英語專業(yè)語法學(xué)習(xí)13relative clause

Lecture13

RelativeclausesWhichsentenceistrue?PubsintheUK,whichbannedsmoking,arenowverypopular.2.PubsintheUKwhichbannedsmokingarenowverypopular.Whichsentenceistrue?1.Milk,whichcontainschemicals,isdangerous.2.Milkwhichcontainschemicalsisdangerous.WhoonearthisWilliamShakespeare?1.WilliamShakespeare,whoisoneofthemostfamousBritishwriters,diedonhisbirthday.2.WilliamShakespearewhoisoneofthemostfamousBritishwritersdiedonhisbirthday.WhoistheQueen?Istheinformationinthemiddleofthesentencenecessary?Whichsentenceiscorrect?1.QueenElizabethll,wholivesatBuckinghamPalace,isexpectedtolivetoaveryoldage,likehermother.2.QueenElizabethllwholivesatBuckinghamPalaceisexpectedtolivetoaveryoldage,likehermother.Whichofthesesentencesiscorrect?1a)Everestwhichisthehighestmountainintheworldwasnotclimbeduntil1953.b)Everest,whichisthehighestmountainintheworld,wasnotclimbeduntil1953.2a)WeneedsomeonewhocanreadChinese.

b)Weneedsomeone,whocanreadChinese.Whichofthesesentencesiscorrect?3a)Couldyouletusknowthedates,whichwouldsuityoubest?b)Couldyouletusknowthedateswhichwouldsuityoubest?4a)Thegirlswhoworkedhardweregivenabonus.b)Thegirls,whoworkedhard,weregivenabonus.5a)Wegotinthroughthewindow,whichsomebodyhadleftopen.b)Wegotinthroughthewindowwhichsomebodyhadleftopen.Definingrelativeclauses=NocommasAdefiningrelativeclauseidentifieswhichpersonorthingwemeanexactly.Youcannotleaveinformationindefiningrelativeclausesoutofasentence:It’sthebookthatIreadyesterday.*It’sthebook.

(thissentenceisincomplete)YoucanomitthepronounintheseclausesifitistheOBJECT:It’sthebookIreadyesterday.Non-definingrelativeclauses=withcommasThiskindofclausegivesadditionalinformationaboutapersonorthing.Thesentencestillmakessensewithoutthenon-definingrelativeclause:Thelectures,whichIdon’tenjoy,lastforanhour.Thelectureslastforanhour.

SummaryDefiningRCprovidesEssentialinformationYou’retheman(that)Isawlastweek.Non-DefiningRCprovidesExtrainformationThenewWoodyAllenfilm,whichIsawlastweek,isverygood.UsecommasAlwaysuserelativepronouns,e.g.who/whom(people);which(things)NocommasCanomitpronounifitistheOBJECToftheverbintherelativeclauseThatcanreplacewhich/who(infml)RelativeAdverbs:TimeTime

Thatwastheyearwhen/thatIgotmyMA.(Theyearinwhich...)11September2001wasthedaywhen/thatpeople’sattitudetowardsterrorismchanged.(Thedayonwhich...)Theadverb(when)canbeomitted.(adaptedfrom:Foley&Hall:20030

RelativeAdverbs:PlacePlace:in/on/at+whichorin/on/that+thatThat’sthefactorywheretheymakechemicals.(Thefactoryinwhich...)That’sthespotwherethebattletookplace.(Thespotonwhich...)Theadverb(where)cannotgenerallybeomitted.RelativeAdverbs:ReasonReasonIwillexplainthereasonswhytheoutbreakoccurred.(Iwillexplainthereasonforwhich...)Theadverb(why)canbeomitted.FormalvsInformalNon-Definingrelativeclauses(i.e.withcommas)aremorecommoninwrittenEnglishbecausetheyarequiteheavyandformal.InspokenEnglishwewouldprobablyusetwosentences.Compare:Helen’sarticle,whichwaspublishedin2004,shedssomelightonthematterofparticipatoryobservation.[written]withHelen’sarticleisgood.Itcameoutin2004.[spoken]FormalvsInformal

——prepositionsandrelativeclausesWhichismoreformalofthesesentences?1.Thepeopletowhomthequestionnairewasgivenwererandomlyselected.or2.Thepeoplethequestionnairewasgiventowererandomlyselected.Pnoun=moreformalPrepositionatendofclause=lessformalExerciseMakethesesentencesmoreformal:ThehouseShakespearelivedinisinStratforduponAvon.NooneknowswhoGuyFawkesrevealedtheplotto.Thevillagewewenttodoourresearchwaswithoutwaterorelectricity.Thepeopleweworkedwithwerecooperativeandinformative.RevisethefollowingsentencesbyusingrelativeclauseStudentsenterMastersProgrammesmayfaceanumberofproblems.Maywasangrythatshehadbeengivenabooktoreaditwasoutofprint.AfellowstudentsawthisfeltsorryforMayandofferedherhisownbook.Thetutorgavethestudentabook,thebookwaswritten20yearsago.Expertsallagreethatdreamscausegreatanxietyandstressarecallednightmares.Thereareotherauthoritieswhoconsideranydreamissadandupsettingtobeanightmare.Whatisarelativeclause?Arelativeclauseis

aclausethatisintroducedbyarelativeword–eitherbyarelativepronounorbyarelativedeterminerorbyarelativeadverb.

Relativeclauseisalsoknownasattributiveclause,asitmainlyactsasmodifierorattributiveofNPs.Butwepreferthetermrelativeclause,forattributiveisjustoneoffunctionsperformedbyrelativeclause.RelativeclauseCompare:Heistheboywhobrokethevase.Mysister,whoworksinHK,willcometoseemesoon.Arestrictiverelativeclausegivesessentialinformationaboutthemeaningoftheantecedent.ItformsanintegralpartoftheNP,withoutwhichtheheadcannotbeidentifiedasthespecificpersonorobject.Anon-restrictiverelativeclausedoesnotrestrictthereferentialmeaningoftheantecedent.Ifitistakenaway,theantecedentstillreferstothesamepersonorthing.Restrictivevsnon-restrictiverelativeclausesArestrictiverelativeclauseiscloselyattachedtothehead.Itisnotseparatedfromtheheadbyabreakinintonation,orbyacommainwriting.Thefollowingcontextsusuallyrequirearestrictiverelativeclause:Whenthenounheadtakesageneric(類指）indefinitearticleoracataphoric(前指）definitearticle,therelativeclausefollowsisgenerallyarestrictiveclause,e.g.Shewasawoman

whomustbetreateddecently.Helookedatmeinaway

whichIneverunderstood.Thisisthegirl

Imentionedyesterday.ThereasonwhyIwaslateisthatIwascaughtinatrafficjam.PleaseshowmethehousewhereShakespeareoncelived.RestrictiverelativeclausesWhenthenounheadtakessuchindefinitedeterminersasall,any,some,everyandno,thepost-modifierisalsorestrictive,e.g.Anymanwhosmokescigarettesisriskinghishealth.NovisitorswhocometoBeijingwouldfailtoseetheGreatWall.Hehasreadalmosteverybookonlinguisticsthathecouldgetholdofinthelibrary.RestrictiverelativeclausesAnon-restrictiverelativeclauseisnotcloselyconnectedwiththehead.Itisgenerallyseparatedfromtheheadbyaclearbreakinspeech,orbyacommainwriting.Non-restrictiveclausesareusuallyintroducedbywh-wordslikewho(m),whose,which,where,when,e.g.Theofficial,whospokeontheanti-corruptionmeeting,waschargedwithembezzlement.Thepeasant,whosedaughterwasmatriculatedbyPekingUniversity,istoopoortoaffordthetuition.Hisspeech,whichboredeveryone,wentonandon.I’mseeingthemanagertomorrow,whenhewillbebackfromNewYork.Non-restrictiverelativeclausesNotes:Tointroduceanon-restrictiverelativeclause,“that”isnotsocommon,butpermissibleinsomecaselike:SheisdevilishlikeMissCutter,thatIusedtomeetatDumdum.“Why”isnotallowedtointroducenon-restrictiverelativeclause.Semantically,sometimesnon-restrictiveclausescorrespondtoadverbialclausesofreason,purpose,result,conditionandconcession.Thatiswhywepreferrelativeclausetoattributiveclause(RefertoPage380).Non-restrictiverelativeclausesArelativeclausemaybecloselyorlooselyrelatedtothehead(antecedent),whichgivesrisetorestrictiveornon-restrictiverelativeclause.Itshouldbenotedthatsometimesrelativeclausemaybeattachedtomorethanoneantecedentswithinasentence,resultingintheambiguityofthesentence.RelativeclauseattachmentObservethefollowingsentences.Someoneshottheservantoftheactresswhowasonthebalcony.Thecrowdsannoyedthechauffeuroftheactorwhowantedtogohome.Theguidedescribedthepaintingofthecastlesthatwasownedbythetycoon.Theartistrecognizedthesketchofthehousethatwasmentionedinthebook.Thetouristswenttothestorenearthebeachthatwashotandcrowded.ThepersonalassistantrecommendedthedresswiththelacethatwasimportedfromFrance.RelativeclauseattachmentRCattachmentSomeoneshottheservantoftheactresswhowasonthebalcony.ObservethefollowingsentencesinChinese.昨天暈倒的老板的秘書。昨天暈倒的//老板的夫人就自己的病情請教了醫(yī)生。昨天暈倒的老板//的夫人就自己的病情請教了醫(yī)生?！璕elativeclauseattachmentRCattachmentinChinese昨天暈倒的老板的秘書…Areducedrelativeclauseisarelativeclausethatisnotmarkedbyanovertcomplementizer(suchasthat).Reducedrelativeclausesoftengiverisetotemporaryambiguityorgardenpatheffects,andhavebeenacommontopicofpsycholinguisticstudy,especiallyinthefieldofsentenceprocessing.

Observethefollowingsentences.Thehorseracedpastthebarnfell.

Thefloristsenttheflowerswasverypleased.Sentencesliketheseoftenproduceagardenpatheffect—aneffectwherebyareaderbeginsasentencewithoneinterpretation,andlaterisforcedtobacktrackandre-analyzethesentence'sstructure.

Reducedrelativeclausea.Subject-extractedrelativeclause(SRC)Thereporterwho__attackedthesenatoradmittedtheerror.b.Object-extractedrelativeclause(ORC)Thereporterwhothesenatorattacked__admittedtheerror.a.Subject-extractedrelativeclause(SRC)__yaoqingfuhaodeguanyuanxinhuaibugui邀請富豪的官員心懷不軌。b.Object-extractedrelativeclause(ORC)fuhaoyaoqing__deguanyuanxinhuaibugui富豪邀請的官員心懷不軌。Whichclauseismoredifficulttoprocess?CanyouseeanydifferencebetweenChineseandEnglishrelativeclause?AspecialperspectiveofrelativeclauseCanyouinterpretthesentence:Themousethecatthedogthemanthewomanmarriedbeatchasedatehadawhitetail.Ifyoufinditdifficult,considerthefollowingsentencefirst.ThisisthedogthatworriedthecatthatkilledtheratthatatethemaltthatlayinthehousethatJackbuilt.Thewomanthatmarriedthemanthatbeatthedogthatchasedthecatthatatethemousethathadawhitetail.Thisphenomenonisknownastherecursivenessofhumanlanguage.AspecialrelativeclauseRecursivenessmeansthataphrasalconstituentcanbeembeddedwithinanotherconstituenthavingthesamecategory.Recursivenesshasbecomeanumbrellaterm,whichincludesseveralimportantlinguisticphenomenasuchascoordinationandsubordination,conjoiningandembedding.Allthesearemeanstoextendsentences.

Thenhowlongcanasentencebe?Theoretically,thereisnolimittothenumberofembeddingonerelativeclauseintoanotherrelativeclause,solongasitdoesnotbecomeanobstacletosuccessfulcommunication.Thesameholdstruefornominalclausesandadverbialclauses.Thisiswhatwecallrecursiveness.RecursivenessoflanguageImetamanwhohadasonwhosewifesoldcookiesthatshehadbakedinherkitchenthatwasfullyequippedwithelectricalappliancesthatwerenew.John’ssisterJohn’ssister’shusbandJohn’ssister’shusband’suncleJohn’ssister’shusband’suncle’sdaughter,etc.

thathouseinBeijingthegardenofthathouseinBeijingthetreeinthegardenofthathouseinBeijingabirdonthetreeinthegardenofthathouseinBeijing,etc.MoreexamplesofrecursivenessThechoiceofrelativewordsisdeterminedbyseveralfactors:Thereferentialmeaningoftheantecedent(personorinanimatethings);Syntacticfunctionoftherelativewords(subject,object,adverbial,etc.);Natureoftheclause(restrictiveornonrestrictiveclause);Theregisterorstyleinwhichtheclauseoccurs(formalorinformalstyle)ChoiceofrelativewordsGenerally,whoorthatmaybeusedassubjectofarestrictiveclauseforpersonalreference,andwhichorthatfornon-personal.Butwhoisfavoredinsteadofthatassubjectforpersonalreference,andthatinsteadofwhichassubjectfornon-personalreference,e.g.Heisthemanwhosavedtheboy’slife.Hedrivesacarthatcantravel150milesanhour.ChoiceofrelativepronounsinrestrictiveclausesObservethefollowingsentences,canyousenseanydifferencesamongthem?WhereisthemanwhomIsawthismorning?WhereisthemanwhoIsawthismorning?WhereisthemanthatIsawthismorning?WhereisthemanIsawthismorning?WhereisthebookwhichIborrowedthismorning?WhereisthebookthatIborrowedthismorning?WhereisthebookIborrowedthismorning?ChoiceofrelativepronounsinrestrictiveclausesFormalstyleFormalstyleInformalstyle,whomiscommonlyusedasprepositionalcomplementationforpersonalreferenceandwhichfornon-personalreference,e.g.JamesRusselisamanforwhomIhavethegreatestrespect.Thetemperatureatwhichwaterchangesintoiceis0C.Butininformalstyle,aprepositionmaytaketheendpositionwhenwhoorthatisusedinsteadofwhomforpersonalreference,thatinsteadofwhichfornon-personalreference.Theyaretheboys(who/that)Iwenttoschoolwith.Thecase(that)youarereferringtoisnowsettled.ChoiceofrelativepronounsinrestrictiveclausesRelativethatisnormallyusedassubjectcomplementinanSVCconstructionorasnotionalsubjectofanexistentialclauseforbothpersonalandnon-personalreference.Inthisuse,thatisusuallyomitted,andtherelativeclauseintroducedbythiskindofthatisinvariablyarestrictiveclause,e.g.Hestilltalksliketheman(that)hewas10yearsago.Thisisthefastesttrain(that)therehaseverbeen.ProblemsdeservesourattentionSp.NotionalsubjectComparethefollowingsentences:TherearesomestudentsatthepartythatImustshun.Therearesomestudentsatthepartywho(m)Imustshun.TherearesomestudentsatthepartywhichImustshun.Toavoidcausingambiguity,it’snecessarytousewho(m)forpersonalreferenceandwhichfornon-personalreference.But:Hetalkedbrilliantlyaboutthemanandthebooks

thatinterestedhim.ProblemsdeservesourattentionCauseambiguityPersonalreferenceNon-personalreferenceRefertothecoordinatenounphraseforbothpersonalandnon-personalreferenceWhentheantecedentisanindefinitepronounsuchasall,anything,something,ornothing,theone,much,few,any,little,thefollowingrelativeclauseusuallyrequiresarelative

thatassubject,andthat/zeroasobject,e.g.Allthatviolatetherulesshouldbepunished.All(that)Iwantispeaceandquiet.Finally,thethiefhandedeverythingthathehadstolentothepolice.Isthereanything(that)Icandoforyou?Butwhentheantecedentisanindefinitepersonalpronounsuchasanyone,anybody,someone,somebody,everyone,everybody,therelativepronounwho(m)isrequired,e.g.IsthereanyoneherewhocannotspeakChinese?Hesawthemanagertalkingwithsomeone(whom)hedidn’tknow.ProblemsdeservesourattentionWhentheantecedentiscomposedofapersonalheadwithsuchdeterminersasonly,all,any,thesubjectofthefollowingrelativeclauseismorefrequentlyexpressedwiththatthanwithwho,e.g.Hewastheonlystudentfromthatvillagethatentereduniversity.Don’tjustsitbackandcomplain,youshouldaskanyotherclassmatethatislikelytoknow.ProblemsdeservesourattentionWhentheantecedenttakesapre-modifierinthesuperlativedegree,orismodifiedbyfirst,last,very,no,thefollowingrelativeclauseisnormallyintroducedbythatratherthanbywhoorwhich,e.g.ThisisthefirstcarthathasbeenmadeinChina.Newtonwasoneofthegreatestscientistthateverlived.Hewasthetalleststudentthateverstudiedinourschool.Thisistheverybook(that)you’relookingfor.Nosample(that)wehavereceivedissatisfactory.Ambiguityagain:PleasetellProfessorWangwhowrotethebook.Wouldyoupleaseaskthewomanwhoissingingintheroom.?Problemsdeservesourattention“as”canbearelativepronounintroducingarestrictiveornon-restrictiverelativeclause,e.g.Suchpeopleaswererecommendedbyhimwerereliable.ThetownisaboutthesamedistancefromNanjingasYangzhouis.MoreAmericantroopsaresenttoIraq,asIhavelearntfromthenewspaper.Thetelephone,asweknow,wastheinventionofAlexanderGrahamBell.Asapoetpointsout,lifeisbutadream.Shehasgoneoutforawalk,asmaybeimagined.Football,as(is)playedintheUnitedStatestoday,isbasicallymodificationgamethatoriginatedinEngland.Therelativeclauseintroducedby“as”functionsasanadjunct.“as”asarelativepronounNon-restrictiverelativeclausesarenormallyintroducedbywh-words,thatis,bywho(m)/whoseforpersonalreferenceandwhich/whosefornon-personalreference.e.g.Thestudent,whocheatedintheexam,hasbeencriticizedseverely.Thisbook,whichonlyappearedamonthago,hasbecomeoneofthetoptenbestsellers.Thewoman,whosehusbandwasawayfromhome,hadtoshouldertheeconomicburdenofthewholefamily.Thebook,whosecoverhasbeentornapart,wasborrowedfromtheschoollibrary.Choiceofrelativepronounsinnon-restrictiveclausesWhentherearemorethanoneantecedentwithpersonalandnon-personalreference,relativepronounthatisrequired,e.g.Avictimisaperson,animalorthing

thatsufferspain,death,harm,destruction,etc.Whentheantecedentisacollectivenoun,usewhichreferringtothewholewhileusewhoreferringtotheindividual,e.g.Thebasketballteam,whichisplayingverywell,willcomeoutfirst.Thebasketballteam,whoarehavingarest,willbeginanothermatchintwentyminutes.Choiceofrelativepronounsinnon-restrictiveclausesNote:theantecedentofwhichmaybeaclauseorpartofaclause,e.g.Alicereceivedaninvitationfromherboss,whichcameasasurprise.Theweatherturnedouttobefine,whichwasoutofmyexpectation.

IhaveknownmenfarmoreablethanBowles,butnothalfsointeresting,whichisquiteadifferentthing.Whichcanalsobeusedtointroduceaseparatesentence.Inthatcase,whichisinterchangeablewithdemonstrativepronounthat,e.g.Whenbeingheated,waterchangestovapor.Which/Thatiscalledevaporation.

Choiceofrelativepronounsinnon-restrictiveclausesWhentheantecedentreferstosituation,suchascase,condition,situation,occasion,instance,whereorwhenisrequired,e.g.Therearecaseswherethisruledoesnotwork.Thereweremanyinstanceswhereshestayedcool-headed.Sherememberseveraloccasionsinthepastwhenshehadexperiencedasimilarfeeling.Note:“how”cannotintroducerelativeclause,compare:*Thisisthewayhowshebehaves.Thisisthewayshebehaves.Theishowshebehaves.ThechoiceofrelativeadverbsTherearesituationsinwhichwordscanbeomitted.A.Whenarelativepronounisusedasobjectintheclause,esp.ininformalstyle,e.g.ThemanMarymarriedisastockbroker.ThestrangerIspokeofturnedouttobeafriendofmyfriend.B.WhenthatisusedassubjectcomplementinanSVCconstruction,e.g.I’mnothalfthemanIusedtobe.It’sapuzzletomewhathasmadehimthemanheisnow.EllipsisofrelativewordsC.Generally,thesubjectofarelativeclausecannotbeomitted,butwhentherelativeclauseappearsaspartofItis-/Thatis-/Thereis-construction,itssubjectcanbeomitted,butthiskindofellipsisonlyappliestoinformalstyle,e.g.Itisn’teverybody(who)canlearnaforeignlanguageeasily.Thatwashisbrother(who)justwentaway.Therewassomeone(who)askedforyou,Bill.Compare:ThisisthefastesttrainthereistoBeijing.Heasksforthelatestbookthereisonthesubject.EllipsisofrelativewordsD.Relativeadverbswhen,whereandwhycanbeomittedwhentheycollocaterespectivelywiththetime/moment,theplace,andthereasonininformalstyle,e.g.Ishallneverforgetthedaywefirstmet.Thereasonhecamesolateisduetothetrafficjam.Theroomheusedtoliveinisnowkeptingoodrepair.That’stheplacehestayedwhenhewasinLondon.Theway/inwhichyousolvedtheproblemisunderattack.Refertothefootnotein385.EllipsisofrelativewordsPracticemakesperfect!Whichworddoweuse?He(who,which)makesnomistakesmakesnothing.Thatistheman(whom,which)wewerelookingfor.Whoistheperson(that,who)isstandingatthedoor?Thereisonething(that,which)Idon’tunderstand.Isawsometrees(their,whose)leaveswereblackwithdisease.HearrivedinShanghaiontheday(when,which)Ileft.He(who,which)makesnomistakesmakesnothing.Thatistheman(whom,which)wewerelookingfor.Whoistheperson(that,who)isstandingatthedoor?Thereisonething(that,which)Idon’tunderstand.Isawsometrees(their,whose)leaveswereblackwithdisease.HearrivedinShanghaiontheday(when,which)Ileft.Helaughsbestwholaughslast.Mysister

whoisanursecamebackforafewdays.ThenItelephonedthedoctor

whom/whoCharleshadrecommended.HeisthepersontowhomItoldthestory.Whatdoes“which”referto?ThehousewhichIbuiltbelongstosomebodyelsenow.Heansweredmeinapolitebutfirmway,whichmademedisappointed.Wehadtosleepinourclothes,whichwasmostuncomfortable.ThisIdidatnineo'clock,afterwhichIsatsometimesreadingthepaper.Thehouse

whichIbuiltbelongstosomebodyelsenow.Heansweredmeinapolitebutfirmway,whichmademedisappointed.Wehadtosleepinourclothes,whichwasmostuncomfortable.ThisIdidatnineo'clock,afterwhichIsatsometimesreadingthepaper.(doingthis)

Thisisthehour

whentheplaceisalwaysfullofwomenandchildren.Thereweremoments

whenIforgotallaboutit.Wewillputoffthepicnicuntilnextweek,whentheweathermaybebetter.Sundayisaholiday,whenpeopledonotgotowork.I’llneverforgethissurprise

whenwetoldhimthenews.ThisisthetownwhereIwashorn.There’sonepointwhereI’dlikeyouradvice.Weareinapositionwherewemaylosealargesumofmoney.Let’smeetatthegate,wherewecangatherandsetoff.That’sthemanwhosehousewasburneddownThat’sthenewmachinewhosepartsaretoosmalltobeseen.Thisfactory,whoseworkersareallwomen,isclosedforpartoftheschoolholidays.Thenewmachine,theknow-howofwhichisourpatent,isveryuseful.(fml.)Whatdoesitreferto?ThewordoccursasaloaninGerman,whichlanguagemightthushavebeenthemediumoftransmission.Hebelievesinpublicownership(公有制),whichideaIamquiteopposedto.Heisstudyingeconomics,whichknowledgeisveryimportanttoday.Hewillcome,inwhichcaseI’llaskhim.ThewordoccursasaloaninGerman,whichlanguagemightthushavebeenthemediumoftransmission.Hebelievesinpublicownership(公有制),whichideaIamquiteopposedto.Heisstudyingeconomics,whichknowledgeisveryimportanttoday.Hewillcome,inwhichcaseI’llaskhim.Doweuse“that”,“which”or“who”?All____youwantisready.Youarethebestfriend____hehas,andtheonlyone____hasaccesstohimatalltimes.Heisnottheman____hewasbefore.Hestilltalksliketheman____hewastenyearago

Wasthereanybodythere____applaudedhim?All

thatyouwantisready.Youarethebestfriendthathehas,andtheonlyonethathasaccesstohimatalltimes.Heisnottheman

that

hewasbefore.Hestilltalksliketheman

that

hewastenyearago

Wasthereanybodytherethatapplaudedhim?You’lljustaskmeanything

___

Idon’tmakeclear.

Hiswritingscontainlittle___

isneworstarting,butmuchthat

isoldandeventrite(陳腐的).Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschools___

hehadvisited.Thisisthebestnovel___

Ihaveeverread.Thisisthebestnovel,___

waspublishedlastyear.Sheisthesameteacher___

waspraisedtheotherday.You’lljustaskmeanything

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Idon’tmakeclear.

Hiswritingscontainlittle

thatisneworstarting,butmuch

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isoldandeventrite(陳腐的).Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschools

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hehadvisited.Thisisthebestnovelthat

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waspraisedtheotherday.Iaskedhimtoshowupatthemeeting,___hedid.Nameallthemen___seemsuitableforthejob.Thereislittle___theenemycandobesidessurrender.Isthistheonlyexample___canillustrateyourpoint?All___Icandoistowaithere.Iaskedhimtoshowupatthemeeting,whichhedid.(sententialrelativeclause:restrictive)Nameallthementhatseemsuitableforthejob.Thereislittle

thattheenemycandobesidessurrender.Isthistheonlyexamplethatcanillustrateyourpoint?All

thatIcandoistowaithere.Thereisnoperson___isalwaysintheright.Everything___wesawwasofgreatinteresttous.Hecameatonce,___surprisedmeverymuch.All___cometoourpartyarewelcome.Thisisthefastesttrain___therehaseverbeen.Thereisnopersonthatisalwaysintheright.Everythingthatwesawwasofgreatinteresttous.Hecameatonce,whichsurprisedmeverymuch.Allthatcometoourpartyarewelcome.Thisisthefastesttrainthat

therehaseverbeen.Whichrelativizerdoweuse?Thatisthemanwith(whom,who)wewerespeaking.Achangein(which,that)anewsubstanceisformediscalledachemicalchange.Theearthon(that,which)welivecameintobeinglong,longago.Yesterdaywehadameeting,at(where,which)heraisedmanyquestions.Here,too,cottonisgrown,for(which,what)Egyptis