培根《論讀書(shū)》賞析

OfStudy“Readingmakesafullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritingan______man.”--FrancisBacon

exact閱讀使人充實(shí)，交談使人機(jī)智，寫(xiě)作使人精確。

--培根

培根的Of

Study一文，寫(xiě)于四百年前。在今天的英國(guó)，此文當(dāng)屬古典文論，其用語(yǔ)不僅典雅，而且古奧，甚至玄秘。四百年前的語(yǔ)言，既便是當(dāng)時(shí)通俗透頂?shù)钠矫窨谡Z(yǔ)，在今人聽(tīng)來(lái)，亦充滿(mǎn)“古色古香”之感。

培根是四百年前英國(guó)的哲人名士，學(xué)富五車(chē)，文震朝野，其散論札記當(dāng)時(shí)亦屬上乘之作。在四百多年來(lái)的英國(guó)文學(xué)史上，培根的文論以其思想精深、藝術(shù)精湛和文學(xué)精絕而風(fēng)騷獨(dú)領(lǐng)。其在英國(guó)文學(xué)與思想界之影響，頗似唐宋八大家之在中國(guó)，歷久彌新。Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Theirchiefusefordelight,isinprivatenessandretiring;forornament,isindiscourse;andforability,isinthejudgmentanddispositionofbusiness.讀書(shū)足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以長(zhǎng)才。其怡情也，最見(jiàn)于獨(dú)處幽居之時(shí)；其傅彩也，最見(jiàn)于高談闊論之中；其長(zhǎng)才也，最見(jiàn)于處世判事之際。Forexpertmencanexecute,andperhapsjudgeofparticulars,onebyone;butthegeneralcounsels,andtheplotsandmarshallingofaffairs,comebestfromthosethatarelearned.Tospendtoomuchtimeinstudiesissloth;tousethemtoomuchforornament,isaffectation;tomakejudgementwhollybytheirrules,isthehumourofascholar.練達(dá)之士雖能分別處理細(xì)事或一一判別枝節(jié)，然縱觀統(tǒng)籌，全局策劃，則舍好學(xué)深思者莫屬。讀書(shū)費(fèi)時(shí)過(guò)多易惰，文采藻飾太盛則矯，全憑條文斷事乃學(xué)究故態(tài)。Theyperfectnature,andareperfectedbyexperience:fornaturalabilitiesarelikenaturalplants,thatneedpruningbystudy;andstudiesthemselvesdogiveforthdirectionstoomuchatlarge,excepttheybeboundedinbyexperience.讀書(shū)補(bǔ)天然之不足，經(jīng)驗(yàn)又補(bǔ)讀書(shū)之不足，蓋天生才干猶如自然花草，讀書(shū)然后知如何修剪移接，而書(shū)中所示，如不以經(jīng)驗(yàn)范之，則又大而無(wú)當(dāng)。Craftymencontemnstudies,simplemenadmirethem,andwisemenusethem;fortheyteachnottheirownuse;butthatisawisdomwithoutthem,andabovethem,wonbyobservation.有一技之長(zhǎng)者鄙讀書(shū)，無(wú)知者羨讀書(shū)，唯明智之士用讀書(shū)，然書(shū)并不以用處告人，用書(shū)之智不在書(shū)中，而在書(shū)外，全憑觀察得之。Readnottocontradictandconfute;nortobelieveandtakeforgranted;nortofindtalkanddiscourse;buttoweighandconsider.讀書(shū)時(shí)不可存心詰難讀者，不可盡信書(shū)上所言，亦不可只為尋章摘句，而應(yīng)推敲細(xì)思。Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested;thatis,somebooksaretobereadonlyinparts;otherstoberead,butnotcuriously;andsomefewtobereadwholly,andwithdiligenceandattention.書(shū)有可淺嘗者，有可吞食者，少數(shù)則須咀嚼消化。換言之，有只需讀其部分者，有只須大體涉獵者，少數(shù)則須全讀，讀時(shí)須全神貫注，孜孜不倦。Somebooksalsomaybereadbydeputy,andextractsmadeofthembyothers;butthatwouldbeonlyinthelessimportantarguments,andthemeanersortofbooks;elsedistilledbooksare,likecommondistilledwaters,flashythings.書(shū)亦可請(qǐng)人代讀，取其所作摘要，但只限題材較次或價(jià)值不高者，否則書(shū)經(jīng)提煉猶如水經(jīng)蒸餾，淡而無(wú)味。Readingmake

afullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman.讀書(shū)使人充實(shí)，討論使人機(jī)智，寫(xiě)作使人精確。Andtherefore,ifamanwritelittle,hehadneedhaveagreatmemory;ifheconferlittle,hehadneedhaveapresentwit;andifhereadlittle,hehadneedhavemuchcunning,toseemtoknowthathedothnot.因此不常做筆記者須記憶力特強(qiáng)，不常討論者須天生聰穎，不常讀書(shū)者須欺世有術(shù)，始能無(wú)知而顯有知。Historiesmakemenwise;poetswitty;themathematicssubtile;naturalphilosophydeep;moralgrave;logicandrhetoricabletocontend.Studiesgotomakeupaman’scharacter.讀史使人明智，讀詩(shī)使人靈秀，數(shù)學(xué)使人周密，科學(xué)使人深刻，倫理學(xué)使人莊重，邏輯修辭之學(xué)使人善辯；凡有所學(xué)，皆成性格。Naythereisnostandorimpedimentinthewit,butmaybewroughtoutbyfitstudies:likeasdiseasesofthebodymayhaveappropriateexercises.Bowlingisgoodforthestoneandreins;shootingforthelungsandbreast;gentlewalkingforthestomach;ridingforthehead;andthelike.人之才智但有滯礙，無(wú)不可讀適當(dāng)之書(shū)使之順暢，一如身體百病，皆可借相宜之運(yùn)動(dòng)除之。滾球利睪腎，射箭利胸肺，慢步利腸胃，騎術(shù)利頭腦，諸如此類(lèi)。Soifaman'switbewandering,lethimstudythemathematics;forindemonstrations,ifhiswitbecalledawayneversolittle,hemustbeginagain.Ifhiswitbenotapttodistinguishorfinddifferences,lethimstudytheschoolmen;fortheyarecyminisectores.如智力不集中，可令讀數(shù)學(xué)，蓋演題需全神貫注，稍有分散即須重演；如不能辯異，可令讀經(jīng)院哲學(xué)，蓋是輩皆吹毛求疵之人；Ifhebenotapttobeatovermatters,andtocalluponethingtoproveandillustrateanother,lethimstudythelawyers'cases.Soeverydefectofthemindmayhaveaspecialreceipt.

如不善求同，不善以一物闡證另一物，可令讀律師之案卷。如此頭腦中凡有缺陷，皆有特效可醫(yī)。Listenandfillintheblanksperfect wisdomweigh tasteddigested fullreadyexactwisedeepcasesWhatisthestructureofthearticle?ThepurposeofstudyThemethodofstudyTheeffectofstudyTheFirstPart：ThepurposeofstudyTheSecondPart：ThemethodofstudyTheThirdPart：TheeffectofstudyPara1---Para5Para6---Para7Para8---Para9

Thepurposeadvantagesdelightornamentabilitydisadvantagespendtoomuchtime—slothusethemtoomuch—ornamentmakejudgementwhollybytheirrules—scholarcontrast

themethod

taste--

tobereadonlyinparts

swallow--

toberead,butnotcuriouslychewordigest--

tobereadwholly,andwithdiligenceandattentionextract—to

bereadbydeputySuggestion：reading、conferenceandwriting

metaph0r

theeffectmakeupaman’scharactereverydefecthasaspecialreceiptHistories--wisepoets--witty

mathematics--subtitlenaturalphilosophy--deepmoral--grave

logicandrhetoric--

contend

wanderingwit--mathematicswit--notapttodistinguish

--theschoolmen

notapttobeatovermatters

--thelawyers'casespurposeadvantagesdisadvantagescontrastmethodopinionsuggestionmetaphoreffectcharacterdefectmetaphorConclusionexample1、whatisthemainpointsofthistext?2、whatisthepurposeofthestudy？3、whatdisadvantagesmayappearinthestudy?Exercisedelight,forornament,andforabilityTospendtoomuchtimeinstudiesissloth;tousethemtoomuchforornament,isaffecta