潛水等水位線圖的編制與判讀

實(shí)訓(xùn)二

潛水等水位線圖的編制與判讀學(xué)校：內(nèi)蒙古工程學(xué)校教研室：地質(zhì)教研室制作人：王寧輝日期：2012年12月《水文地質(zhì)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)》潛水位：潛水面上任意一點(diǎn)的海拔高程。m海平面H潛水埋藏深度：從潛水面至地面的鉛直距離。m潛水含水層厚度：潛水面至隔水底板的鉛直距離。m潛水位、潛水埋藏深度、潛水含水層厚度指的是什么？Th潛水等水位線圖的編制實(shí)訓(xùn)內(nèi)容實(shí)訓(xùn)目的編圖準(zhǔn)備用品編圖方法和步驟編制潛水等水位線圖的意義實(shí)訓(xùn)內(nèi)容根據(jù)所給資料，編制潛水等水位線圖根據(jù)所繪制潛水等水位線圖，分析潛水等水位線圖的意義實(shí)訓(xùn)目的掌握潛水等水位線圖的編制方法。初步學(xué)會(huì)閱讀潛水等水位線圖。學(xué)會(huì)運(yùn)用潛水等水位圖分析水文地質(zhì)條件，解決實(shí)際問(wèn)題。編圖必須資料及用品有測(cè)繪要求比例尺的地形底圖。各井、泉、鉆孔、試坑等水文地質(zhì)點(diǎn)的實(shí)際資料（如編號(hào)、水文標(biāo)高、潛水埋深等資料）。其他工具。130132120122124126128130132134120122124126128130132134136某地區(qū)地形等高線圖比例尺1：10000128水文站等高線河流沼澤觀測(cè)點(diǎn)號(hào)觀測(cè)點(diǎn)類型地面高程（m）潛水位埋深（m）潛水位高程（m）觀測(cè)點(diǎn)號(hào)觀測(cè)點(diǎn)類型地面高程（m）潛水位埋深（m）潛水位高程（m）1鉆孔135.005.20129.8024試坑121.900.90121.002鉆孔127.501.50126.0025試坑121.201.10120.103試坑123.901.00122.9026試坑118.800.20118.604鉆孔127.002.20124.8027試坑121.200.70120.505試坑125.201.20124.0028試坑123.801.60122.206鉆孔131.104.80126.3029試坑126.402.20124.207鉆孔132.304.70127.6030鉆孔133.006.20126.808鉆孔134.905.50129.4031鉆孔134.906.20128.709鉆孔132.506.20126.3032泉124.000.00124.0010鉆孔126.002.00124.0033泉122.500.00122.5011試坑123.501.00122.5034泉126.000.00126.0012鉆孔134.005.00129.0035鉆孔129.005.30123.7013鉆孔137.006.50130.5036鉆孔124.000.30123.7014鉆孔135.106.30128.8037鉆孔127.601.80125.8015鉆孔131.205.00126.2038鉆孔127.702.70125.0016試坑121.800.80121.0039鉆孔130.303.40126.9017鉆孔121.700.80120.9040鉆孔132.005.60126.4018鉆孔134.706.50128.2041鉆孔136.207.20129.0019鉆孔131.805.40126.4042鉆孔124.301.30123.0020鉆孔128.003.20124.8043鉆孔123.500.50123.0021試坑121.701.00120.7044鉆孔123.000.00123.0022鉆孔129.503.50126.0045鉆孔123.200.20123.0023鉆孔125.801.40124.4046鉆孔123.300.30123.00水點(diǎn)資料尺子橡皮鉛筆大頭釘2枚透明方格坐標(biāo)紙1小張編圖方法和步驟準(zhǔn)備地形底圖一份，在實(shí)際工作中要求比例尺與實(shí)際材料圖相同，等水位線間距和埋藏深度圖的登記劃分需要根據(jù)編圖目的、比例尺、水力梯度而定。1、選擇底圖130132120122124126128130132134120122124126128130132134136某地區(qū)地形等高線圖比例尺1：10000128水文站等高線河流沼澤先將全部地下水位觀測(cè)點(diǎn)進(jìn)行編號(hào)，并用相應(yīng)的圖例定在地形圖上。如水井編號(hào)#，鉆孔編號(hào)O，試坑編號(hào)□。2、水點(diǎn)定位13013212012212412612813013213412012212412612813013213413663837122829303123222425264140191820342115141617111232338355310442434445364639913277某地區(qū)地形等高線圖比例尺1：10000128水文站等高線河流沼澤3、水點(diǎn)資料整理例如將全部地下水位觀測(cè)點(diǎn)的水位與埋深以如下的形式標(biāo)定。觀測(cè)點(diǎn)號(hào)觀測(cè)點(diǎn)類型地面高程（m）潛水位埋深（m）潛水位高程（m）觀測(cè)點(diǎn)號(hào)觀測(cè)點(diǎn)類型地面高程（m）潛水位埋深（m）潛水位高程（m）1鉆孔135.005.20129.8024試坑121.900.90121.002鉆孔127.501.50126.0025試坑121.201.10120.103試坑123.901.00122.9026試坑118.800.20118.604鉆孔127.002.20124.8027試坑121.200.70120.505試坑125.201.20124.0028試坑123.801.60122.206鉆孔131.104.80126.3029試坑126.402.20124.207鉆孔132.304.70127.6030鉆孔133.006.20126.808鉆孔134.905.50129.4031鉆孔134.906.20128.709鉆孔132.506.20126.3032泉124.000.00124.0010鉆孔126.002.00124.0033泉122.500.00122.5011試坑123.501.00122.5034泉126.000.00126.0012鉆孔134.005.00129.0035鉆孔129.005.30123.7013鉆孔137.006.50130.5036鉆孔124.000.30123.7014鉆孔135.106.30128.8037鉆孔127.601.80125.8015鉆孔131.205.00126.2038鉆孔127.702.70125.0016試坑121.800.80121.0039鉆孔130.303.40126.9017鉆孔121.700.80120.9040鉆孔132.005.60126.4018鉆孔134.706.50128.2041鉆孔136.207.20129.0019鉆孔131.805.40126.4042鉆孔124.301.30123.0020鉆孔128.003.20124.8043鉆孔123.500.50123.0021試坑121.701.00120.7044鉆孔123.000.00123.0022鉆孔129.503.50126.0045鉆孔123.200.20123.0023鉆孔125.801.40124.4046鉆孔123.300.30123.00水點(diǎn)資料13013212012212412612813013213412012212412612813013213413663837122829303123222425264140191820342115141617111232338355310442434445364639913277129.805.20126.001.50129.405.50124.000.00122.901.00124.802.20124.001.20124.002.00122.500.00123.705.30126.306.20122.501.00123.001.30123.000.50123.000.00123.000.20123.700.30123.000.30120.900.80126.304.80125.002.70125.801.80127.604.70129.005.00126.903.40124.202.20126.806.20128.706.20122.201.60120.500.70118.600.20120.101.10121.000.90124.401.40126.003.50126.205.00130.506.50128.806.30129.007.20126.405.60126.405.40128.206.50126.000.00124.803.20120.701.00121.000.80某地區(qū)地形等高線圖比例尺1：10000128水文站等高線河流沼澤等水位線等高距是根據(jù)編圖的目的、比例尺的大小和觀測(cè)點(diǎn)的多少而定。比例尺大，觀測(cè)點(diǎn)多，等高距應(yīng)小一些。比例尺小，觀測(cè)點(diǎn)少，等高距可大一些。一般等高距為1m、2m、5m、個(gè)別為10m。4、確定等水位線等高距13013212012212412612813013213412012212412612813013213413663837122829303123222425264140191820342115141617111232338355310442434445364639913277129.805.20126.001.50129.405.50124.000.00122.901.00124.802.20124.001.20124.002.00122.500.00123.705.30126.306.20122.501.00123.001.30123.000.50123.000.00123.000.20123.700.30123.000.30120.900.80126.304.80125.002.70125.801.80127.604.70129.005.00126.903.40124.202.20126.806.20128.706.20122.201.60120.500.70118.600.20120.101.10121.000.90124.401.40126.003.50126.205.00130.506.50128.806.30129.007.20126.405.60126.405.40128.206.50126.000.00124.803.20120.701.00121.000.80某地區(qū)地形等高線圖比例尺1：10000128水文站等高線河流沼澤此次等高距采用2m根據(jù)圖上水位點(diǎn)水位值的數(shù)值確定所繪制水位線的數(shù)值。5、確定等水位線值13013212012212412612813013213412012212412612813013213413663837122829303123222425264140191820342115141617111232338355310442434445364639913277129.805.20126.001.50129.405.50124.000.00122.901.00124.802.20124.001.20124.002.00122.500.00123.705.30126.306.20122.501.00123.001.30123.000.50123.000.00123.000.20123.700.30123.000.30120.900.80126.304.80125.002.70125.801.80127.604.70129.005.00126.903.40124.202.20126.806.20128.706.20122.201.60120.500.70118.600.20120.101.10121.000.90124.401.40126.003.50126.205.00130.506.50128.806.30129.007.20126.405.60126.405.40128.206.50126.000.00124.803.20120.701.00121.000.80水點(diǎn)之間的連線應(yīng)盡量與其穿過(guò)的等高線垂直。根據(jù)圖示數(shù)據(jù)確定第一條水位線數(shù)值126.00m根據(jù)相鄰觀測(cè)點(diǎn)的水位標(biāo)高，用內(nèi)插法求出各點(diǎn)之間一定間距的水位標(biāo)高。6、求水位標(biāo)高內(nèi)插法【8(129.4)】【35(123.7)】AECDB(123.7)(123.7)A(129.4)(123.7)D(126)B(123.7)(123.7)CE5.7m4.0cm2.3m1、連接AB兩點(diǎn)。2、假設(shè)所求點(diǎn)D的位置。3、從A、D兩點(diǎn)分別坐垂線。4、從B點(diǎn)作一條水平線，分別與兩條垂線相交于CE兩點(diǎn)。5、確定各點(diǎn)的水位高程。6、在等高線圖上用尺子量出AB兩點(diǎn)的實(shí)際距離。7、利用三角形相似原理?！鰾DE∽△BAC8、計(jì)算可知BE=1.61cm1.61cm9、根據(jù)BE確定D點(diǎn)的位置。(126)A(129.4)(123.7)D(126)B(123.7)(123.7)CE13013212012212412612813013213412012212412612813013213413663837122829303123222425264140191820342115141617111232338355310442434445364639913277129.805.20126.001.50129.405.50124.000.00122.901.00124.802.20124.001.20124.002.00122.500.00123.705.30126.306.20122.501.00123.001.30123.000.50123.000.00123.000.20123.700.30123.000.30120.900.80126.304.80125.002.70125.801.80127.604.70129.005.00126.903.40124.202.20126.806.20128.706.20122.201.60120.500.70118.600.20120.101.10121.000.90124.401.40126.003.50126.205.00130.506.50128.806.30129.007.20126.405.60126.405.40128.206.50126.000.00124.803.20120.701.00121.000.8013013212012212412612813013213412012212412612813013213413663837122829303123222425264140191820342115141617111232338355310442434445364639913277129.805.20126.001.50129.405.50124.000.00122.901.00124.802.20124.001.20124.002.00122.500.00123.705.30126.306.20122.501.00123.001.30123.000.50123.000.00123.000.20123.700.30123.000.30120.900.80126.304.80125.002.70125.801.80127.604.70129.005.00126.903.40124.202.20126.806.20128.706.20122.201.60120.500.70118.600.20120.101.10121.000.90124.401.40126.003.50126.205.00130.506.50128.806.30129.007.20126.405.60126.405.40128.206.50126.000.00124.803.20120.701.00121.000.80確定所求點(diǎn)位置時(shí)應(yīng)從低水位點(diǎn)往高水位點(diǎn)量取距離。用光滑的曲線將相同標(biāo)高的各點(diǎn)連接起來(lái)，并標(biāo)出地下水流方向，就構(gòu)成潛水等水位線圖。在連線之前首先應(yīng)該找出全區(qū)地下水位大致的變化規(guī)律，開(kāi)始可先勾繪那些資料多、可靠、容易勾繪的線段，然后加密和處理異常點(diǎn)，繪完后要全部檢查加工細(xì)作。7、連線13013212012212412612813013213412012212412612813013213413663837122829303123222425264140191820342115141617111232338355310442434445364639913277129.805.20126.001.50129.405.50124.000.00122.901.00124.802.20124.001.20124.002.00122.500.00123.705.30126.306.20122.501.00123.001.30123.000.50123.000.00123.000.20123.700.30123.000.30120.900.80126.304.80125.002.70125.801.80127.604.70129.005.00126.903.40124.202.20126.806.20128.706.20122.201.60120.500.70118.600.20120.101.10121.000.90124.401.40126.003.50126.205.00130.506.50128.806.30129.007.20126.405.60126.405.40128.206.50126.000.00124.803.20120.701.00121.000.80126130124122120120122124126128128為畫好的等水位線圖填寫圖名、比例尺、圖例。8、成圖13013212012212412612813013213412012212412612813013213413663837122829303123222425264140191820342115141617111232338355310442434445364639913277129.805.20126.001.50129.405.50124.000.00122.901.00124.802.20124.001.20124.002.00122.500.00123.705.30126.306.20122.501.00123.001.30123.000.50123.000.00123.000.20123.700.30123.000.30120.900.80126.304.80125.002.70125.801.80127.604.70129.005.00126.903.40124.202.20126.806.20128.706.20122.201.60120.500.70118.600.20120.101.10121.000.90124.401.40126.003.50126.205.00130.506.50128.806.30129.007.20126.405.60126.405.40128.206.50126.000.00124.803.20120.701.00121.000.80126130124122120120122124126128128比例尺1：10000128水文站等高線河流沼澤某地區(qū)潛水等水位線圖39鉆孔試坑泉水11128水位線潛水等水位線圖編圖步驟選擇底圖水點(diǎn)定位水點(diǎn)資料整理確定等水位線等高距確定等水位線值求水位標(biāo)高連線成圖1、在采用內(nèi)插法時(shí)應(yīng)盡量垂直等水位線，不能在地表水體兩側(cè)找點(diǎn)內(nèi)插。2、連線時(shí)不能穿越地表水體。3、潛水等水位線一般不應(yīng)與地形等高線大角度相交和正交。注意事項(xiàng)：編制潛水等水位線圖的意義1、確定地下水的流向：潛水和地表水一樣，均由高向低沿最大傾斜方向流動(dòng)，即垂直等水位線方向流動(dòng)。9080100方法：先切，后垂，標(biāo)箭頭90899899969795909194888795949493939392929291912、確定地下水與地表水的互相補(bǔ)給關(guān)系。707065656060707065656060707065656060河水與地下水補(bǔ)排關(guān)系示意圖河水排泄地下水河水補(bǔ)給地下水河水左側(cè)排泄地下水右側(cè)補(bǔ)給地下水方法：根據(jù)潛水等水位線確定地下水流向，以此判斷補(bǔ)排關(guān)系。3、確定潛水面上的水力坡度

I。注：計(jì)算實(shí)際距離時(shí)

要帶上比例尺。例：此潛水等水位線圖的比例尺為1：500，求AB兩點(diǎn)間的

水力坡度。9089989996979590919488879594949393939292929191BA地形等高線與潛水等水位線標(biāo)高相等且相交的地點(diǎn)，為泉水出露點(diǎn)，或是與潛水有聯(lián)系的湖、沼等地表水體。4、確定泉水出露位置和沼澤化范圍13013212012212412612813013213412012212412612813013213413663837122829303123222425264140191820342115141617111232338355310442434445364639913277129.805.20126.001.50129.405.50124.000.00122.901.00124.802.20124.001.20124.002.00122.500.00123.705.30126.306.20122.501.00123.001.30123.000.50123.000.00123.000.20123.700.30123.000.30120.900.80126.304.80125.002.70125.801.80127.604.70129.005.00126.903.40124.202.20126.806.20128.706.20122.201.60120.500.70118.600.20120.101.10121.000.90124.401.40126.003.50126.205.00130.506.50128.806.30129.007.20126.405.60126.405.40128.206.50126.000.00124.803.20120.701.00121.000.80126130124122120120122124126128128

潛水的埋藏深度是指地面到潛水面的垂直距離。因?yàn)榈雀呔€的數(shù)值代表該線上各點(diǎn)對(duì)應(yīng)的地面海拔高度，等潛水位線的數(shù)值代表該線上各點(diǎn)對(duì)應(yīng)的地下潛水面的海拔高度。5、確定潛水的埋藏深度潛水面海平面HThH----潛水位T----潛水的埋藏深度h----潛水含水層厚度潛水的埋藏深度（T）=潛水位（H）—潛水含水層厚度（h）

潛水是一種具有自由水面的重力水，其自由水面稱潛水面，所以潛水的流速取決于潛水面坡度的陡緩。在同一幅等潛水位線圖中，等潛水位線越密集的地方，潛水面坡度越陡，潛水流速越快；等潛水位線越稀疏的地方，潛水面坡度越緩，潛水流速越慢。6、確定潛水的流速潛水位線密集，潛水面坡度越陡，潛水流速越快。潛水位線稀疏，潛水面坡度越緩，潛水流速越慢。

水井位置應(yīng)選在地下水埋藏較淺的地點(diǎn)水井位置應(yīng)選在潛水匯集區(qū)。水井位置應(yīng)選在潛水匯水面積較大的