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雅思索試閱讀模擬試題(含答案)1There'sadimmer
\o"switch???????"switch
insidethesunthatcausesitsbrightnesstoriseandfallontimescalesofaround100,000years—exactlythesameperiodasbetweeniceagesonEarth.Sosaysaphysicistwhohascreatedacomputermodelofourstar's
\o"core???????"core.2RobertEhrlichofGeorge
\o"Mason???????"Mason
UniversityinFairfax,Virginia,modelledtheeffectof
\o"temperature???????"temperaturefluctuationsinthesun'sinterior.Accordingtothestandardview,thetemperatureofthesun's
\o"core???????"core
isheld
\o"constant???????"constant
bythe
\o"opposing???????"opposing
pressuresof
\o"gravity???????"gravityandnuclear
\o"fusion???????"fusion.However,Ehrlichbelievedthat
\o"slight???????"slight
variationsshouldbepossible.3HetookashisstartingpointtheworkofAttilaGrandpierreoftheKonkoly
\o"Observatory???????"Observatory
oftheHungarian
\o"Academy???????"Academy
ofSciences.In,Grandpierreanda
\o"collaborator???????"collaborator,Gáborágoston,\o"calculated???????"calculated
that
\o"magnetic???????"magnetic
fieldsinthesun's
\o"core???????"core
could
\o"produce???????"produce
smallinstabilitiesinthesolarplasma.Theseinstabilitieswould
\o"induce???????"induce
localisedoscillationsin
\o"temperature???????"temperature.4Ehrlich'smodelshowsthatwhilstmostoftheseoscillationscanceleachotherout,some\o"reinforce???????"reinforce
oneanotherandbecomelong-lived
\o"temperature???????"temperature
variations.Thefavouredfrequenciesallowthesun's
\o"core???????"core
\o"temperature???????"temperature
to
\o"oscillate???????"oscillate
arounditsaveragetemperatureof13.6millionkelvinincycles
\o"lasting???????"lasting
either100,000or41,000years.Ehrlichsaysthat
\o"random???????"random
interactionswithinthesun's
\o"magnetic???????"magnetic
fieldcould
\o"flip???????"flip
thefluctuationsfromonecyclelengthtotheother.5ThesetwotimescalesareinstantlyrecognisabletoanyonefamiliarwithEarth'siceages:forthepastmillionyears,iceageshaveoccurredroughlyevery100,000years.Beforethat,theyoccurredroughlyevery41,000years.6Mostscientistsbelievethattheiceagesaretheresultof
\o"subtle???????"subtle
changesinEarth'sorbit,knownastheMilankovitchcycles.OnesuchcycledescribesthewayEarth'sorbitgraduallychangesshapefroma
\o"circle???????"circle
toa
\o"slight???????"slight
\o"ellipse???????"ellipse
andbackagainroughlyevery100,000years.Thetheorysaysthisalterstheamountofsolar
\o"radiation???????"radiation
thatEarthreceives,triggeringtheiceages.However,a
\o"persistent???????"persistent
problemwiththistheoryhasbeenits
\o"inability???????"inability
toexplainwhytheiceageschanged
\o"frequency???????"frequency
amillionyearsago.7"InMilankovitch,thereiscertainlynogoodideawhythe
\o"frequency???????"frequency
shouldchangefromonetoanother,"saysNeilEdwards,aclimatologistattheOpenUniversityinMiltonKeynes,UK.Noristhe
\o"transition???????"transition
problemtheonlyonetheMilankovitchtheoryfaces.Ehrlichandothercritics\o"claim???????"claim
thatthe
\o"temperature???????"temperature
variationscausedbyMilankovitchcyclesaresimplynotbigenoughtodriveiceages.8However,EdwardsbelievesthesmallchangesinsolarheatingproducedbyMilankovitchcyclesarethen
\o"amplified???????"amplified
byfeedbackmechanismsonEarth.Forexample,ifseaicebeginstoformbecauseofa
\o"slight???????"slight
cooling,carbondioxidethatwouldotherwisehavefounditswayintotheatmosphereaspartofthecarboncycleislockedintotheice.Thatweakensthe
\o"greenhouse???????"greenhouseeffectandEarthgrowsevencolder.9AccordingtoEdwards,thereisnolackofsuchmechanisms."Ifyouaddtheireffectstogether,thereismorethanenoughfeedbacktomakeMilankovitchwork,"hesays."Theproblemnowisidentifyingwhichmechanismsareatwork."ThisiswhyscientistslikeEdwardsarenotyetreadytogiveuponthe
\o"current???????"current
theory."Milankovitchcyclesgiveusiceagesroughlywhenwe
\o"observe???????"observe
themtohappen.Wecan
\o"calculate???????"calculate
whereweareinthecycleandcompareitwith
\o"observation???????"observation,"hesays."Ican'tseeanywayoftesting[Ehrlich's]ideatoseewhereweareinthe
\o"temperature???????"temperature
\o"oscillation???????"oscillation."10Ehrlichconcedesthis."Ifthereisawaytotestthistheoryonthesun,Ican'tthinkofonethatispractical,"hesays.That'sbecause
\o"variation???????"variation
over41,000to100,000yearsistoogradualtobeobserved.However,theremaybeawaytotestitinotherstars:reddwarfs.Theircoresaremuchsmallerthanthatofthesun,andsoEhrlichbelievesthatthe
\o"oscillation???????"oscillation
periodscouldbeshortenoughtobeobserved.Hehasyetto
\o"calculate???????"calculate
the
\o"precise???????"precise
periodorthe
\o"extent???????"extent
of\o"variation???????"variation
inbrightnesstobeexpected.11NigelWeiss,asolarphysicistattheUniversityofCambridge,isfarfrom
\o"convinced???????"convinced.HedescribesEhrlich'sclaimsas"utterly
\o"implausible???????"implausible".EhrlichcountersthatWeiss'sopinionisbasedonthestandardsolarmodel,whichfailstotakeintoaccountthe
\o"magnetic???????"magnetic
instabilitiesthatcausethe
\o"temperature???????"temperature
fluctuations.(716words)Questions1-4CompleteeachofthefollowingstatementswithOneorTwonamesofthescientistsfromtheboxbelow.Writethe
\o"appropriate???????"appropriate
lettersA-Einboxes1-4onyouranswersheet.A.AttilaGrandpierreB.GáborágostonC.NeilEdwardsD.NigelWeissE.RobertEhrlich1....claimsthere抯adimmer
\o"switch???????"switch
insidethesunthatcausesitsbrightnesstoriseandfallinperiodsaslongasthosebetweeniceagesonEarth.2....\o"calculated???????"calculated
thatthe
\o"internal???????"internal
solar
\o"magnetic???????"magnetic
fieldscould
\o"produce???????"produce
instabilitiesinthesolarplasma.3....holdsthatMilankovitchcyclescan
\o"induce???????"induce
changesinsolarheatingonEarthandthechangesare
\o"amplified???????"amplified
onEarth.4....doesn'tbelieveinEhrlich'sviewpointsatall.Questions5-9Dothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninthereadingpassage?Inboxes5-9onyouranswersheetwriteTRUEifthe
\o"statement???????"statement
istrueaccordingtothepassageFALSEifthe
\o"statement???????"statement
isfalseaccordingtothepassageNOTGIVENiftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage5.Theiceageschanged
\o"frequency???????"frequency
from100,000to41,000yearsamillionyearsago.6.ThesoleproblemthattheMilankovitchtheorycannot
\o"solve???????"solve
istoexplainwhytheiceage\o"frequency???????"frequency
should
\o"shift???????"shift
fromonetoanother.7.Carbondioxidecanbelockedartificiallyintoseaiceto
\o"eliminate???????"eliminate
the
\o"greenhouse???????"greenhouse
effect.8.SomescientistsarenotreadytogiveuptheMilankovitchtheorythoughthey
\o"haven???????"haven'tfiguredoutwhichmechanisms
\o"amplify???????"amplify
thechangesinsolarheating.9.BothEdwardsandEhrlichbelievethatthereisnopracticalwaytotestwhenthesolar\o"temperature???????"temperature
\o"oscillation???????"oscillation
beginsandwhenends.Questions10-14Completethenotesbelow.Chooseone
\o"suitable???????"suitable
wordfromtheReadingPassageaboveforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes10-14onyouranswersheet.Thestandardviewassumesthatthe
\o"opposing???????"opposing
pressuresof
\o"gravity???????"gravity
andnuclearfusionsholdthe
\o"temperature???????"temperature
...10...inthesun'sinterior,butthe
\o"slight???????"slight
changesintheearth's...11...\o"alter???????"alter
thetemperatureontheearthandcauseiceagesevery100,000years.ABritishscientist,however,challengesthisviewbyclaimingthatthe
\o"internal???????"internal
solar
\o"magnetic???????"magnetic
...12...can
\o"induce???????"inducethe
\o"temperature???????"temperature
oscillationsinthesun’sinterior.Thesun's
\o"core???????"core
temperatureoscillatesarounditsaveragetemperaturein...13...
\o"lasting???????"lasting
either100,000or41,000years.Aeractionswithinthesun'smagneticfieldcould
\o"flip???????"flip
thefluctuationsfromonecyclelengthtotheother,whichexplainswhytheiceageschanged
\o"frequency???????"frequency
amillionyearsago.Answerkeysandexplanations:1.ESeethesentencesinparagraph1(There'sadimmer
\o"switch???????"switch
insidethesunthatcausesitsbrightnesstoriseandfallontimescalesofaround100,000years—exactlythesameperiodasbetweeniceagesonEarth.Sosaysaphysicistwhohascreatedacomputermodelofourstar's
\o"core???????"core.)andpara.2(RobertEhrlichofGeorge
\o"Mason???????"Mason
UniversityinFairfax,Virginia,modelledtheeffectof
\o"temperature???????"temperaturefluctuationsinthesun'sinterior.)2.ABSeepara.3:?istyle=’\o"normal???????"normal’>Grandpierreanda
\o"collaborator???????"collaborator,Gáborágoston,
\o"calculated???????"calculatedthat
\o"magnetic???????"magnetic
fieldsinthesun's
\o"core???????"core
could
\o"produce???????"produce
smallinstabilitiesinthesolarplasma.3.CSeepara.8:EdwardsbelievesthesmallchangesinsolarheatingproducedbyMilankovitchcyclesarethen
\o"amplified???????"amplified
byfeedbackmechanismsonEarth.4.DSeepara.11:NigelWeiss,asolarphysicistattheUniversityofCambridge,isfarfrom\o"convinced???????"convinced.HedescribesEhrlich’sclaimsas"utterly
\o"implausible???????"implausible".5.FalseSeepara.5:forthepastmillionyears,iceageshaveoccurredroughlyevery100,000years.Beforethat,theyoccurredroughlyevery41,000years.6.FalseSeepara.7:"InMilankovitch,thereiscertainlynogoodideawhythe
\o"frequency???????"frequency
shouldchangefromonetoanother,"...Noristhe
\o"transition???????"transition
problemtheonlyonetheMilankovitchtheoryfaces.7.NotGivenSeepara.8:ifseaicebeginstoformbecauseofa
\o"slight???????"slight
cooling,carbondioxide?islockedintotheice.Thatweakensthe
\o"greenhouse???????"greenhouse
effect.(Thepassagedoesn抰mentionanythingaboutlockingCo2intoiceartificially.)8.TrueSeepara.9:thereisnolackofsuchmechanisms."Ifyouaddtheireffectstogether,thereismorethanenoughfeedbacktomakeMilankovitchwork,"?"Theproblemnowisidentifyingwhichmechanismsareatwork."ThisiswhyscientistslikeEdwardsarenotyetreadytogiveuponthe\o"current???????"current
theory.9.TrueSeethesentencesinpara.9(AccordingtoEdwards,卙esays."Ican'tseeanywayoftesting[Ehrlich's]ideatoseewhereweareinthe
\o"temperature???????"temperature
\o"oscillation???????"oscillation.")andpara.10(Ehrlichconcedesthis."Ifthereisawaytotestthistheoryonthesun,Ican’tthinkofonethatispractical).10.constantSeepara.2:Accordingtothestandardview,the
\o"temperature???????"temperature
ofthesun's
\o"core???????"core
isheld\o"constant???????"constant
bythe
\o"opposing???????"opp
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