《智能交通系統(tǒng)》英語(yǔ)版第三章英文版課件

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ITSArchitectureandStandards3.3:Conclusions最后一頁(yè)附帶PPT超鏈接返回鍵說明PPT模板下載：/moban/3.13.1:ITSArchitecture

3.1.1WhyisITSArchitecture

important3.1.4LogicalArchitecture,PhysicalArchitecture3.1.2LevelsofITSArchitecture3.1.6ChinaITSArchitecture3.1.3UserNeed,FunctionalRequirement,andConceptofOperations3.1.5RegionalArchitectureandTurboArchitecture3.1:ITSArchitecture3.1.1Wh2StakeholderDriven4ProvisionofCommercialBenefits6LinkingITStotheTransportPlanningProcess8ProvideaFrameworkforFutureExpansionPromotionofITSStandardsDevelopment3RiskManagement51SharedVision3.1.1WhyisITSArchitectureimportant7ProvidingaBasisforSystemDevelopment2StakeholderDriven4Provision3SharedVisionThedevelopmentofanITSarchitectureusuallybeginswithaconsensusbuildingprocessinvolvingmultiplestakeholders.SharedVisionThedevelopmento4StakeholderDrivenBenefitTheITStobeimplementedisresponsivetotheneedsofallstakeholdersAsetoffunctionalrequirementsStake-holderRatherthanimplementingtechnologyfortechnology’ssakeUserServicesUserNeedsUserStakeholderDrivenBenefitTheI5PromotionofITSstandardsDevelopmentTheITSarchitecturewillalsoshowclearlyandunambiguouslythekeyprocesseswhichrequireastandardisedinterface,especiallyforcommunicationsanddataexchanges.Basedontherelevantinterfacesandananalysisofoperationalneeds,userrequirementsandhardware/softwarespecifications,thearchitecturecanhelpidentifywhetherthevariousstandardsshouldbelocal,regional,national,orinternational.PromotionofITSstandardsDev6ProvisionofCommercialBenefitsDesignandimplementationofstandardisedITSsubsystemsandcomponentsinconformancewiththeITSarchitecturewillstimulateanopenmarketinequipmentandsoftwaresupply,permiteconomiesofscale.海南黑龍江吉林遼寧河北山東福建江西安徽湖北湖南廣東廣西上海河南山西內(nèi)蒙古陜西寧夏甘肅青海四川貴州云南西藏新疆江蘇浙江北京臺(tái)灣易華錄億陽(yáng)信通皖通科技川大智勝賽為智能銀江股份交技發(fā)展ProvisionofCommercialBenefi7RiskManagementAgoodITSarchitecturewillconsiderfailuremodes.ThedevelopmentofanITSarchitecturealsorequiresthattransportpoliciesandassumptionsregardingwhoplayswhatrolearemadeexplicit.Byfacilitatingthedevelopmentofstandards,theITSarchitecturealsoreducestheriskofdefactoorproprietarystandardsperpetuatedbythedominantmanufacturers.RiskManagementAgoodITSarch8LinkingITS

totheTransportPlanningProcessITSneedstobeintegratedintothelocalorregionaltransportationplan.AnITSarchitecturesupportsthisintegrationbyforcingallinvolvedtoidentifytheintendedrelationshipbetweenITSandconventionaltransportationplansandsolutions.Itcanalsoaddsubstancetothoseplansthroughthedefinitionofwhatisrequiredtoprovidewhichservicesandthepriorityfortheirimplementation.LinkingITStotheTransportP9Providinga

BasisforSystemDevelopmentThephysicalarchitectureand,ifcreatedwithinthearchitecture,adocumentdescribingthetheoryofoperations,willprovidearigorousbasisfordefiningthefunctionofspecificdataprocessingmodules,identifyingwheretheprocessingshouldbecarriedout,andwhatdatahastobeacquiredandsharedbetweendataprocessingunits.UrbantrafficguidancesystemProvidingaBasisforSystemT10ProvideaFrameworkforFutureExpansionITSarchitectureprovidesaframeworkforsystemexpansionandtechnologicalupgrades.Bystartingwithabroadly-basedarchitecture,onehasabasisforevolutionandexpansion.TransportInformationServiceElectronicTollCollectionIntelligentHighwayComprehensiveTransportationTrafficTransportationsafetyOperationsManagementTransportManagementandPlanningSafetyDrivingAssistantUserservicesofChineseNationalITSArchitectureProvideaFrameworkforFuture113.1.2Levelof

ITSArchitectureLevel3Multi-AgencyInteroperabilityPropertiesLevel2SingleAgencySystemPropertiesLevel1SystemStructureLevel0Subsystem/ComponentDesignMulti-levelModelforAnalysisofITSArchitecture3.1.2LevelofITSArchitectur12Multi-levelModelforAnalysisofITSArchitecture,ITSarchitectureisprimarilyaboutinformationexchangeandcontrolbetweensystemsatvariouslevelsofabstraction.Trafficandtransportmanagerslaydownhigh-levelproperties,orpolicy,atLevels3and2,andthearchitecturalstructureatLevel1isthendevisedsothatitconformstotheseproperties.Level0isnotstrictlypartofthearchitecture.Level3architectureneedstoreflectthereal-worldconstraintsthatoperateontransportagencies,andtoreflecttherequirements.TheLevel3architecturesetstheframeworkwithinwhichtheLevel2architecturecanbedefined.Level2architecturedefinesthepropertiesofthosesystemsthatoperateundertheaegisofasingleagency,anditcantakeintoaccountthecharacteristicsofbothexisting“l(fā)egacy”systemsandfutureplannedsystems.

TheissuesdealtwithatLevels2and3aresimilar.Level1architectureisprimarilytheconcernofthesystemsengineers.Atthislevel,thesystemstructurewillbedefinedsothatITSfunctionscanbegroupedtogetherforcost-effectiveimplementationandinformationsystemscanbelogicallydecomposedintosubsystemsfordesignatLevel0.Multi-levelModelforAnalysis133.1.3UserNeeds,

FunctionalRequirements,andConceptofOperationsUserNeedsFunctionalRequirementConceptofOperationsThefirststepintheestablishmentofanITSarchitectureistheselectionandprioritisationofuserservices.TheconsensusviewcanthenleadtothedeterminationoffunctionalrequirementsandaconceptofoperationsthatdescribeswhoprovidesandwhoreceiveswhichITSservice(s),andwhatinteractionstheprovidersmusthaveinordertosupporttheservicedelivery.3.1.3UserNeeds,FunctionalR14Therearekeyactorsandobviousstakeholdergroupsorganisedarounddomains(suchasmotorwaynetworks,trafficcontrolformedium-sizedcities,andruralareas),andaroundareasofcompetenceandresponsibilities(suchasroadsafety,publictransport,fleetlogistics,etc.).Inadditiontothemoregeneralobjectivesofimprovingsafety,efficiency,environmentalquality,etc.FollowingtheprinciplesshowninFigure3.1,Eachinterestgrouphasitsownpolicygoals.UserNeedsTherearekeyactorsandobvio15PolicyGoals,

Safety,Efficiency,environment

etcServicesupportingpolicyServiceswithinowndomainUserservicesfullyorpartiallyruninowndomainJointlyselecteduserservicesOtherstakeholder’sviewFigure

3.1PolicyGoals,Safety,Effici16Oncetheserviceshavebeenselectedinfigure3.1,thefunctionalrequirementsforprovidingtheseservicesmustbedetermined.Atthispoint,commonalitiesbetweendomainsmaybeidentified.Forexample,thehighwaynetworkoperatorsmaybeplanningtodeployITSforelectronictollingandautomaticincidentdetection.(InternationalStandardETCSystem).theprotocolsforinformationexchange,andanintegratedITSarchitecture,whichcanservetheneedsofbothgroups.FunctionalRequirementOncetheserviceshavebeense17InternationalStandardETCSystemInternationalStandardETCSys18Aconceptofoperationsdiagramcanportraytheserelationships.asexemplifiedbythearchitecturalsketchinFigure3.2,whichgraphicallydepictstheinteractionsamongthreemanagementcentresandthepoliceatahighlevelfordeliveringintermodaltransportationmanagementandemergencyservices.Next,theconceptofoperationscanbedevelopedingreaterdetailtoconsiderwhoisresponsiblefordeliveringtheseservicestowhom.AnexampleofsuchanelaborationisgiveninFigure3.3,whichshowslinkagesamonganumberofinteractingentities.ConceptofOperationsAconceptofoperationsdiagra19TrainStationSignalDetectorTransportManagementCenterCommuterTrainBusPoliceEmergenceVehiclesCCTVVMSHPBTrafficManagementCenterEmergencyManagementCenter圖3.2TrainStationSignalDetectorTra20EmergencyServicesFreewaysAPTSCVOTICInVehicleISP2ISP1Urban圖3.3ATMSInfrastructureSideEmergencyServicesFreewaysAPTS21LogicalArchitectureThesimplifiedtop-levellogicalarchitecturedevelopedforUSAisportrayedasadataflowdiagraminFigure3.4.PhysicalArchitectureAtop-leveldiagramofthenationalphysicalarchitecturefortheUSAisshowninFigure.4LogicalArchitecture,PhysicalArchitectureLogicalArchitectureThesimpli22LogicalofFunctionalarchitecturedepictstheprocessesanddataflowsbetweenprocessesthatareneededtomeetthefunctionalrequirementspreviouslydetermined.Indevelopingthelogicalarchitecture,thecommongroundbetweenthevarioususerrequirementsandITSservicesisexamined.Animportantpartofthelogicalarchitectureistodescribehowthesystemwoulddealwithabnormalcircumstances.

Allfailuremodesneedtobeconsideredforpossiblesafetyhazards,andlogicalstepsneedtobedescribedtoachievefail-safeoperationunderabnormalconditions,consistentwiththehigherlevelconceptsdevelopedaspartoftheconceptofoperations.LogicalArchitectureLogicalofFunctionalarchitec23Inthecontextofsystemsengineering,thephysicalarchitectureallocatestheprocessesdefinedbythelogicalarchitectureintophysicalsubsystems,whichthehardwareandsoftwarewilldeliver.Thedesignofthephysicalsubsystemswillbebasedonthefunctionalrequirements,theprocessspecifications,theinter-dependenciesandwillbeaffectedbywhetherthefunctionsaretobeperformedinoneormorelocations.PhysicalArchitectureInthecontextofsystemsengi24Figure3.4Figure3.425TravelersRemoteTravelerSupportPersonalInformationAccessWideAreaWireless(Mobile)CommunicationsFixed-PointtoFixed-PointCommunicationsCentresTrafficManagementEmergencyManagementTollAdministrationCommercialVehicleAdministrationMaintenance&ConstructionManagementInfrastructureServiceProviderTransitManagementFleetandFreightManagementArchivedDataManagementVehicletoVehicleCommunicationsDedicatedShortRangeCommunicationsMaintenance&ConstructionVehicleTransitVehicleCommercialVehicleEmergencyVehicleVehicleRoadwaySecurityMonitoringTollCollectionParkingManagementCommercialVehicleCheckVehicleRoadsideFigure3.5TravelersRemoteTravelerSuppo26PPT模板下載：/moban/行業(yè)PPT模板：/hangye/節(jié)日PPT模板：/jieri/PPT素材下載：/sucai/PPT背景圖片：/beijing/PPT圖表下載：/tubiao/優(yōu)秀PPT下載：/xiazai/PPT教程：/powerpoint/Word教程：/word/Excel教程：/excel/表格下載：/biaoge/PPT課件下載：/kejian/范文下載：/fanwen/3.1.5RegionalArchitectureandTurboArchitectureAFrameworkArchitectureAMandatedArchitectureAServiceArchitectureWhendevelopingtheirownITSarchitecture,（TherelationshipbetweenthesethreeArchitecturesisdepictedinFigure3.6）organisationshavetomakedecisionsabouttheformofarchitecturethattheycreate.MethodPPT模板下載：/moban/27AFrameworkArchitectureAFrameworkArchitecture,i.e.Anarchitectureconsistingofuserneedsandafunctionalviewpoint.Itcanbeusedtocreatearchitecturesofthefollowingtwotypesandisonlyreallysuitableforarchitecturesatthenationallevel.AServiceArchitectureAServiceArchitecture,whichisliketheMandatedArchitecture,butonlysupportsaparticularservice,e.g.TravellerInformation,PublicTransportManagement,etc.AMandatedArchitectureAMandatedArchitecture,whichhasaphysical,communicationsandotherviewpoints,plustheotheroutputs.Itcanbeusedatthenational,regionalandlocallevelstospecifywhatisrequiredforITSdeployments.Thecontentsofthephysicalviewpointmaybefixed,ortheremaybealimitedrangeofoptions.AFrameworkArchitectureAFram28Figure3.6FrameworkITSArchitecture

MandatedITSArchitecture

SpecificITSArchitecture

Althoughthispathislegitimate.MandatedITSArchitecturearerarelycreatedfromFrameworkITSArchitecturesFrameworkArchitecturedocumentationprovidesguidanceonSpecificArchitecturecreationMandatedArchitecturedocumentationprovidesguidanceonSpecificArchitecturecreationFigure3.6FrameworkITSArchite29PPT模板下載：/moban/

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SomeoftheITSarchitectureinitiativesmentionedpreviouslyhaveprovidedtoolstoaidthedevelopmentofspecificarchitecturesfromthem.TheFrenchNationalITSArchitecture(ACTIF)

hasalsodevelopeditsowntool(OSCAR)forusewithitsarchitecture.TheTurboArchitectureToolhasbeendevelopedforusewiththeUSNationalITSArchitecture.TheSelectionToolhasbeendevelopedforusewiththeEuropeanITSFrameworkArchitecture.PPT模板下載：/moban/303.1.6ChinaITSArchitectureAtop-leveldiagramofthenationallogicalarchitecturefortheChinaisshowninFigure3.7Atop-leveldiagramofthenationalphysicalarchitecturefortheChinaisshowninFigureChinaITSArchitectureA31Figure3.7UserandServerTravelerInformationEmergencymanagementandSafetyComprehensivetransportationTransportationmanagementandPlanningAutomobilesafetyassistancedrivingsystemandATCOperationsManagementElectronictollcollectionFigure3.7UserandServerTravel32MeteorologicaldepartmentAiroperatorsectionVehicleFiredepartmentPassengersTravelerWaterwayOperatorsectionRailoperatorsectionEmergencycenterDriverMediaTransportagenciesTravelerInformationTrafficplanningUrbanpublictransportoperatorTrafficcontrolPublictransportationelectronictollcollectionPublicTransportInformationservicesTrafficmanagementdepartments①③TrafficcontrolTrafficlawenforcementandsupervisionTrafficroutinginformationEmergencyvehiclesTrafficmanagementdepartmentsTransportagenciesexpressways,bridgesandtunnelsETCFreightstationmanagementLong-distancePassengertransportParkingPayment EmergencyservicesTaxiManagement FreightManagement AutomaticHighwaysystem⑥⑤④②Figure3.8MeteorologicalAiroperatorsec333.2:ITSStandards

3.2.1TypesofITSStandards3.2.4PlanningforITSStandardsApplication3.2.2MotivationforStandards

3.2.3

CurrentStatus3.2:ITSStandards.1TypesofITSStandards您的標(biāo)題123Standardsareneededinprotocolsandmessagesetstoallowsmoothdataflowandinformationexchangeamongthesubsystems.ITSstandardsmaybeestablishedatthelocal,regional,national,international,andgloballevels.Likeanyothertypeofstandards,ITSstandardsmaybedefactostandards.TypesofITSStandards3.2.1TypesofITSStandards您的35Standardmessagesets,usuallydefinedindatadictionaries,arealsoneededtoallowmeaningfulexchangeofinformationbetweensubsystems.Forexample,forinformationexchangerelatedtoincidents,thereneedtobestandardsforcodingacertainnumberofmessageelementsforunambiguousdescriptionofthelocationandthetypeofincidents.

Incasewirelesscommunicationisneeded,thestandardisationoffrequencyandmodulationtechniqueisalsoimplied.1Standardmessagesets,usually36Somestandardsmaybeneededonlyuptoacertainlevel.Forexample,formostcommercialvehicleoperations,internationalstandardsmaybeneededforagivencontinent(e.g.EuropeorNorthAmerica)butglobalstandardsarenotneededsincelorriesdonottravelacrosscontinents.Incontrast,standardsforcargoidentificationshouldbeglobalinordertofacilitatefreightidentification,securitychecks,andmovementbetweencontinents.2Somestandardsmaybeneededo37Wheneveryonefollowsthestandardssetbythedominantsupplier,orconsensusstandards,whicharearrivedthroughproceduresestablishedbystandardsettingorganisations.Standardsmayalsobesetbythegovernment,usuallyasalastresort.3Wheneveryonefollowsthestan383.2.2MotivationforStandardsMotivationbehindstandardsettingincludessafety,costreduction,andmarketenhancementFromtheperspectiveofsuppliers,existenceofcommonstandardswouldleadtoeconomyofscaleinproductionandsaleofthesameequipmentinawidermarket.Fromtheperspectiveoftheusers,bothpublicandprivate,therearetwomajormotivesindevelopingandadoptingvoluntarystandards:WithestablishedstandardsforITSproductsandservices,theuserscanmaketheirpurchasingoptionsfromarangeofcompetitiveprovidersanddonotgetlockedintoasingleone.Secondly,ITSstandardssupportinteroperabilityaswellassystemintegration.Companiesindominantmarketpositionsarereluctanttomoveawayfromthedefactostandardsoftheirownproducts,exceptperhapsinanticipationofamuchlargermarketforeveryonethatwouldresultfromtheestablishmentofnewconsensusstandards.For

example，

in-vehiclerouteguidance3.2.2MotivationforStandards39《智能交通系統(tǒng)》英語(yǔ)版第三章英文版課件403.2.3CurrentStatusITSstandardsprogrammesaroundtheworldhavematuredfromprimarilydevelopmentactivitiestodeploymentandsupportactivities.ManyindustrialisedcountrieshavealsobeenengagedincoordinatingtheirownITSstandardswithinternationalstandardisationactivities.ITSstandardshavebeenasubjectofactiveinternationaldiscussionandcooperationthroughsuchorganisationsastheInternationalStandardsOrganisation(ISO),andtheEuropeanCommitteeforNormalisation(CEN).ParticularinteresttothetrafficauthoritiesaretheNationalTransportationCommunicationsITSProtocol(NTCIP)intheUS(Figure3.9)，Thesesetsofstandardsareintendedtofacilitatedatatransferbetweencentresandroadsideequipmentswellasbetweencontrolcentres.FortherapidlydevelopingfieldofITS,thetimingofstandardsettingisimportant.Evenafterstandardsareestablished,practicalconsiderationsmustbegiventoacceptablemigrationpathsforexistingsystemstomovetowardthenewstandardsoverareasonableperiodoftime.TheautomotiveindustryisengagedindevelopingITSstandardsonthevehicleside,3.2.3CurrentStatusITSstanda41Figure3.9

TheNationalTransportationCommunicationsITSProtocol(NTCIP)Figure3.9TheNationalTranspo42TheautomotiveindustryisengagedindevelopingITSstandardsonthevehicleside,whichhassetupstandardscommitteesdealingwithtravellerinformation,ITSdatabusonthevehicle,andvariousaspectsrelatedtosafetyandhumanfactors.Theautomotiveindustryiseng433.2.4PlanningforITSStandardsApplicationWhiletherearenodefiniteanswerstothesequestionsIfso,doImissoutonthebenefitsofearlyITSapplicationsthatarebadlyneeded?HowdoIstartITSdeploymentwhendifferentvendorsofferproductsofdifferentstandards,noneofwhichhavebeenwidelyadopted?AnumberofimportantITSstandardsare,andwillprobablycontinuetobe,uncertainmovingtargets.ShouldIpostponeITSdeploymentindefinitelyuntilconsensusstandardsarefirmlyestablished?ThismakestheplanningforITSstandardsadoptionandapplicationrathertricky.3.2.4PlanningforITSStandar44Ifnostandardsexist,thendevelopyourownregionaltechnologicalagreements.ReviewthecurrentstatusofITSstandardsdevelopment.Defineanactionplanfordevelopingormigratingtostandardsofimportancetoyou.Developaplan,don’tletithappenbydefault.UsetheITSArchitecturetoidentifytheneedforstandards.Considertheimplicationsofapplyingexistingstandards.Defineandestablishcertificationandtestingprocedures.Setupamechanismforevolvingadhocstandardstoregional,national,orinternationalstandardsasrequired.ITSstandardsadoptionandapplicationrathertricky.Ifnostandardsexist,thende45單擊此處添加段落文字內(nèi)容單擊此處添加段落文字內(nèi)容單擊此處添加段落文字內(nèi)容1

ITSsystemarchitecturesarebeingdevelopedtofitalltheITScomponentsintoasystematicframeworksothattheywillworkinconcertwithoneanothertodelivertheneededuserservices.2Aspecificarchitecturemaybeexpressedinmultipleforms.ItisimportantthatthedecisionmakersshouldunderstandandendorsetheconceptsandfunctionsthatinformthedevelopmentofITSoperationsandorganisational

architectures.Thesystemsengineers,fortheirpart,needtoworkwiththelogical,physical,andcommunicationarchitectures.3Basedonsystemarchitecture,ITSstandardsaredevelopedtoensurethatallthehardwareandsoftwaredofittogetherandcanworkinconcerttodeliverITSuserservices.AsnewITSstandardswillevolvecontinuallywithtechnologydevelopment,transportationprofessionalscandeployITSeffectivelyaslongastheyhaveaproactivestrategytodealwithnewstandards.3.3：Conclusions單擊此處添加段落文字內(nèi)容1ITSsystemarchi46返回至節(jié)目錄。例如返回至3.1節(jié)目錄。返回至章目錄。例如返回第三章目錄。返回至節(jié)目錄下的鏈接。例如返回至3.1.1小節(jié)目錄。返回上一級(jí)最近觀看PPT頁(yè)。返回到整個(gè)課本總目錄。表示本節(jié)結(jié)束，并返回章目錄。例如3.1節(jié)講完，單擊返回第三章目錄。表示本小節(jié)結(jié)束，并返回對(duì)應(yīng)節(jié)目錄。例如3.1.1小節(jié)講完，單擊返回第3.1節(jié)目錄。PPT超鏈接返回鍵說明返回至節(jié)目錄。例如返回至3.1節(jié)目錄。返回至章目錄。例如返回47PPT模板下載：/moban/3.1:ITSArchitecture3.2:ITSStandards

ITSArchitectureandStandards3.3:Conclusions最后一頁(yè)附帶PPT超鏈接返回鍵說明PPT模板下載：/moban/3.483.1:ITSArchitecture

3.1.1WhyisITSArchitecture

important3.1.4LogicalArchitecture,PhysicalArchitecture3.1.2LevelsofITSArchitecture3.1.6ChinaITSArchitecture3.1.3UserNeed,FunctionalRequirement,andConceptofOperations3.1.5RegionalArchitectureandTurboArchitecture3.1:ITSArchitecture3.1.1Wh2StakeholderDriven4ProvisionofCommercialBenefits6LinkingITStotheTransportPlanningProcess8ProvideaFrameworkforFutureExpansionPromotionofITSStandardsDevelopment3RiskManagement51SharedVision3.1.1WhyisITSArchitectureimportant7ProvidingaBasisforSystemDevelopment2StakeholderDriven4Provision50SharedVisionThedevelopmentofanITSarchitectureusuallybeginswithaconsensusbuildingprocessinvolvingmultiplestakeholders.SharedVisionThedevelopmento51StakeholderDrivenBenefitTheITStobeimplementedisresponsivetotheneedsofallstakeholdersAsetoffunctionalrequirementsStake-holderRatherthanimplementingtechnologyfortechnology’ssakeUserServicesUserNeedsUserStakeholderDrivenBenefitTheI52PromotionofITSstandardsDevelopmentTheITSarchitecturewillalsoshowclearlyandunambiguouslythekeyprocesseswhichrequireastandardisedinterface,especiallyforcommunicationsanddataexchanges.Basedontherelevantinterfacesandananalysisofoperationalneeds,userrequirementsandhardware/softwarespecifications,thearchitecturecanhelpidentifywhetherthevariousstandardsshouldbelocal,regional,national,orinternational.PromotionofITSstandardsDev53ProvisionofCommercialBenefitsDesignandimplementationofstandardisedITSsubsystemsandcomponentsinconformancewiththeITSarchitecturewillstimulateanopenmarketinequipmentandsoftwaresupply,permiteconomiesofscale.海南黑龍江吉林遼寧河北山東福建江西安徽湖北湖南廣東廣西上海河南山西內(nèi)蒙古陜西寧夏甘肅青海四川貴州云南西藏新疆江蘇浙江北京臺(tái)灣易華錄億陽(yáng)信通皖通科技川大智勝賽為智能銀江股份交技發(fā)展ProvisionofCommercialBenefi54RiskManagementAgoodITSarchitecturewillconsiderfailuremodes.ThedevelopmentofanITSarchitecturealsorequiresthattransportpoliciesandassumptionsregardingwhoplayswhatrolearemadeexplicit.Byfacilitatingthedevelopmentofstandards,theITSarchitecturealsoreducestheriskofdefactoorproprietarystandardsperpetuatedbythedominantmanufacturers.RiskManagementAgoodITSarch55LinkingITS

totheTransportPlanningProcessITSneedstobeintegratedintothelocalorregionaltransportationplan.AnITSarchitecturesupportsthisintegrationbyforcingallinvolvedtoidentifytheintendedrelationshipbetweenITSandconventionaltransportationplansandsolutions.Itcanalsoaddsubstancetothoseplansthroughthedefinitionofwhatisrequiredtoprovidewhichservicesandthepriorityfortheirimplementation.LinkingITStotheTransportP56Providinga

BasisforSystemDevelopmentThephysicalarchitectureand,ifcreatedwithinthearchitecture,adocumentdescribingthetheoryofoperations,willprovidearigorousbasisfordefiningthefunctionofspecificdataprocessingmodules,identifyingwheretheprocessingshouldbecarriedout,andwhatdatahastobeacquiredandsharedbetweendataprocessingunits.UrbantrafficguidancesystemProvidingaBasisforSystemT57ProvideaFrameworkforFutureExpansionITSarchitectureprovidesaframeworkforsystemexpansionandtechnologicalupgrades.Bystartingwithabroadly-basedarchitecture,onehasabasisforevolutionandexpansion.TransportInformationServiceElectronicTollCollectionIntelligentHighwayComprehensiveTransportationTrafficTransportationsafetyOperationsManagementTransportManagementandPlanningSafetyDrivingAssistantUserservicesofChineseNationalITSArchitectureProvideaFrameworkforFuture583.1.2Levelof

ITSArchitectureLevel3Multi-AgencyInteroperabilityPropertiesLevel2SingleAgencySystemPropertiesLevel1SystemStructureLevel0Subsystem/ComponentDesignMulti-levelModelforAnalysisofITSArchitecture3.1.2LevelofITSArchitectur59Multi-levelModelforAnalysisofITSArchitecture,ITSarchitectureisprimarilyaboutinformationexchangeandcontrolbetweensystemsatvariouslevelsofabstraction.Trafficandtransportmanagerslaydownhigh-levelproperties