英漢句式差異

英漢句式差異I.英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)：樹(shù)形結(jié)構(gòu)從兩種語(yǔ)言的句子結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)分析，不少語(yǔ)言學(xué)家都注意到，英語(yǔ)的造句猶如樹(shù)形結(jié)構(gòu)，先有主干（主謂句），然后利用各種時(shí)態(tài)關(guān)系以及關(guān)系代詞，介詞和連詞等把短語(yǔ)、從句往這個(gè)主干上掛，句子呈空間發(fā)展，形成大樹(shù)。BecauseofthisEnglishbackgroundofcivilconflict,English-speakingAmerica,wheretherewerenoreligiouswar,isoftendescribedasalandofrefugetowhichmenandwomencameinordertoenjoythereligiousandpoliticalfreedomwhichwasdeniedthemintheirhomeland.

在Americaisoftendescribedasalandofrefuge這個(gè)主干上，生出這么多的短句，從句的樹(shù)枝。 而漢語(yǔ)就沒(méi)有那么豐富的關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞和時(shí)態(tài)的優(yōu)勢(shì)，句子結(jié)構(gòu)只能呈竹竿型，按時(shí)間順序一句一句直線(xiàn)前進(jìn)：英國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)不斷。在這種背景下，美洲就成了人們描述的流亡的樂(lè)土。因?yàn)槊乐逈](méi)有宗教戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，又是講英語(yǔ)的。人們來(lái)到這里追求宗教和政治自由。而這些自由在他們國(guó)家里是得不到的。(1a)NankingissituatedamidstoneofChina’smostsplendidnaturalsettings.ItsitsinabasinformedbytheYangtzeRiverontheNorthandtheTsechenMountainsontheotherside.(1b)NankingsitsamidstoneofChina’smostsplendidnaturalsettings,inabasinsurroundedbytheYangtzeRiverontheNorthandtheTsechenMountainsontheotherside.兩個(gè)平行句變成了一句，壓縮了12%。(2a)Beijingzooliesinwesternsuburbnearmyhome.ItisthebiggestzooinChina.TheBeijingzooattractsalotofpeopleespeciallychildren.(2b)ThebiggestzooinChina,Beijingzoo,inthewesternsuburbnearmyhome,attractsmanypeopleeveryday,especiallychildren.三個(gè)平行句變成了一句，壓縮了29%。Exercise:(3a)Thereisabeautifulparknearmyhouse.ThenameoftheparkisTian-TanPark,whichwasbuiltseveralhundredyearsago.ItisthebiggestparkinBeijing.TheTian-TanParkisfamousnotonlyforitsbeautybutitsquietnessaswell.(4a)Thepressureofcompetitionismounting.Theexpectationoftheirparentsishigh.Somanystudentshavetodrivethemselveshard.(5a)TherearemanyadvantagesofTVeducationalprograms.Oneofthemisthatthereisnolimittothenumberofviewers.TVviewerscanlearndifferentsubjects.BecausethesubjectsrangedfromEnglishtolaw.Key(3b)NearmyhousestandTian-Tan,thebiggestparkinBeijing,builtseveralhundredyearsagoandfamousnowfornotonlyitsbeautybutalsoitsquietness.(4b)Withthemountingpressureofcompetitioncoupledwiththehighexpectationoftheirparents,manystudentshavetodrivethemselveshard.(5b)OneoftheadvantagesoftheTVeducationalprogramsisthatthereisnolimittothenumberofviewerswhomaylearndifferentsubjectsrangingfromEnglishtolaw.II.英漢語(yǔ)言差異：表達(dá)順序一個(gè)句子里有小句、短語(yǔ)或好幾個(gè)信息，有結(jié)論性的，有敘述性的，它們應(yīng)當(dāng)如何安排？哪一個(gè)放在前面？那個(gè)放在結(jié)尾？漢語(yǔ)是自然語(yǔ)序，即思維和語(yǔ)序自然合拍。句子的語(yǔ)序基本上反映了思想的過(guò)程：先想到什么就先說(shuō)什么，敘事是按照時(shí)間順序發(fā)生的。先介紹背景，如條件、事實(shí)、道里一一交代周到，最后點(diǎn)出話(huà)語(yǔ)的信息中心，下結(jié)論，表態(tài)度。 而英語(yǔ)恰好相反。說(shuō)話(huà)人在說(shuō)話(huà)前先把要表達(dá)的信息組織一下，一般強(qiáng)調(diào)什么，就先說(shuō)出，即把最重要的事，如態(tài)度、觀點(diǎn)、結(jié)論放在句首，開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山交代清楚。然后再把理由、條件、原因、例證等一條條補(bǔ)述，形成一條頭短尾長(zhǎng)的線(xiàn)性鏈。

(1a)HehadflowninjustthedaybeforefromGeorgiawherehehadspendhisvacationbaskinginCaucasiansunafterthecompletionoftheconstructionjobinwhichhehadbeenengagedintheSouth.

用漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣來(lái)表達(dá)，應(yīng)該是： 他先在南方參加某項(xiàng)工程建設(shè)，完工后，就去喬治亞度假。在那里他享受了高加索的陽(yáng)光，昨天才回來(lái)。按照這種思維方式寫(xiě)出的英語(yǔ)就不符合英語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣：(1b)IntheSouthhehadbeenengagedinaconstructionjob.AfterhecompletedtheworkhewenttospendhisvacationinGeorgia.TherehebaskedinCaucasiansun.Andhehadflowninjustthedaybefore.Moreexamples:(2)PeopleintheWestareindebttotheauthorfortheserviceherenderedinthatbookbypresentingthemwithatrueChina.作者在這本書(shū)里向西方描述了真實(shí)的中國(guó)。對(duì)于他作出的這一貢獻(xiàn)，西方國(guó)家的人民是要感謝的。(3)NowChinahassolvedtheproblemoffoodandclothingtoapointwhereithasmanagedtofeed1.2billionpeople,22percentoftheworld’stotalpopulation,withonly7percentoftheworld’scultivatedland.Exercises(4a)Moneyandpowerarewhatallchildrenhavebeenbroughtuptoseek.ButIdidnotwantthem,sohewaspuzzled.(5a)BecausetheChinesetraditionallyandmorallyattachmoreimportancetomarriage,sotheyconsistentlyholdanegativeattitudetowarddivorce.(6a)Theirspeechandconductissorude.Thismakesallofusshocked.(7a)Childrenfailthecollegeentranceexaminations.Theirparentsareverydisappointed.Key(4b)HewaspuzzledthatIdidnotwantwhatallchildrenhavebeenbroughtuptoseek:moneyandpower.(5b)AnegativeattitudetowardsdivorcerunsconsistentlythoughtheconsciousnessoftheChinese