more+該副詞，不要改成er形EGAdamrunsmorequicklythanJones.（沒有賓語，所以Jones后面省略Acatcannotcatchawildebeestasfastasacheetah.錯（有歧義Acatcannotcatchawildebeestthatrunasfastasacheetah.(賓語的奔跑速度比較)Acatcannotcatchawildebeestasfastasitcatchacheetah同一主語抓捕速度比較)Acatcannotcatchawildebeestasfastasacheetahcan不同主語抓w12thEdition:9,20,32,43,76,82,89,97,99,100,D35,VerbalReview:10,23,31,33,36,42,45,68,OR2ndEdition:13,25,32,41,44,66,九、其他一些語法（零）習語&固定搭配（原書129~161打?。ㄒ唬┮粋€正確的句子至少有一個主句：有完整的主謂結構，且不以becauseorif結尾；逗號and是GMATAnd的兩種用法：1）連接一系列的名詞。（apples,grapes,and逗號，則后面必有主語！或者and是一個主語發(fā)出的2個動作，則不需要逗號，直接用andWrong:Earlwalkedtoschool,ANDlateratehislunch.Right:Earlwalkedtoschool，ANDHElateratehislunch.一次只能用詞，如since/because,so不能同時用，although,yet不能同時用。when,if,unless,that,though,whileEG:Wrong:Earlwalkedtoschool,ANDlateratehislunch.Right:EarlwalkedtoschoolANDlateratehislunch.EG:AndrewandLisaareinseparable;theydoeverythingtogether.however,therefore,inaddition,EG:Wrong:AndrewandLisaareinseparable,THEREFORE,weneverseethemapart.Right:AndrewandLisaareinseparable;THEREFORE,weneverseethemapart.EG:Wrong:IlistentoEarth,Wind&Fire,Wow,Owls,andBlood,Sweat&Right:IlistentoEarth,Wind&Fire;Wow,Owls;andBlood,Sweat&冒號是對前面信息起補充說明作用，可以在冒號后面加namely或者thatisWorse:Threefactorsaffecttherateofareaction:concentration,surfacearea,andtemperature.Right:Therateofareactionisaffectedbythreefactors:concentration,surfacearea,andEG:OnJanuary1,2000,thenationalmoodwascomple ydifferentfromwhatitwouldejustafewyearslater:attheturnofthecentury,givenaseeminglyunstoppablestockmarketandaseeminglypeacefulworldthecountrywascontent.EGMythreebestfriends-Danny,Jimmy,andJoey-andIwentskiing.用逗號意思就變7個人EG:Post-MBAcompensationforinvestmentbankerstendstosurgefaraheadofthatformanagementconsultants-bytens,ifnothundreds,ofthousandsofdollarsayear.（三）既可跟可數(shù)名詞又可跟不可數(shù)名詞的量詞：moremost,enoughall但是less只能不可數(shù)Right:WehaveLESSTHANtwenty(這里dollars是復數(shù)，但是要用不可數(shù)的lessthan來修飾thenumberof修飾單數(shù)，anumberof修飾復數(shù)，Thenumbersof一般都是錯的如果numbers要做比較，一般用greaterthan,而不是morethanWrong:TherareMontaukbeakedgriffinisnotextinct;itsNUMBERSarenowsus-pectedtobemuchMOREthanbefore.Right:TherareMontaukbeakedgriffinisnotextinct;itsNUMBERSarenowsus-pectedtobemuchGREATERthanbefore.Right:ThepriceofsilverINCREASEDbytendollars.Right:ThepriceofsilverisfivedollarsGREATERthanthepriceofWrong:ThepriceofsilverFELLbyamorethan35%DECREASE.Right:ThepriceofsilverDECREASEDbymorethan35%.RightThepriceofsilverFELLbymorethan35%.12thEdition:4,33,34,35,44,50,51,59,64,73,75,96,106,117,118,120,D38,VerbalReview:5,OR2ndEdition:6,12,23,28,47,73,107,1.主謂一致2.平行3.代詞4.修飾5.詞性，語氣，主6.比較7.固十、簡潔和平行（高階（一）簡潔：一些具體的形式:動詞形式優(yōu)于名詞：即動詞形式優(yōu)于“be/makeEGHisconceptionofmoneywasagoal差Heconceivedofmoneyasagoal好Hisexamplewasaninfluenceonme.差Hisexampleinfluencedme.好Theymadeareferencetothestrike.Theyreferredtothestrike.that從句優(yōu)于一堆名詞性修飾語，常用這種結構的詞包括：hypothesis,idea,suggestion,belief,discovery,evidence,indication,andreport.EG:ThehypothesisaboutthecompositionoftheuniverseaslargelydarkenergyseemsThehypothesisthattheuniverseislargelycomposedofdarkenergyseemsTheartistwasinfluentialtothemovement.Theartistinfluencedthemovement.ShehastheabilitytojuggleSheisabletojuggle.Wordy:Oilpriceshavefallen,butpricesatthegasolinepumphavenotfallenTOACOMPARABLEEXTENT.Better:Oilpriceshavefallen,butpricesatthegasolinepumphavenotfallen注意：盡可能避免用tobe，而用isamare,been,was,wereMarcosisaprofessorwhoisadmirable.Marcosisaadmirableprofessor.盡量少用itis…thatWordy:ITISwithoutfearTHATchildrenshouldplay.Better:Childrenshouldplaywithoutfear.costis was 動 副 名 介 isaggravating beableto beable toa

toa toasignificant whois whois（二）1．(1)當of的詞,表示形容前面的名詞時，可以將ofAwallofstone=astonewall但是of是帶有數(shù)量、時間、計量性質的固定搭配就不能改了,一定用of(2)尤其介詞不是ofDanuberiveraccess<accesstotheDanuberiver;Bostonsoldier<soldierfromBostonPopulationchangesofhoneybees<changesinthepopulationofhoneybeessalesincrease<increasein在比較中，thatofthoseofThefacesIseeinadsisafamousactor.<ThefaceIseeinadsisthatofafamousThefieldsImostenjoyarethoseofmathandphysics.<ThefiledImostenjoyaremathandphysics／在一些性的詞語后面一定跟著Indicate,claim,contend,report,announce,assert,believe,confess,demonstrate,doubt,expect,hold,know,mention,observe,proclaim,reason,recognize,repeat,state,think,warn,beconvinced,becertain,beassured,agree,declare,find,reveal,rule,showTooShort:ThestudyINDICATEStheproblemhasBetter:ThestudyINDICATESTHATtheproblemhasRight:ThewaterwassocoldthatpeopleSAIDpolarbearswould（三）()，動作名詞(eruption,pollution,change,growth等)，二者不能平行動名詞：簡單動名詞，（動名詞＋名詞Tracking lites yisimportantforthespaceTheaccuratetrackingof litesisimportantforthespace,Wrong:Therebelsdemandedthewithdrawalof ernmentforcesfromdisput-edregions,significantreductionsinoveralltrooplevels,raisingtherebelflagonholidays,ANDageneralpardon.Right:Therebelsdemandedthewithdrawalof ernmentforcesfromdisput-edregions,significantreductionsinoveralltrooplevels,THEraisingOFtherebelflagonholidays,ANDageneralpardon.其中withdrawal,reductions,pardon都是動作名詞，而theraisingofTheaccuratetrackingofsa lites-復雜動名詞；trackingsa lites-簡單動名詞在所有的動名詞中，選擇復雜動名詞（通常帶OF）而不是簡單動名詞。Wrong:Therebelsdemandedthewithdrawalof ernmentforcesfromdisputedregionsANDreleasingcertainpoliticalprisoners.Wrong:Therebelsdemandedthewithdrawalof ernmentforcesfromdisputedregionsANDTHEreleasingOFcertainpoliticalprisoners.Right:Therebelsdemandedthewithdrawalof ernmentforcesfromdisputedregionsANDTHERELEASEOFcertainpoliticalprisoners.OG129：定語從句不要倒裝；OG133：就近修飾，定語從句或ving修飾OGD50that不定式平行，若有3個及以上元素，是否省略ToItiscriticaltosuspendactivities,notifyinvestors,ANDsay名 其實體名 動作名詞＋復雜動名詞2.簡單動名 意思與句子簡12thEdition:93,98,VerbalReview:83,主謂一12thEdition:95,104,129,133,140,VerbalReview:104OR2ndEdition:平行12thEdition:90,92,94,109,114,119,127,130,134,137,D48,D50,VerbalReview:60,81,82,84,93,97,99,100,OR2ndEdition:55,77,78,86,91,94,95,106,十一、代詞和修飾語（高階（一）there：there如果做代詞指代某個地方時，前面一定要提到這個地方，而且必須是介EG:OilinArcticmaybeworthdrillingfor,ifwellscanbedugthereandenvironmentalconcernsaddressed.×Arcticoilmaybeworthdrillingfor,ifwellscanbedugthereandenvironmentalconcernsitself,themselves,oneanother,eachother:一般表強調其指代的名詞Aftertheagreementsurfaced,thecommissiondissolvedit.(解散Agreement)Aftertheagreementsurfaced,thecommissiondissolveditself.解散Commission)such,other,Aftertheagreementsurfaced,thecommissiondecidedtosubjectanysuchcontractstodebateinthefuture.AfterwalkingbythechocolatessomanytimesRogerfinallyhadtoeatone.AfterwalkingbythechocolatessomanytimesRogerfinallyhadtoeatthem.doso和doDoso:Qdidnoteatdinnerquickly,butherbrotherdidso.指代eatdinnerquickly（so可省略）Doit:it必須指代一個確切的名詞Qfailedtodothe ,buthisbrotherdidit.指代前面的 Quinndidnoteatthesoup,butherbrotherateit.不定式做主語時，通常用itItisfutiletoresisttemptation.TORESISTtemptationisfutile.that從句做主語，通常用itItgaveusencouragementthatwescoredatall.對THATwescoredatallgaveus不定式或that從句做賓語，用it作形式賓語Shemadeitpossibleforustoattendthemovie.Shemadepossibleourattendanceatthemovie.Shemadeourattendanceatthemoviepossible.有時候避免代詞指代不清的式就是用一個概括性的名詞替代，這樣還可以避免直Afterroastingthedeer,thehunterextinguishedthefireandthensearchedforatreetothedeer(themeat)Right:New"nano-papers"incorporatefibersthatgiveTHESEMATERIALS（1）（2）代詞要一致重復的代詞經常被認為指代的是同一個名詞,一個句子中所有的it/the始終指代同一EGInthestationhouseITisconsideredtaboo.it不能指代station大多數(shù)情況被指代詞在代詞之前,EG:Afterhedriedhistears,Jackmadea 代詞出現(xiàn)的平行位置（主謂賓）Note:如果發(fā)現(xiàn)用以上代詞指代的5原則竟然排除了所有5個選項，那么只能放棄這5原則，（二）of修飾短語of短語修飾其前面的名詞,而代詞則指代整個ofHehadawayofdodgingopponentsthatimpressedtheBest:HiswayOFDODGINGOPPONENTSimpressedthescouts.Anicesheetcovers80percentofthesurfaceofGreenland,anarearoughlythesizeofAlaska.對：AnewCEOhasbeenhiredwhowilltransformthecompanybydecentralizingauthoritytovariousdivisionheadswhileincreasingtheiraccountabilitythroughtheuseofpublic錯：AnewCEOwhowilltransformthecompanybydecentralizingauthoritytovariousdivisionheadswhileincreasingtheiraccountabilitythroughtheuseofpublicscorecardshasbeenOursystemof ialelectionsfavorsstates,suchasDelaware,thatbvpopulationareover-representedintheElectoralCollege.（that修飾的是states）Inheraldry,theterm"tincture"referstoacoloremblazonedonacoatofarmsandlabeledwithaspecialFrenchword.（三）不要選擇YofX’s這樣的結構，是錯的；要么ofX,要么GMAT在80%~90%情況下認為復數(shù)不能用所有格，如EG:×:Certainhumans'parasiteshavebeenshowntoprovidebacterial √:Certainparasitesinhumanshavebeenshowntoprovidebacterial 大部分名詞用ofX結構可以清晰替代所有格，少部分如sales,要用in所有格，不等同于普通（四）Thismodelexplainsallknownsubatomicparticles,someofwhichwereonlyrecently錯ThismodelexplainsallknownsubatomicparticlesofwhichsomewereonlyrecentlyThismodelexplainsallknownsubatomicparticles,someofthemonlyrecently錯：Thismodelexplainsallknownsubatomicparticles,someofthemwhichwereonlyThismodelexplainsallknownsubatomicparticlessomeonlyrecentlydiscovered.錯：Thismodelexplainsallknownsubatomicparticles,SOMEOFWHICHonlyrecently其中的some，可能被替換成anynone,allmore/most，manyeach,either,neitherhalf,（五）①Therateoflanguageextinctionisaccelerating,atendencyultima yculminatinginthesurvivalofjustafewlanguages,accordingtosome.②Therateoflanguageextinctionisaccelerating,atendencythatwillultima culminateinthesurvivalofjustafewlanguagesaccordingtosome.（這種句式又叫獨立詞第二句好一些，因為根據(jù) ①獨立詞組：如上述形式，一般是一句結束后，一個概括性名詞+that②V-ing形式：V-ing形式跟在主句后面，有四個情況可用：a.做伴隨狀語；b.表結果；c.修飾其前面緊跟的名詞（在主系表結構中）d.修飾前面整句話，例如bringto34只海鳥那Scientistshavefoundhighlevelsofiridiumincertaingeologicalformationsaroundtheworld,suggestingthec lysmicimpactofameteormillionsofyearsago.（suggesting修飾代詞12thEdition:101,113,124,VerbalReview:71,72,74,85,102,107OR2ndEdition:50,68,70,80,98,修飾語12thEdition:102,103,105,107,110,111,112,115,121,126,VerbalReview:96,110,111,OR2ndEdition:88,90,92,96,100,108,109,110,十二、動詞和比較（高階（一）助動詞：be/do對Ihaveneverseenanaardvark,butmyfatherhas.錯Ihaveneverseenanaardvark,butlastyearmyfather對Ihaveneverseenanaardvarkbutlastyearmyfathersawone.此處就不能用has替代錯Ourcarsweredesignedtoinspireenvy,andthey對Ourcarsweredesignedtoinspireenvy,andtheyTheydo指代的是“theydoinspireare,have都只能代表主動時態(tài)Cancould,may,might,mustshallshould,willandwould,這些詞在使用過程中不能強調必須、義務的句子，再用haveto/must顯得啰嗦。Wrong:Thisplanensuresthatactionmustbetaken.Right:Thisplanensuresthatactionwillbetaken.Beto在GMAT中是錯誤的，用will,或者should替Wrong:WeARETOreceiveanRight:WeWILLreceiveaninvitation.ORWeSHOULDreceiveanif引導的條件句中，不能用情態(tài)動詞,例如Awkward:SHOULDhePASSthetest,hewillgraduate.Right:IFhePASSESthetest,hewillgraduate.（二）1Thebuildingwasdemolishedtoavoidfallingdownaccidentally.錯(avoidThebuildingwasdemolishedtokeepitfromfallingdownaccidentally.對（itAwkward:TOERRishuman.Right:ITishumanTOERR.Mike’sswimmingistheproductofnewcoachingheraction>heractingHavingbrokenthelampshehasbeenworryingallnight.4Aplanconqueringtheworldisi