計(jì)算書(shū)這次安排主要是讓我們了解對(duì)賓館要求本次課程設(shè)計(jì)

Thearrangementisdesignedprimarilytomakeourunderstandingofthehodesign.Thegraduationcoursedesignedmainlyforarchitecturaldesignandstructuraldesignofbothcomputinganddesign.IgraduatedthiscourseisdesignedtoGraceInnExpressHodesign,whichisusedinreinforcedconcreteframestructureengineering,thenumberoffloorsofthebuildingtherearefourlayersaccordingtothemissionstatementofthedesignrequirements,fortificationof6degree,seismicgroupedinto3groups,inthisdesignmustbeconsideredpartoftheseismicdesign.Theteachermadetheabovemissionstatementdrawnschematiclayoutofeachlayeroftheplaneandtheplaneneeded.Themainstructureofthebuildingisthehorizontalframestructure,afterestimatingloadcalculationandmembersectioninthebackconductedaselectedframetobecalculated,andthencompletethegraduationproject.ByGraceInnExpressHodesignprocess,tounderstandthevariousaspectsofthedesignengineeringprocess,itcanbeagoodgraspofthebasicmethodofcalculationofstructuraldesign,throughtheirownefforts,completedagraduatecoursedesigntasks.Meanwhile,theuniversitylearnedthatfouryearsofprofessionalknowledgeandadeeperunderstandingofthebasicconceptsandinsights,therebyimprovingtheoverallindividualabilitytoindependentlyyzeproblemsandsolveproblems.:reinforcedconcrete,FrameStructure，aPin前 平面設(shè) 剖面設(shè) 立面設(shè) 確定框架計(jì)算簡(jiǎn) 框架計(jì)算簡(jiǎn)圖及梁柱線剛 恒載標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值計(jì) 活荷載標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值計(jì) 豎向荷載作用下框架內(nèi)力計(jì) 使用彎矩二次分配法計(jì)算框架彎 風(fēng)荷載計(jì) 風(fēng)載作用下的位移驗(yàn) 抗震計(jì) 各柱邊緣處軸力計(jì) 各柱邊緣處軸力計(jì) 框架柱配筋計(jì) 框架梁配筋計(jì) 基礎(chǔ)尺寸及埋置深 持力層承載力驗(yàn) 配筋計(jì) 抗震設(shè) 結(jié) 致 參考文 附 面積3400平方米左右，共4層。嚴(yán)格按照規(guī)范以及實(shí)際進(jìn)行組織設(shè)計(jì)，在工期內(nèi)做到在建筑設(shè)計(jì)中，通過(guò)查找資料并結(jié)合自己工程本身的功能和特點(diǎn)初步確定建筑方工程概(1）3.0m。設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)高±0.00076.0m。建筑等級(jí)：結(jié)構(gòu)安全等級(jí)為二級(jí)，設(shè)計(jì)使用年限為50環(huán)境類(lèi)別：室內(nèi)正常環(huán)境為一類(lèi)，與水或土壤接觸的環(huán)境（主要是基礎(chǔ)）為二b室外平均溫度27.5室外平均溫度2.2雨季施工起止日期：71日～930日。冬季施工起止日期：125日～35材料選用①采用混凝土樓梯C30②鋼筋：梁柱縱向HRB335其余采用熱軋HPB300采用灰砂磚其尺寸為600mm×240mm×180mm,重度=7.5kN/內(nèi)隔墻290mm×290mm×140mm，重度=9.8kN/④窗：鋼塑門(mén)窗=0.35kN/⑤門(mén)：木門(mén)=0.2kN/①結(jié)構(gòu)選型：采用鋼筋混凝土現(xiàn)澆框架采用現(xiàn)澆鋼筋混凝土肋剛?cè)嵝韵嘟Y(jié)合的屋面，屋面板厚100③樓面結(jié)構(gòu)：全部采用現(xiàn)澆100結(jié)構(gòu)：采用鋼筋混凝底層柱高從基礎(chǔ)頂面算至二層樓面，基頂標(biāo)高根據(jù)-1.10m，3.3m，故底層柱4.4m，樓面（即層高），3.0m。由此可繪出框架主梁：最大跨度

7200mm，h1~1

18bb1~1bb150~300mm 次梁：最大跨度l3600mmh1~1

18bb1~1bb100~200mm I=2II=1.5I

1bh3iEcI I 12b 左、右邊跨梁： =EI/l=2.8×107kN/㎡×2×1×0.3×0.63/7.2m=4.2×104中跨梁：i中跨梁EI/l=2.8×107kN/㎡×2×

×0.2×0.43/2.4m=2.5×104

1bh3，iEcI 12c 上部層各柱：i=2.8×107kN/㎡×

底層柱：i=2.8×107kN/

令i余柱1.0

柱防水層（剛性）30mm厚細(xì)石混凝土防 1.0kN/ 0.4kN/㎡找平層：15mm厚水泥砂 找平層：15mm厚水泥砂 0.015m×20kN/m3=0.30kN/找坡層：40mm厚水泥石灰焦渣砂漿3‰找平 0.04m×14kN/m3=0.56kN/㎡保溫層：80mm厚礦渣水泥 0.08m×14.5kN/m3=1.16kN/㎡結(jié)構(gòu)層：100mm厚現(xiàn)澆鋼筋混凝土板 0.10m×25kN/m3=2.5kN/㎡抹灰層：10mm厚混合砂漿 0.01m×17kN/m3=0.17kN/㎡合計(jì)：6.39kN/水磨石地面（10200.65kN/結(jié)構(gòu)層：100mm厚現(xiàn)澆鋼筋混凝土板 0.10m×25kN/m3=2.5kN/㎡抹灰層：10㎜厚混合砂漿 0.01m×17kN/m3=0.17kN/㎡合計(jì) 3.32kN/ 結(jié)構(gòu)層：100mm厚現(xiàn)澆鋼筋混凝土 0.10m×25kN/m3=2.5kN/抹灰層：10mm厚混合砂漿 0.01m×17kN/m3=0.17kN/㎡ b×h=300×600梁自重 25kN/m3×0.3m×（0.6m-抹灰層：10mm厚混合砂 0.01m×[（0.6m-0.1m）×2+0.3m]×17kN/合計(jì)：b×h=200×400梁自重 25kN/m3×0.2m×（0.4m-抹灰層：10mm厚混合砂 0.01m×[（0.4m-0.1m）×2+0.2m]×17kN/m合計(jì)：b×h=400×400梁自重： 25kN/m3×0.4m×0.4m=4kN/m抹灰層：10mm厚混合砂漿 0.01m×0.4×4+×17kN/m3=0.27kN/m合計(jì)縱墻 （4.4m-1.5m-0.6m-0.4m)×0.20m×7.5kN/m3鋁合金窗 1.5m×0.35kN/m3水刷石 (3.3m-1.5m)×0.5kN/m3=0.9kN/m水泥粉刷 (3.3m-1.5m)×0.36kN/m3=合計(jì) 0.9m×0.20m×7.5kN/m3=1.35kN/m 1.5m×0.35kN/m3=0.53kN/m (3.0m-1.5m)×0.5kN/m3=0.75kN/m水泥粉刷 (3.0m-1.5m)×0.36kN/m3=：：(3.0m-0.6m)×0.2m×7.5KN/m3（3.0m-0.6m）×0.36kN/m3×2=

合計(jì)合計(jì):：(3.3m-0.6m)×0.2m×7.5KN/m3（3.3m-0.6m）×0.36kN/m3×2=合計(jì):內(nèi)隔墻 (3.0m-0.6m)×0.20m×9.8KN/m3水泥粉刷 (3.0m-0.6m)×0.36kN/m3鋁合金窗 合計(jì)內(nèi)隔墻 (4.4m-0.6m-0.4m)×0.2m×9.8KN/m3=6.66水泥粉刷 (4.4m-0.6m-0.4m)×0.36KN/m3鋁合金窗 合計(jì)根據(jù)《荷載規(guī)范》查得Sk=1.0×0.2kN/㎡=0.2kN/3.6m3.3②A-B、C-D框架梁：恒載：6.39kN/㎡×1.8m×（1-2a2a3）×2=28.76活載：0.5kN/㎡×1.8m×（1-2a2a3）×2=2.25 3.83kN/㎡×1.8m×（1-2a2+a3）×2=17.24kN/m 2kN/㎡×1.8m×（1-2a2+a3）×2=9.00kN/m梁自重 3.97kN/A-B、C-D屋面梁：恒載=梁自重板傳荷載=3.97kN/m+28.76kN/m活荷載=板傳荷載樓面梁：恒載=梁自重+板傳荷載+墻自重=3.97活荷載=板傳荷載③B-C恒載 6.39kN/㎡活載 0.5kN/㎡恒載 3.83kN/㎡活載 2.0kN/㎡梁自重 BC樓面梁：恒載=梁自重+板傳荷載活荷載=板傳荷載④A、D向集中荷載的計(jì)算女兒墻自重：（做法：墻高1100㎜，100㎜的混凝土壓頂頂層柱恒荷載=女兒墻+梁自重+板傳荷載(3.6m-0.4m)+6.39kN/m×1.8m3.6m柱恒荷載=墻自重+梁自重+板傳荷載=3.17kN/m×(3.6m-(3.6m-標(biāo)準(zhǔn)層柱活載：板傳活載=2.0kN/㎡基礎(chǔ)頂面恒載=底層外縱墻自重=4.93kN/m×（3.6m-頂層柱恒載=梁自重+板傳荷載=3.97kN/m×（3.6m-0.4m）+6.39kN/㎡ 1.221.2×+6.39kN/m×[1-2 + 3.6 1.2 頂層柱活載=板傳荷載=0.5kN/m2×[1-2 + ]×1.2m+0.5kN/×1.8m×3.6m×58

3.6

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)層柱恒載=梁自重+板傳荷載+墻自重=3.97kN/m×（7.2m-0.4m）+3.83kN/㎡ m×3.6m×8+3.83kN/㎡×[1-23.6

+3.6

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)層柱活載=板傳活載基礎(chǔ)頂面恒載=底層內(nèi)隔墻自重=9.64KN/m×(3.6m-0.4m)=65.55恒載作用下彎矩二次分配計(jì)3.4.1

2.1

,

2.1

uBA

2.10.9

0.49,uBD

2.10.9

0.21

2.10.9

3.4.2uAB

2.10.9

,

2.10.9

0.41,

uAB

2.10.9

0.57，

2.10.9

0.19uAC'

2.10.9

0.424,

0.182,

3.4.3

1ql2-1/12×32.73×7.22=-

1ql2

1ql2-1/12×30.4×2.42=-1ql2-1/12×28.17×7.22=-(底層

1ql2

1ql2-1/12×18.88×2.42=-4-------------3--------------------2--------------------1----------------.6

VV

qlMM 柱軸力： V-梁端剪 P-節(jié)點(diǎn)集中力及柱自3.4.8活載作用下彎矩二次分配計(jì)

2.1

,

2.1

uBA

2.10.9

0.49,uBD

2.10.9

0.21

2.10.9

uAB

2.10.9

,

2.10.9

0.41,

uAB

2.10.9

0.57，

2.10.9

0.19uAC'

2.10.9

0.424,

0.182,

1ql2-1/12×2.25×7.22=-

1ql2

1ql2-1/12×2.26×2.42=-1ql2-1/12×9.00×7.22=-(底層

1ql2

1ql2-1/12×9.0×2.42=-4---------------3-----------------2--------------------1----------------..12為了簡(jiǎn)化計(jì)算，作用在外上的風(fēng)荷載可近似于作用在屋面梁和樓面梁處的等效作用在屋面梁和樓面梁節(jié)點(diǎn)處的集中風(fēng)荷載標(biāo)準(zhǔn)2Wkzszw0hihjB/22w0w0=0.6kN/z——風(fēng)壓高度變化系數(shù)，因建設(shè)地點(diǎn)位于某大城市郊區(qū)，所以地面粗糙Bs——風(fēng)荷載體型建筑物的體型查得szzhihj——上層柱高，對(duì)頂層為女兒墻2B風(fēng)面的寬度，B=7.2m3.5.1集中風(fēng)荷離地高度zw0/kN/m2hi/hj/Wk/333333 見(jiàn)表3.6.1和3.6.12-4Dic2Dci12/kN/chA24.2104kNm22104kN B2(4.21042.5104)kNm22104kN CDD kN/m)23.6.2Dic0.52Dci12/kN/chA4.2104kNm1.4104kN B(4.21042.5104)kNm1.4104kN CDD kN/m)2風(fēng)荷載作用下框架側(cè)移計(jì)水平荷載作用下框架的層間側(cè)移uj

Vjj層的總剪Diyj層所有柱的抗側(cè)ujj第一層的層間側(cè)移值求出以后，就可以計(jì)算各樓板標(biāo)高處的側(cè)移值的頂點(diǎn)側(cè)移值，各層樓板標(biāo)高處的側(cè)移值是該層以下各層層間側(cè)移之和。頂點(diǎn)側(cè)移是所有各層層3.6.3風(fēng)荷Wj/Vj/D/(kN/uj/uj/4321uuj層間側(cè)移最大值：1/1630<1/550(3.6.4A軸框架柱的反彎點(diǎn)ih43000330002300010003.6.5B軸框架柱的反彎點(diǎn)ih4300033000230001000MC=Vim·(1-MC=Vim·y·hMb左jMb右j

ibibbiibbi右ibbbiibb

M M M M 表 風(fēng)載作用下A軸框架柱剪力和梁彎MCMCMb4366223314952表 風(fēng)載作用下B軸框架柱剪力和梁彎MCMCMbMb453066520020333142289.23.6.3重力荷載代表值計(jì)集中于各樓層標(biāo)高處的重力荷載代表值Gi，頂層重力荷載包括：屋面恒載，50%屋面雪載梁自重，半層柱自重半層墻體自重包括窗的自重。，其它層重力荷載包括：樓面恒載，50%樓面均布活荷載，梁自重，樓面上下屋面恒載50%屋面雪荷載縱梁自重：1.64×（7.2-下半層柱自重下半層墻體自重：6.96×（7.2-共計(jì)

縱梁自重：1.64×（7.2-橫梁自重：=3.97×（7.2+0.24-0.6×2）×2+1.64×（3-上下半層柱自重共計(jì)縱梁自重：1.64×（7.2-橫梁自重：=3.97×（7.2+0.24-0.6×2）×2+1.64×（3-共計(jì)橫向框架側(cè)移剛度的計(jì)

i4.2104kNmi1.4104kN

i2.5104kNmi2.0104kN橫梁線剛度ib和柱線剛度ic3.7.1D

12ic計(jì)算，式中系數(shù)為柱的側(cè)移剛度修正系c 關(guān)表可查得。（根據(jù)梁柱的線剛度比k的不同梁截面慣性矩7.2.1，I0為梁矩形部分的截面慣性矩。3.7.1橫梁線剛度ib計(jì)算表blh1-3.7.2icbi2-13.7.3中框和邊框架線表 柱抗側(cè)移剛度kib（一般層k（一般層 kDciEIC kib（底層k0.5（底層 k3.7.5柱抗側(cè)移剛度修正ki1ki1i2i3 kkki1k k3.7.6A/DkEIc kbkkc 2D=kCc40.4330.4320.43B/CkEIc kbkkc 2D=kCc40.4330.4320.4310.4橫向水平作用下框架結(jié)構(gòu)的內(nèi)力和側(cè)移計(jì)D自振頂點(diǎn)位移法是求結(jié)構(gòu)基頻的一種近似方法，將結(jié)構(gòu)按質(zhì)量基頻D按式T1

2j

計(jì)算周期

3.7.84321

②橫 作用計(jì)算及樓 剪力計(jì)（最大影響系數(shù)）

amax本工程建筑物高度不超過(guò)40m,質(zhì)量和剛度沿高度變化均勻，變形以剪切主，故采用底部剪力法計(jì)算水平作用，結(jié)構(gòu)總水平作用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值FEK1Geq

T0

0.4001g1

max

0.04T1

因?yàn)門(mén)gT10.494s5Tg

h2=1.0(阻尼調(diào)整系數(shù))gFEK0.0330.853660.13102.67kN/因 Tg

10.494s，所以不考慮頂部附加作用表3.7.9各層橫 作用及樓 剪GiHinGkHK4333231j-1各質(zhì)點(diǎn)水平作用及樓層剪力沿屋高分布圖圖 作用分布 圖 剪力沿房屋高度分布③水平作用下框架位移計(jì)水平作用下框架結(jié)構(gòu)的層間位

(ui)ViDij和u(ui)k計(jì)算，計(jì)算過(guò)程如表（11）表中e移角

ui

i表 橫向水平作用下的位移計(jì)jFi/43332319.091041/550=1.82103滿足式中uh柱端及梁端彎矩的計(jì)

=V(1

y

MD=Vyh

Vi表 邊柱柱端彎AkyMCMCMb4333231表 中柱柱端彎BkyMCMCMbMb433323.53.7.6MMVb，VV 作用MMVb，V

表 各柱邊緣處彎矩剪力值及軸力MVMVMVMVMVMVMVMV4A77D3AD2AD1AD4.1內(nèi)力基本組合表（表 內(nèi)力基本組合表（框架梁表 內(nèi)力基本組合表（框架A柱表 內(nèi)力基本組合表（框架B柱

f=14.3kN/mm

f=1.43kN/mmctct

f300kN/yyf270kN/yy

335N/mm2 300N/mm2柱的軸壓比驗(yàn)Nmax

1730.20103 fAc 14.3fAc

0.756

B截面尺寸復(fù)取h0has=400-因?yàn)閔w

所以0.25cfcbh0框架柱正截面設(shè)Nu1fcbbh0BM=65.68kNm，N=1582.33kN，V=27.27kNMe0M

eie0ea41.51200.5fcA0.721.0，故取

=1.0l0計(jì)算長(zhǎng)度l0=1.0H=4400mm,則

=11<15，故取2=1.0則：

e(e(hh

2e

h

1.3661.51400/240

f

14.3400

1 AsAs

Ne1fcbh010.5fyh0

S

As0318.

763mm2穩(wěn)定系數(shù)：0.965Nu0.9fAfyAs cc

框架柱斜截面設(shè)

6.693.0，取cN1582.33kN0.3fA0.314.34002/1000cN=686.4kN

f

0.07N138.138kNV1.0 28@150

nAsv1

2

%

f

0.241.43AC

IIIIV

V 5.2.1梁截面在梁的受拉區(qū)，此時(shí)截面可按T型截面進(jìn)行配筋計(jì)算；當(dāng)梁承受負(fù)彎矩時(shí)上部受拉，即翼緣在梁的受拉區(qū)，受拉區(qū)的混凝土開(kāi)裂后，翼緣對(duì)承載力就不起作用了，故梁承受負(fù)彎矩時(shí)按矩形截面進(jìn)行配筋計(jì)算。ABfc=14.3N/mm2ft=1.43N/mm2fy=300N/mm2fyv=270N/mmABs

fbh

1.014.3300

1cf111

0.139<bAs

f

14.3300560ys4

As=1256

0.70%

且

ft%451.43%f ABAM=-115.35kNs

1fcbf

=1.014.3300 12121

=0.090<b12As

fysh0

3

3000.955As=763

0.424%

ft%451.43%f BM=123.97kNs

1fcbfh02

0.0921

.014.330012=0.097<1212As

fysh0

4

3000.952As=804且

0.447%

ft%451.43%f 5.2.2ⅠⅡⅢⅣⅤ--b×300300300200 fbh 112ss0.5(112sA fsy32%(As框架梁斜截面設(shè)AB（2V=-0.25cfcbh0=0.251.014.33000.7ftbh0=0.714.3300按構(gòu)造要求配筋取雙肢箍5.2.3層42420.25cVb0.7c0000AB（2）Mq

Mq0.87h

151.49N/0te

0.53001.1

te

1.1

d 4deqniiscrs

41.0

0.08deq)0.109

cy本工程基礎(chǔ)采用柱下基礎(chǔ)以一榀框架結(jié)構(gòu)的B軸為例進(jìn)行柱下獨(dú)立基礎(chǔ)的設(shè)計(jì)，選粘土層為持力層，f =240kN/m2，根據(jù)地質(zhì)條件基礎(chǔ)埋置深度取為2.1m，取基礎(chǔ)高度1000mm?；A(chǔ)采用C30混凝土，f=14.3KN/m2鋼筋選用三級(jí)鋼筋，f=300kN/m2。cy粉質(zhì)粘土m=19.8kNm3，回填土G=17.8kNm3。(d=1.0,b1.1+1.0=2.1m,C10100② 受壓基礎(chǔ)初步估算基底面fafakdm(d0.5)=240+1.0×19.8×(2.1-0.5)=271.68

1.2Nk,max

0fa0

271.685③計(jì) 應(yīng)

2.13lnb4.2mMk=50.15kN

Nk=1730.20

Vk=27.54Gk=20×2.1×2.2×(2.1+0.45×0.5)=410.13ek

MkN

0.023m6

1730.20410.13160.023Pk,maxNkGk(16ek

PP

,in kk2

Pk242.67kPafa271.68kPaPk,max=250.64kPa＜fa＜1.2faPk,min=234.69kPa＞0t取as=60mm,h0=1000-60=940tC30

f1.43N/

atac=400ab=400+2×940=2280am=(2280+400)/2=1340A(lach)b(bbch = 0.942.1

取h0.7hft(bch0)h0=1239.425kN＞

HRB335(fy300Nmm2A 0 0.9h0

212@100(As=2770mm2Mk=50.15kN

Nk=1708.75

Vk=27.27ek

MkN

0.024m6

1708.75410.13160.024 Pk,maxNkGk(16ek k,min根據(jù)以上兩組內(nèi)力計(jì)算可知:Pkmax=285.17kPa＜1.2

faE=1.2afa 銀座佳驛連鎖快捷酒店DPKPM他們請(qǐng)教，即使他們正在忙于自己的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中,他們也都會(huì)耐心的解答。而當(dāng)我們有拿捏的問(wèn)題時(shí)我們相互商討問(wèn)題一步步也變我們之間的感情也變親近了 ：中國(guó)建筑工業(yè)、、、、湖南大學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)力學(xué)教研室編.《結(jié)構(gòu)力學(xué)》上冊(cè).第四版，：高等教育段兵廷主編.《土木工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)》.：工業(yè)大學(xué)TheApplicationofConstructionalTheavailabilityofsuitablestructuralmaterialsisoneoftheprincipallimitationsontheplishmentofanexperiencedstructuralengineer.Earlybuildersdependedalmostexclusivelyonwood,stone,brick,andconcrete.AlthoughironhadbeenusedbyhumansatleastsincethebuildingoftheEgyptianpyramids,useofitasastructuralmaterialwaslimitedbecauseofthedifficultiesofsmeltingitinlargeties.Withtheindustrialrevolution,however,cameboththeneedforironasastructuralmaterialandthecapabilityofsmeltinginJohnSmeaton,anEnglishcivilengineer,wasthefirsttousecastironextensivelyasastructuralmaterialinthemid-eighteenthcentury.After1841,malleableironwasdevelopedasamorereliablematerialandwaswidelyused.Whereasmalleableironwassuperiortocastiron,therewerestilltoomanystructuralfailuresandtherewasaneedforamorereliablematerial.Steelwastheanswertothisdemand.TheinventionoftheBessemerconverterin1856andthesubsequentdevelopmentofthe-Martinopen-hearthprocessformakingsteelmadeitpossibletoproducestructuralsteelatcompetitivepricesandtriggeredthetremendousdevelopmentsand plishmentsintheuseofstructuralsteeloverthenexthundredyears.Themostseriousdisadvantageofsteelisthatitoxidizeseasilyandmustbeprotectedbypaintorsomeothersuitablecoating.Whensteelisusedinanenclosurewhereafirecouldoccur,thesteelmembersmustbeencasedinasuitablefire-resistantenclosuresuchasmasonry,concrete.Normally,steelmemberswillnotfailinabrittlemannerunlessanunfortunatecombinationofmetallurgicalcomposition,lowtemperature,andbi-ortriaxialstressexists.Structuralaluminumisstillnotwidelyusedincivilengineeringstructures,thoughitsuseissteadilyincreasing.Byaproperselectionofthealuminumalloyanditsheattreatment,awidevarietyofstrengthcharacteristicsmaybeobtained.Someofthealloysexhibitstress-straincharacteristicssimilarthoseofstructuralsteel,exceptthatthemodulusofelasticityfortheinitiallinearlyelasticportionisabout10,000,000psi(700,000kgf/cm*cm)oraboutone-thirdthatofsteel.Lightnessandtooxidationare,ofcourse,twoofthemajoradvantagesofaluminum.Becauseitspropertiesareverysensitivetoitsheattreatment,caremustbeusedwhenrivetingorweldingaluminum.Severaltechniqueshavebeendevelopedforprefabricatingaluminumsubassembliesthatcanbereadilyerectedandboltedtogetherinthefieldtoformanumberofbeautifulandwell-designedsstructures.Thisgeneralprocedureofprefabricationandheldassemblybyboltingseemstobethemostpromisingwayofutilizingstructuralaluminum.Reinforcedandprestressconcretesharewithstructuralmaterial.Naturalconcreteshavebeenusedforcenturies.Modernconcreteconstructiondatesfromthemiddleofthenineteenthcentury,thoughartificialPortlandcementwaspatentedbyAspidia,anEnglishman,about1825.Althoughseveralbuildersandengineersexperimentedwiththeuseofsteel-reinforcedconcreteinthelasthalfofthenineteenthcentury,itsdominantuseasabuildingmaterialdatesfromtheearlydecadesofthetwentiethcentury.Thelastfiftyyearshaveseentherapidandvigorousdevelopmentofprestressedconcretedesignandconstruction,foundedlargelyonearlyworkbyFreakinessinFranceandMagnesinBelgium.Plain(unreinforced)concretenotonlyisaheterogeneousmaterialbutalsohasoneveryseriousdefectasastructuralmaterial,namely,itsverylimitedtensilestrength,whichisonlyoftheorderofone-tenthitscompressivestrength.Notonlyistensilefailureinconcreteofabrittletype,butlikewisecompressionfailureoccursinarelativelybrittlefashionwithoutbeingprecededbytheforewarningoflargedeformations.(Ofcourse,inreinforced-concreteconstruction,ductilebehaviorcanbeobtainedbyproperselectionandarrangementofthereinforcement.)Unlesspropercareisusedintheselectionofaggregatesandinthemixingandplacingofconcrete,frostactioncancauseseriousdamagetoconcretemasonry.Concretecreepsunderlong-termloadingtoadegreethatmustbeconsideredcarefullyinselectingthedesignstressconditions.Duringthecuringprocessanditsearlylife,concreteshrinksasignificantamount,whichtoadegreecanbecontrolledbyproperlyproportioningthemixandutilizingsuitableconstructiontechniques.Withallthesepotentiallyseriousdisadvantages,engineershavelearnedtodesignandbuildbeautiful,durable,andeconomicalreinforced-concretestructuresforpracticallyallkindsofstructuralrequirements.Thishasbeen plishedbycarefulselectionofthedesigndimensionsandthearrangementofthesteelreinforcement,developmentofpropercements,selectionofproperaggregatesandmixproportions,carefulcontrolofmixing,placing,andcuringtechniquesandimaginativedevelopmentofconstructionmethods,equipmentandprocedures.Civilengineeringisakindofwithpeople'sfood,clothing,shelterandtransportationhascloserelationoftheproject.Amongthemwith"live"relationshipisdirectly.Because,tosolvethe"live"problemmustbuildvarioustypesofbuildings.Tosolvethe"line,foodandclothes"problembothdirectside,butalsoaindirectside."Line",mustbuildrailways,roads,Bridges,"Feed",mustbewelldrillingwater,waterconservancy,farmirrigation,drainagewatersupplyforthecity,thatisdirectrelation.Indirectlyrelationshipisnomatterwhatyoudo,manufacturingcars,ships,orspinningandweaving,clothing,orevenproductionsteel,launchsalites,conductingscientificresearchactivitiesareinseparablefrombuildvariousbuildings,structuresandbuildallkindsofprojectfacilities.Civilengineeringwiththeprogressofhumansocietyanddevelopment,yethasevolvedintolarge-scalecomprehensivediscipline,ithasoutmanybranch,suchas:architecturalengineering,therailwayengineering,roadengineering,bridgeengineering,specialengineeringstructure,waterandwastewaterengineering,portengineering,hydraulicengineering,environmentengineeringdisciplines.[1]Civilengineeringasanimportantbasicdisciplines,andhasitsimportantattributesof:integrated,sociality,practicality,unity.Civilengineeringforthedevelopmentofnationaleconomyandtheimprovementofpeople'slifeprovidesanimportantmaterialandtechnicalbasis,formanyindustrialinvigorationplayedaroleinpromoting,engineeringconstructionistheformationofafixedassetbasicproductionprocess,therefore,constructionandrealeinmanycountriesandregions,economicConstructionprojectishousingplanning,survey,design,constructionofthePurposeisforhumanlifeandproductionprovideBuildingmaterialsinbuildingandhasapivotalrole.Buildingmaterialiswithhumansocietyproductivityandscienceandtechnologyimprovesgraduallydeveloped.Inancienttimes,thehumanlives,thelineUSESistherocksandTrees.The4thcenturyBC,12~hascreatedatileandbrick,humansareonlyusefulsyntheticmaterialsmadeofhousing.The17thcenturyhadcastironandShouTielater,untiltheeighteenthcenturyhadPortlandcement,justmakelaterreinforcedconcreteengineeringgetvigorousdevelopment.Nowallsortsofhigh-strengthstructuralmaterials,newdecorationmaterialsandwaterproofmaterialdevelopment,criterionand20thcenturysincemidorganicpolymermaterialsincivilengineeringarecloselyrelatedtothewidelyapplication.Inallmaterials,themostmainandmostpopularissteel,concrete,lumber,masonry.Inrecentyears,byusingtwokindsofmaterialadvantage,willmakethemtogether,thecombinationofstructurewasdeveloped.Now,architecture,engineeringqualityfitandunfitqualityusuallyadoptedmaterialsquality,performanceandusingreasonableornothavedirectconnection,inmeetthesametechnicalindicatorsandqualityrequirements,underthepreconditionofchoiceofdifferentmaterialisdifferent,usemethodofengineeringcosthasdirectimpact.Inconstructionprocess,buildingconstructionisandarchitecturalmechanics,buildingmaterialsalsoimportantlinks.Constructionistothemindofthedesigner,intentionandideaintorealisticprocess,fromtheancientholeJuChaoplacetonowskyscrapers,fromruraltourbancountryroadelevatedroadallneedthrough"construction"means.Aconstructionproject,includingmanyjobssuchasdredgingengineering,deepfoundationpitbracingengineering,foundationengineering,reinforcedconcretestructureengineering,structuralliftingproject,waterproofing,decorateprojects,eachtypeofprojecthasitsownrules,allneedaccordingtodifferentconstructionobjectandconstructionenvironmentconditionsusingrelevantconstructiontechnology,inwork-site.wheneverwhile,needandtherelevanthydropowerandotherequipmentcompositionofawhole,eachprojectbetweenreasonableorganizingandcoordination,betterplayinvestmentbenefit.Civilengineeringconstructioninthebenefit,whilealsoissuedbythestateinstrictaccordancewiththerelevantconstructiontechnologystandard,thusfurtherenhanceChina'sconstructionleveltoensureconstructionquality,reducethecostfortheproject.Anybuildingbuiltonthesurfaceoftheearthallstrata,buildingweighteventuallytostratum,havetobear.FormationSupportbuildingtherockswerereferredtoasfoundation,andthebuildingsonthegroundandundertheupperstructureofself-respectandliabletotransfertothefoundationofcomponentsorcomponentcalledfoundation.Foundation,andthefoundationandthesuperstructureisabuildingofthreeinseparablepart.Accordingtothefunctionisdifferent,butinload,undertheactionofthemarerelatedtoeachother,istheinteractionofthewhole.Foundationcanbedividedintonaturalfoundationandartificialfoundation,basicaccordingtotheburieddepthisdividedintodeepfoundationandshallowfoundation.,foundationandfoundationistheguaranteeofthequalityofthebuildingsandnormaluseclosebutton,wherebuildingsfoundationinbuildingunderloadsofbothmustmaintainoverallstabilityandifthesettlementoffoundationproduceinbuildingscopepermittedinside,andfoundationitselfshouldhavesufficientstrength,stiffnessanddurability,alsoconsiderrepairmethodsandthenecessaryfoundationsoilretainingretainingwaterandrelevantmeasures.[3]Aspeoplelivingstandardriseceaselessly,thepeopletotheirplaceofbuildingspacehasenotonlyfromthenumber,andputforwardhigherrequirementfromqualityarecarhigherdemandsthattheenvironmentisbeautiful,havecertaincomfort.Thisneedstodecorateabuildingtobenecessary.Ifarchitecturemajorengineeringconstitutestheskeletonofthebuilding,thenafteradornmentbuildinghas etheflesh-and-bloodorganism,finalwithrich,perfectappearanceinpeople'sinfront,thebestarchitectureshouldfullyembodyallsortsofadornmentmaterialrelatedproperties,withexistingconstructiontechnology,themosteffectivegimmick,toachieveconceptionmustexpresseffect.Buildingoutfitfixtoconsiderthearchitecturalspaceuserequirement,protectthesubjectinstitutionsfromdamage,giveawithbeautifulenjoying,satisfytherequirementsoffireevacuation,decorativematerialsandschemeofrationality,constructiontechnologyandeconomicfeasibility,etc.Housingconstructiondevelopmentandatthesametime,likehousingconstructionasaffectingpeoplelifeofroads,Bridges,tunnelshasmadegreatprogress.Ingeneralcivilengineeringisoneoftheoldestsubjects,ithasmadegreatachievements,thefutureofthecivilengineeringwilloccupyinpeople'slifemoreimportantposition.Theenvironmentworseningpopulationincrease,peopletofightforsurvival,tostriveforamorecomfortablelivingenvironment,andwillpaymoreattentiontocivilengineering.Inthenearfuture,somemajorprojectsextimatedtobuild,insertrollerskyscrapers,acrosstheoceanBridges,moreconvenienttrafficwouldnotdream.Thedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,andtheearthisdeterioratingenvironmentwillbepromptedcivilengineeringtoaerospaceandMarinedevelopment,providemankindbroaderspaceofliving.Inrecentyears,engineeringmaterialsmainlyisreinforcedconcrete,lumberandbrickmaterials,inthefuture,thetraditionalmaterialswillbeimproved,moresuitableforsomenewbuildingmaterialsmarket,especiallythechemistrymaterialswillpromotetheconstructionoftowardsahigherpoint.Meanwhile,designmethodofprecision,designworkofautomation,informationandinligenttechnologyofintroducing,willbepeoplehaveamorecomfortablelivingenvironment.Theword,andthedevelopmentofthetheoryandnewmaterials,theemergenceoftheapplicationofcomputer,high-techintroductiontowaittowillmakecivilengineeringhaveanewleap.Theversatilityofconcrete,thewideavailabilityofitscomponentmaterials,theuniqueeaseofshaitsformtomeetstrengthandfunctionalrequirements,togetherwiththeexcitingpotentialoffurtherimprovementsanddevelopmentofnotonlythenewerprestressedandprecastconcreteconstructionbutalsotheconventionalreinforcedconcreteconstruction,combinetomakeconcreteastrongcompetitorofothermaterialsinaverylargefractionofInmoderntimes,withtheincreaseduseofsteelandreinforced-concreteconstruction,woodhasbeenrelegatedlargelytoaccessoryuseduringconstruction,touseintemporaryandsecondarystructures,andtouseforsecondarymembersofpermanentconstruction.Moderntechnologyinthelastsixtyyearshasrevitalizedwoodasastructuralmaterial,however,bydevelovastlyimprovedtimberconnectors,varioustreatmentstoincreasethedurabilityofwood,andlaminatedwoodmadeofthinlayersbondedtogetherwithsyntheticgluesusingrevolutionarygluingtechniques.