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AGlimpseofChineseCultureLectureFiveArtsCalligraphyPaintingTraditionalOperasFolkPerformingArtsTraditionalMusicalInstruments

CalligraphyandPainting

CalligraphyPaintingFourtreasuresofthestudyHowdoyouunderstandChinesecalligraphy?Chinesecalligraphyisalsocalledtheartoflines.Itstressestheoveralllayoutandharmonybetweenwordsandlines.

TheChinesesaying“Thehandwritingrevealstheperson”(字如其人),isdirectlyrelatedtocalligraphy.It'salsoregardedasawaytokeepmindandbodyfitandhealthy.Strokes(筆畫)ofChineseCharactersThereare6basiccategories:dian—dotstrokeheng—horizontalstrokeshu—verticalstrokepie—curvedstrokezhe—angular(角形的)strokegou—hooked(鉤形的)strokeThemostcomplicatedChinesecharacter?

ThenumberofstrokeswithinasingleChinesecharacterrangesfromonetomorethan50strokes.Biang,二聲(56strokes)Calligraphy“一點飛上天,黃河兩邊彎;八字大張口,言字往里走,左一扭,右一扭;西一長,東一長,中間加個馬大王;心字底,月字旁,留個勾搭掛麻糖;推了車車走咸陽?!盩hemostcomplicatedChinesecharacter?

ChineseRadicalsStrokesformChineseradicals(偏旁)Aradicalistherootofacharacter.Somebasiccharactercomponentsarestandalonecharacters(獨立成字),like“土”and“山”,butmostarejustpartsofthem.FivecategoriesofChinesescripts

thesealform(zhuan篆書)theofficialform(li隸書)the

cursive(草寫的)form(cao草書)theregular

form(kai楷書)the

runningform(xing行書)The

Seal

Form(篆書)

anancientscriptthatmainlyappearedonthebronzevesselsduringtheWarringStatesandPre-QinPeriodsmoreclosetopictography(象形文字).Eachofthecharactershasabalancedandsymmetrical(對稱的)pattern.TheOfficialForm(隸書)

ItcameintobeingduringtheQinandHandynasties.ItwastheturningpointintheevolutionofChinesescriptsandisthefoundationofthelaterscriptforms.Itwasmucheasiertouse,sothatintheHandynastyitreplacedthesealform.TheCursiveForm(草書)

ItoriginatedfromtheHanDynasty.Thisstyleofcalligraphyissmoothandlivelywithstrokesflowingandcharacterslinkingtogether.Itisexecutedfreelyandrapidlysothatpartsofthecharactersappearexaggerated(夸張的).TheRegularform(楷書)

ItwasdevelopedduringtheWeiandJindynastiesandcametoprominenceduringtheTangdynasty.Itisstilltoday’sstandardwriting.Itissquareinform,andnon-cursiveinstrokes.Size:LargerRegularFormSmallerRegularFormMediumRegularFormFourmostfamousRegularstylemasters

柳公權(quán)體勢勁媚,骨力道健瘦勁著稱

顏真卿化瘦硬為豐腴雄渾,端莊雄偉

歐陽詢挺拔俊麗嚴密方勁

趙孟頫能精究各體,在朝鮮、日本非常風(fēng)行(精通書法、繪畫)柳公權(quán)zhaomengfu(元朝)歐陽詢The

runningForm(行書)

Therunningformissomewherebetweentheregularandthecursiveformsallowingsimplerandfasterwriting.therunningregularform行楷therunningcursiveform行草theChineseCalligrapher

inHistoryWangXizhi(303-361,EasternJinDynasty)—thesageofChinesecalligraphy

書圣

ThePrefacetoTheLantingCollectionofCalligraphy(《蘭亭集序》)

HowdoyouunderstandChinesePainting?

ChineseTraditionalPaintingreferstoink-washpainting(水墨畫),whichcanbetracedbacktotheTangDynastyandflourishedfromtheYuanDynastyonwards.ThemostimportantthemesoftraditionalChinesepainting:humanfigures

landscape

flowers

birds

pavilionsHowdoyouunderstandChinesePainting?

TraditionalChinesepaintingsarenot“purely”paintings.Apaintingusuallyconsistsofcalligraphicwriting,sealstamps,andthepainting.Theycombinefineart,poetry,calligraphy,andsealengravingtoachieveanartisticunison(一致).東晉顧愷之《洛神賦圖》唐朝張萱、周昉《唐宮仕女圖》唐朝閻立本《步輦圖》唐朝韓滉huang《五牛圖》五代顧閎hong中《韓熙載夜宴圖》

北宋王希孟《千里江山圖》

北宋·張擇端《清明上河圖》

元朝黃公望《富春山居圖》明朝仇英《漢宮春曉圖》

清朝郎世寧《百駿圖》

Modern

ChinesePaintersXuBeihong列子·湯問QiBaishiModern

ChinesePaintersMuralPaintingsatDunhuangMuralPaintingsatDunhuangMuralPaintingsatDunhuangWood-cutBlockPrint

(版畫)Wood-cutBlockPrint

Wood-cutBlockPrint

FourtreasuresofthestudyFourtreasuresofthestudy:brush,ink,paperandinkstoneThebestofeachoftheseitemsisrepresentedby:

Hubrush(湖筆),Huiinkstick(徽墨),RicePaper(Xuanpaper宣紙),andDuaninkstone(端硯).

HubrushHubrushesareproducedinthecityofHuzhou,ZhejiangProvince.Huiinksticks古徽州HuiinksticksareproducedinHuiCity,AnhuiProvince.TheyaremadefromtheashofburntgreenpinefromMountHuangshanandthenmixedwithglue.RicepaperXuanpaperisaspecialtypeofhighqualitypaperproducedinXuanchengandJingCountyofAnhuiProvince.Duaninkstones廣東肇慶

DuaninkstoneswerefirstintroducedinDuanzhou,nowareproducedinZhaoqingCity,GuangdongProvince.HowtopracticeChineseCalligraphy?Theregularformisusuallytakenasthestandardformforbeginnerstopracticebecauseitisthebasicformforotherinscriptions.practicingthecharacter“永”repeatedlybecauseitcontainstheeightbasicdotsandstrokes.

HowtopracticeChineseCalligraphy?

TraditionalOperas

BeijingOperaOtherMajorTraditionalChineseOperasBeijingOperaBeijingOperaOriginallyBeijingOperawasaformoflocaltheatre.ItthenspreadacrossthecountryandbecamethenationaloperaofChina.Singing,recitation,acting,andacrobaticfighting(唱、念、做、打)arethefourartisticmeansandthefourbasicskillsofBeijingOpera.

Eachactionbytheperformerishighlysymbolic.Feelingsandideasareoftenexpressedthroughthesesymbolicmotions.startingfromTangdynasty,takingshapeinSongandYuanandbecomingmatureinthebeginningofQing.Sheng,Dan,Jing,andChou(生、旦、凈、丑)

ThecharactersofBeijingOperaareclassifiedaccordingtosex,age,disposition,profession,andsocialstatus.TherearefourmajorrolesinBeijingOperatoday:sheng(male),dan(female),jing(paintedface,male)andchou(clown).ShengTheshengrolesaregenerallypositiveandcanbedividedinto:

laosheng(elderlymen)wusheng(militarymen)xiaosheng(youngmen)wawasheng(children)DanDanreferstovariousfemaleroles,includinglaodan(老旦),qingyi(青衣or正丹雍容華貴、身份顯赫的婦女,楊貴妃),huadan(花旦youngladies),

wudan(武旦,eg.青蛇)

caidan(彩旦,丑婆子,東施).

FourGreatDanActorsMeiLanfang梅蘭芳ShangXiaoyun尚小云FourGreatDanActorsChengYanqiu程硯秋XunHuisheng荀慧生FourGreatDanActorsJing(HuaLian)TheJingisaromantic,exaggeratedBeijingOperarole.Thecharactersaremostlycheerful,honest,gallant(豪俠的),andintrepid(剛毅的)menortreacherous(奸詐的)andcruelmen.正凈(大花臉,唱功)副凈(二花臉,做功)武凈(武花臉)ChouThechoucharactersaresharp-witted,clever,humorous,honest,andkindmen.wenchou(文丑:comiccivilianroles)whospeak,act,andsingwuchou(武丑:arcobaticfightingcomicroles)whoseperformanceinvolvesbothspeakingandacrobaticfighting.Chou

FacialMakeupandCostumesTherearetwowaystodistinguishacharacter’spersonalityorroletype.Thefirstistounderstandthecolorcodeofthepaintedface.Thesecondistodistinguishthelinesandpatternsdrawnontheface.紅色臉象征忠義、耿直、有血性;黑色臉既表現(xiàn)性格嚴肅,不茍言笑;藍色臉表現(xiàn)性格剛直,桀驁不馴;綠色臉勇猛,莽撞。CostumesDifferentrobecolorsindicatedifferentsocialstatusorpeople:yellowforimperialfamilyredfornobilityredandblueforviolentpeoplescholars--bluegownsgenerals--paddedarmoremperors--dragon-patternedrobesBeijingOpera《貴妃醉酒》選段/vblog/news/201203/cd099874-6bbf-4220-8452-dacf0f160eb9.shtml

OtherMajorTraditionalChineseOpera

KunquOpera昆曲ShaanxiOpera秦腔ChuanOpera川劇YueOpera越劇HuangmeiOpera黃梅戲YueOpera粵劇YuOpera豫劇KunquOperaKunquOperaisconsideredthemotherofmanyothertypesoftraditionaloperas.ItoriginatedfromearlyfolkoperaspopularinKunshan,JiangsuProvinceandhadreacheditspeakofpopularitybythelateMingDynastyandearlyQingDynasty.In2001,itwaslistedintheOralandIntangibleCulturalHeritagebytheUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization(UNESCO聯(lián)合國科教文組織).PeonyPavilionKunquOperaShaanxiOperaShaanxiOpera(秦腔),theoldestofalltheChineseoperasthatarestillinexistencetoday,isthetypicaloperaofShaanxiprovince.“ancestorofallChineselocaloperas”ChuanOperaItoriginatedinthemid-18thcentury.Thetechniqueof“facechanges”ismostoftenusedinChuanOpera.Insomecasesmultiplelayersofmasksaretornawayforeachchangeinfacialexpression.YueOpera越劇ItoriginatedinShengxianCounty嵊縣,ZhejiangProvince,butitispopularthroughoutZhejiangProvinceandShanghaiaswellasinmanylargeandmedium-sizedcitiesthroughoutthecountry.

Thesoftandgentlemusicofthisoperaevokessentimentalemotions,andtheactingstyleislikewisegracefulandrefined.Butterfly'sLove(RomeoandJulietinChina)HuangmeiOperaHuangmeiOperahasbeenperformedforover200years.ItisalocaloperainAnhuiProvinceandevolvedfromthe“CaichaTune”(tea-pickingtune)ofHuangmeiCounty,HubeiProvince.TheHeavenlyMaidandtheMortal《天仙配》FemaleSon-in-lawoftheEmperor《女駙馬》YueOpera粵劇YueOperaisonetypeoftraditionallocaloperas,popularinGuangdongandGuangxiprovincesandinChinesecommunitiesinSouthAsiaandAmerica.YuOpera豫劇Yuopera,alsocalledHenanBangzi,isoneofthemostinfluentiallocaloperasinChina.Representativefigures:

馬金鳳常香玉Representativepieces:

HuaMulan《花木蘭》MuGuiyingTakesCommand《穆桂英掛帥》YuOpera豫劇HuaMulanHuaMulanMuGuiyingTakesCommandFolkPerformingArts

AcrobaticsQuyi

PuppetShowShadowPlay

Ghost-ExorcisingOpera(儺nuo舞)

AcrobaticsAcrobaticshasbeeninexistenceinChinaformorethan2,000years.Chineseacrobatshavebeensuccessfulinmanyinternationalcompetitionsovertheyears.Asaresult,foreignaudienceshaveeulogizedtheartformasmythicalandengrossingandChinaisplayingadominatingpartinacrobatics.QuyiAsanindependentart,Quyiwasformedinthemid-TangDynastyandthrivedintheSongDynasty.Itincludes:☆Cross-talk(相聲)

☆Clappertalk(快板)☆Storytelling(評書)

☆Xiaopin(小品)

☆Shuanghuang(雙簧)Cross-talk(相聲)Cross-talkisoneofthemostpopularandinfluentialtypesofquyi.Itsperformanceischaracterizedbytalking,imitation,fun-making,andsinging(說、學(xué)、逗、唱).Satireisitsmainpurpose.Threetypes:

☆monologue-comictalk☆comiccross-talk☆multiloguecross-talk馬三立侯寶林劉寶瑞馬季姜昆馮鞏郭德綱

ClapperTalk快板Clappertalkisafolkartforminwhichaperformerdeliverscomicrhymesormonologuestotheaccompanimentofbambooclappers.Storytelling評書Storytelingisalsocalledpingshuorpinghua.Itonlyhasasingleperformerstandingorsittingatatable,usingagavelorafoldedfanasaprop.劉蘭芳袁闊成田連元單田芳XiaopinXiaopinareshort,lightcomediesintheHuaju(spokendrama)

style.About15minutesinlength.Xiaopinperformances

havebeenregularpopularitemsonChinesetelevision’sNewYearGalaShow.陳佩斯趙本山宋丹丹黃宏Shuanghuang雙簧Shuanghuangisakindoftwo-personfolkart,withoneactinginpantomimeandtheotherhidingbehindhimorherdoingallthespeakingand/orsinging.OriginatinginTheHanDynasty,ChinesePuppetshowrosetoprominenceduringtheTangandSongDynasties.Itcombineselementsofsong,dance,painting,andsculpture.PuppetshowShadowPlay(皮影)ItcameintobeingintheHanDynasty,havingmorethan2,000years’history.Theperformersmanipulatecolorfulleatherorcardboardfigureswhosesilhouettes(側(cè)面影像)arereflectedonascreenbylanternlight.

Ghost-Exorcising

Opera(儺舞)TheGhost-Exorcising

Operaoriginatedfromasacrificialceremonyfordrivingawayevilspiritsandpestilence(瘟疫)inancienttimes.NanfengCountyinJiangxiProvinceisconsideredtothehometownoftheGhost-ExorcisingOpera.

TraditionalMusicalInstrumentsPluckedInstruments(弦樂器)PercussionInstrument(打擊樂器)WindInstrument(管樂器)PluckedInstruments(弦樂器)Pipa(琵琶)isanancientplucked(撥動的),four-stringedinstrumentmadeofwood,withthefingerboardshapedlikeamelon-seed,andalongbeautifulneckbentbackward.PluckedInstruments(弦樂器)Themosttraditionalpipamusicpieces:

AmbushonAllSides

《十面埋伏》

SpringMoonlightontheFlowersbytheRiver

《春江花月夜》Zither(古箏)isoneofthemainensembleandsoloinstrumentsoftraditionalChinesemusic.Thepresent-dayzither

usuallyhas21-25strings.PluckedInstruments(弦樂器)ThemostpopularZither

musicpieces:

SingingontheReturnofFishingBoats

《漁舟唱晚》

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