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Chapter5
CeramicmaterialsDefinitionAceramicisaninorganic,nonmetallicsolidpreparedbytheactionofheatandsubsequentcooling.
Aceramicmaterialisaninorganic,non-metallic,oftencrystallineoxide,nitrideorcarbidematerial.Ceramicmaterialsmayhaveacrystallineorpartlycrystallinestructure,ormaybeamorphous(e.g.,aglass).ClassificationCeramicmaterialsTraditionalceramicsAdvancedceramicsaremadefromclay,silica,andfeldspar.Chinaanddentalporcelainaretraditionalceramicproducts.alsoclassifiedastechnicalceramicsaremainlypurecompoundsornearlypurecompoundsofprimarilyoxides,carbides,ornitrides.StructuresCeramicshavemorecomplexcrystalstructuresthanmetals.CeramicshavefewfreeelectronsatroomtemperatureTwotypesofbondingmechanismsoccurinceramicmaterials,ionicandcovalent.Oftenthesemechanismsco-existinthesameceramicmaterial.Thereasonthatthemajorityofceramicsarebrittleisthemixedionic-covalentbondingthatholdstheconstituentatomstogether.crystallineSiO2atomspackinperiodic,3DarraysAnaluminiumnitridefracturesurfacePropertiesMaterialPropertiesDiamondsAdvanced
CeramicsMetalsPlasticsTranditionalceramicsThepropertiesofceramicsvarydependingonbonds,composition,microstructure,andprocessing.CeramicsMetalsComparisonmetalsvs.ceramicsTypicalbehaviorofceramicsMosthavearegulararrangementofatoms(exceptglasses)CompoundsofmetallicandNon-metallicelementsDensitylowerthanmetalsStrongerthanmetalsCompressivestrengthistypicallytentimesthetensilestrengthLowresistancetofractureBrittle(lowductility)HighmeltingpointsPoorconductorsofelectricitySuperiorpropertiesofadvancedceramicsAdvancedceramicsarealsoreferredtoas“special”,“technical”,“engineering”,or“high-performance”ceramicsduototheirsuperiorproperties,suchas:SuperiormechanicalpropertiesCorrosion/oxidationresistanceSuperiorthermalresistance(about4000oC)SuperiorelectricalpropertiesOpticalMagneticproperties.ApplicationsandfutureofadvancedceramicsStructuralceramicsElectronicceramicsBioceramicsCompositesnanoceramicsThemostsignificantgrowthoftheglobalceramicsmarketisinadvancedceramics,includes:StructuralceramicsAlsocalledengineeringceramics,includesiliconnitride(Si3N4),siliconcarbide(SiC),zirconia(ZrO2),boroncarbide(B4C),andalumina(Al2O3).Theirrelativepropertiesarehighhardness,lowdensity,high-temperaturemechanicalstrength,creepresistance,corrosionresistance,andchemicalinertness.Theyareusedinapplicationssuchascuttingtools,wearresistingcomponents,andengineparts.CuttingtoolsBrakeDiscsGears(Alumina)wearresistingcomponentsTherearethreekeyissuestosolveinordertoexpandtheuseofstructuralceramics:reducingcostofthefinalproduct,improvingreliabilityandreproducibility.Electronicceramicsincludebariumtitanate(BaTiO3),zincoxide(ZnO),leadzirconatetitanate(Pb(ZrxTi1-x)O3),aluminumnitride(AlN),
indiumoxide(In2O3),andhightemperaturesuperconductor(HTSC).Mobilephones,iPad,highpowerLED(lightsystems)Therearemanychallengesforthefuture:integratingwithexistingsemiconductortechnology,improvingprocessing,andenhancingcompatibilitywithothermaterials.piezoelectricceramics壓電陶瓷Bioceramicsareusedinthehumanbody.Theresponseofthesematerialsvariesfromnearlyinerttobioactivetoabsorbable.Nearlyinertbioceramicsincludezirconia(ZrO2)andalumina(Al2O3).Tricalciumphosphateisanexampleofaabsorbablebioceramic;itdissolvesinthebody.Biocompatible生物相容性Ballheadsandcupinsertsforhipjointprostheses.Threeissueswilldeterminefutureprogress:matchingmechanicalpropertiestohumantissues,increasingreliability,andimprovingprocessingmethods.CompositesCompositesmayuseceramicsasthematrixphaseand/orthereinforcingphase.Thepurposeofacompositeistodisplayacombinationofthepreferredcharacteristicsofeachofthecomponents.Thespaceshuttleusereusable,lightweight,highlyporousceramictilestoprotectthealuminumframefromtheheatgeneratedduringre-entryintotheEarth’satmosphere.Mechan.ApplicationsMedicalProductsCuttingToolsMechanicalSystemsChemicalApplicationsElectronicApplicationsMultifunctionalCeramicsArmorCeramicsSuperconductorCeramicsWhatisSuperconductor?Superconductors
havetwooutstandingproperties(superconductivity):1.Zeroelectricalresistance
零電阻Superconductorscancarrycurrentwithoutenergyloss.
bringsuperstrongmagneticfield!2.Perfectdiamagnetism
完全抗磁性Superconductorscanexpel(exclude)allmagneticfields.
float(levitate)abovemagneticfields!Meissnereffect邁斯納效應(yīng)SuperconductorTypesISuperconductors(softsuperconductor)
32puremetalswhichexhibitzeroresistivityatlowtemperature.TypeIIsuperconductors:primarilyofalloysorintermetalliccompoundsAlloys,whichhavelowTc.Nb3Sn,NbTi,
Nb-Al-Ge,Nb3Ge,etc.Lowtemperaturesuperconductor-----LTSHightemperaturesuperconductor----HTSCeramet金屬陶瓷,whichhaverelative
higherTc.ClassificationofSuperconductor?SuperconductorCeramicsTheceramicmaterialsusedtomakesuperconductorsareaclassofmaterialscalledperovskites.鈣鈦礦Oneofthesesuperconductorisanyttrium(Y),barium(Ba)andcopper(Cu)composition.ChemicalformulaisYBa2Cu3O7.Thissuperconductorhasacriticaltransitiontemperaturearound90K,wellaboveliquidnitrogen's77Ktemperature.CompoundTc(K)Cs3C6040(15kbarappliedpressure)Ba0.6K0.4BiO330Lal.85Sr0.l5CuO440Ndl.85Ce0.l5CuO422YBa2Cu3O790Tl2Ba2Ca2Cu3O10125HgBa2Ca2Cu3O8+d133
LiquidN2:77KHighTcSuperconductors(HTS)(Tl4Ba)Ba2Ca2Cu7O13+,其轉(zhuǎn)變溫度已達(dá)254K(-19.6℃)
zeroresistancehighercurrentstableandlargemagneticfieldstrengthshighqualityimageshighHresonancesignalsuperconductorwiresMRI磁共振成像MagneticResonanceImageChemicalstructureanalyzer核磁共振(NuclearMagneticResonance,NMR)IntensityofMagneticfield---NMRTheNMRSpectrometerSincethe1H-NMRand13C-NMR,particularly13C-NMRneedhighmagneticfieldtogivehighqualityimages,superconductorsareupto勝任this.clearpeaksstablebaselinezeroresistance!TransportationIndustryDiamagnetismproducetheeffectoflevitationbyrepulsion;Maglevtrainsfloataboveamagneticfieldwithoutanycontactwiththetracks;Asaresult,highspeedsofupto550km/hrarepossiblewithonlyasmallconsumptionofenergy.---MaglevHTSMagnetDiamagnetism!/v_show/id_XMjA1MzcwNzE2.html
ElectricPowerIndustry---generator,cableHightemperaturesuperconductors(HTS)canbeusedintheproductionofmorecosteffectivemotors發(fā)動機andgenerators發(fā)電機.AdvantageHigherEfficiencyLowerweightandvolumezeroresistance!OrdinarycablesuperconductivecableHTSpowercablescancarrytwototentimesmorepowerinequallyorsmallersizedcables.zeroresistance!我國第一組實用型高溫超導(dǎo)電纜,于2004年3月23日全部
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