2012昆明理工大學(xué)考博英語

昆明理工大學(xué)2012年秋季入學(xué)博士研究生招生考試試題（A）考試科目代碼：1111考試科目名稱：英語試題適用招生專業(yè)：考生答題須知所有題目（包括填空、選擇、圖表等類型題目）答題答案必須做在考點(diǎn)發(fā)給的答題紙上，做在本試題冊上無效。請考生務(wù)必在答題紙上寫清題號。評卷時(shí)不評閱本試題冊，答題如有做在本試題冊上而影響成績的，后果由考生自己負(fù)責(zé)。答題時(shí)一律使用藍(lán)、黑色墨水筆或圓珠筆作答（畫圖可用鉛筆），用其它筆答題不給分。答題時(shí)不準(zhǔn)使用涂改液等具有明顯標(biāo)記的涂改用品。PartII．VocabularyandStructure（20points）Directions:Therearefortysentencesinthissection.BeneatheachsentencetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Chooseonewordorphrasethatbestcompletesthesentence.Markyouranswersonyouranswersheetwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.Dreamsareinthemselves,but,whencombinedwithotherdata,theycantellusmuchaboutthedreamer.A.uninformativeB.startlingC.harmlessD.uncontrollableAlthoughthefalsebanknotefooledmanypeople,theydidnottocloseexamination.A.lookupB.payupC.keepupD.standupenoughtimeandmoney,theresearcherswouldhavebeenabletodiscovermoreinthisfield.A.GivingB.TogiveC.GivenD.BeinggivenThephysicisthasmadeadiscovery,ofgreatimportancetotheprogessofscienceandtechnology.A.thinkwhichisB.thatIthinkisC.whichIthinkisD.whichIthinkitisFoolJaneis,shecouldnothavedonesuchathing.A.whoB.asC.thatD.likeFortunetellersaregoodatmakingstatementssuchas“Yoursorrowswillchange.”A.philosophicalB.ambiguousC.literalD.invalidThereisnodoubtthecompanyhasmadetherightdecisiononthesalesproject.A.whyB.thatC.whetherD.whenIntellectistothemindsightistothebody.A.whatB.soC.thatD.likeAllofuswouldhaveenjoyedthepartymuchmoreiftherequitesuchacrowdofpeoplethere.A.weren’tB.hasn’tbeenC.hadn’tbeenD.wouldn’tbeenYou’dbetterlookatthedifficulty.A.theotherwayB.bytheotherwayC.anotherwayD.byanotherwayThingswentwellforherduringherearlylife,butinhermiddleageherseemedtochange.A.affairB.luckC.eventD.chanceInthepresenteconomicwecanmakeevengreaterprogressthanpreviously.A.airB.moodC.areaD.climateWhileafullunderstandingofwhatcausesthediseasemaybeseveralyearsaway,leadingtoasuccessfultreatmentcouldcomemuchsooner.A.adistinctionB.abreakthroughC.anidentificationD.aninterpretationThedisagreementovertraderestrictionscouldseriouslyrelationsbetweenthetwocountries.A.tumbleB.jeopardizeC.manipulateD.intimidateBeeristhemostpopulardrinkamongmaledrinkers,overallconsumptionissignifcantlyhigherthanthatofwomen.A.whoseB.whichC.thatD.whatNowapaperinSciencearguesthatorganicchemicalsintherockcomemostlyfromtheonearthratherthanbacteriainMars.A.configurationB.constitutionC.condemnationD.contaminationWhenhearrived,hefoundtheagedandthesickathome.A.nonebutB.noneotherthanC.nothingbutD.nootherthanAlthoughnotaneconomisthimself,Dr.Smithhaslongbeenaseverecriticofthegovernment’spolicies.A.economicalB.economicC.economyD.economicsItisrecommendedthattheprojectuntilallthepreparationshavebeenmade.A.notbestartedB.willnotbestartedC.isnotstartedD.isnottobestartedAllthekeywordsinthearticleareprintedintypesoastoattractreaders’attention.A.darkB.boldC.denseD.blackThesupervisordidn’thavetimesofartogointoit,buthegaveusanideaabouthisplan.A.athandB.inconclusionC.inturnD.atlengthRadio,televisionandpressofconveyingnewsandinformation.A.arethemostthreecommonmeansB.arethethreemostcommonmeansC.arethemostcommonthreemeansD.arethreethemostcommonmeansTurnonthetelevisionoropenamagazineandyouadvertisementsshowinghappy,balancedfamilies.A.areoftenseeingB.willoftenseeC.oftenseeD.haveoftenseenAlthoughthebodyismadeupofmanydifferenttissues,thesetissuesarearrangedinanandorderlyfashion.A.incredibleB.internalC.intricateD.initialThephysicisthasbeenchallengedbyothersinhisfield.A.respectableB.respectfulC.respectiveD.respectingYouwillseethelightningithappens,butyouhearthethunderlater.A.theinstantB.foraninstantC.ontheinstantD.inaninstantBarryhadanadvantageoverhismotherhecouldspeakFrench.A.sincethatB.inthatC.atthatD.sothatIfeltsomewhatdisappointedandwasabouttoleave,somethingoccurredwhichattractedmyattention.A.unlessB.untilC.whenD.whileHavingfinishedtheirmorningwork,theclerksstoodupbehindtheirdesks,themselves.A.expandingB.prolongingC.stretchingD.extendingThiskindofmaterialcanheatandmoisture.A.deleteB.repelC.compelD.constrainGenerouspublicfundingofbasicsciencewouldconsiderablebenefitsforthecountry’shealth,wealthandsecurity.A.resultfromB.settledownC.lieinD.leadtoToimportantdatesinhistory,countriescreatespecialholidays.A.commendB.memorizeC.propagateD.commemorateIfonlythecommitteetheregulationandputthemintoeffectassoonaspossible.A.approveB.willapproveC.canapproveD.wouldapproveWhenshesawthecloudsshewentbacktothehousetoherumbrella.A.carryB.fetchC.bringD.reach,amanwhoexpresseshimselfeffectivelyissuretosucceedmorerapidlythanamanwhosecommandoflanguageispoor.A.OtherthingsbeingequalB.WereotherthingsequalC.TobeequaltootherthingsD.OtherthingstobeequalOnewayforwriterstosupportapointisthrough,thatis,bymeansofseveralexamplestobackupanidea.A.illustrationB.explanationC.demonstrationD.interpretationYouradvicewouldbevaluabletohim,whoisnowatalossastowhattodofirst.A.exceedinglyB.excessivelyC.extensivelyD.exclusivelyThebrillianceofhissatireswasmakeevenhisvictimslaugh.A.soastoB.suchastoC.sothatD.suchthatIfyourcaranyattentionduringthefirst12months,takeittoanauthorizeddealer.A.shallneedB.shouldneedC.wouldneedD.willneedIfthebuildingprojectbytheendofthismonthisdelayed,theconstructioncompanywillbefined.A.beingcompletedB.iscompletedC.tobecompletedD.completedPartIIIReadingComprehension(40points)Directions:Therearefourreadingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestions.ChoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesgivenandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.PassageoneHowmightwestabilizethecompositionoftheatmosphere?Thatquestionloomslargeintheeyesofscientistsandpoliticalleadersasthelevelsofcarbondioxidegrow.Carbondioxideandmethanehavelonglivesintheatmosphereand,oncetheyarethere,Earthmaybedestinedtobecomewarmer.Ifwefindthattheclimateisbecomingtoowarm,thereisnoeasyorrapidwaytoremovethegasesandreturntoanearlierclimatepattern.Wemaybeabletocontrolfossilfueluseandratesofdeforestation,buttereisnodirectwaytocontroltheaccelerationofdecayexceptbystoppingthewarming.Tostabilizethecompositionoftheatmosphereimmediately,wewouldhavetocutpresentreleaseabout4billiontonsofcarbonannually.Itisnotnowpossibletoaccomplishthiswithoutreducingbothdefrestationandourcomsumptionoffossilfuels.Mostscientistsbelievethatifimmediateglobalactionisnottaken,therapidincreasesofatmosphericcarbonfromdecaywillexceedthereductionsmadepossiblethroughcontroloffossilfueluseandmanagementofforests.In1990,theUnitedNationsgatheredmanyscientistsfromaroundtheworldtoreviewtheseissues.Thisgroup,theIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange,concludedthatanimmediate60percentreductioninfossilfuelusewouldbenecessary.ButbyApril1992,nonationhadacceptedthegoal,thoughseveralhadrecognizedaneedforreducingemissionsby20percent.AttheEarthSummitinJune1992,leadersfrommostindustrializednationsagreedinprincipletoreturntoearlierlevelsofcarbondioxideemissions---thoughoppositionfromtheUnitedStatespreventedthemfromagreeingtospecifictargetsforemissions,asmanyscientisthadhoped.Theleadersalsoagreedtoassistdevelopingnationsinlimitingtheirreleasesofgreenhousegases.Humanbeingsareonlyoneofmillionsoforganismssufficientlydifferentoneanothertoberecognizedasspecies.Unitlthe1980s,scientistsestimatedthattherewerebetween3millionand10millionspeciesonEarth.Then,scientistsbegantoexaminepopulationsofinsectslivinginthehighfoliageoftreesintropicalforest,andtheexperiencecausedthemtoincreasetheirestimateto30millionspecies.Afterscientistsbegantoconsiderthepopulationsofmicroorganismsinthetropics,theupperlimitoftheirestimatesroseto100millionspecies.Weshallprobablyneverhaveanaccuratecountofthedifferentkindsoforganismsthatshareourplanet.Wedoknow,however,thatthesespecies---plantsandanimalstogether---keeptheplanetfunctioningasahabitatsuitableforall.WealsoknowthathumanactivitiesarereducingboththenumbersofspeciesonEarthandthepotentialoflandandwaterforsupportingthem.Thisprocessiscommonlycalledbioticimpoverishment---thelossoftherichbiologicalofEarth.Thereasonwhyitisnoteasytocorrectglobalwarmingisthat.mostscientistsandpoliticalleadershavenotawakenedtotheseverityoftheproblemdeforestationisrampantinmanypartsoftheworldthereisnoeasywaytorestoretheatmospheretoitsnormalstateoncedamagedtheUnitedStatesisunwillingtocutdownonitscarbondioxideemissionsTostoptheglobalwarming,wehaveto.cutbothdeforestationanduseoffossilfuelsremovecarbondioxidefromtheatmospherefindanewsourceofenergyotherthanfossilfuelcutpresentreleasesto4billiontonsofcarbonayearItisimpliedthat,atthe1992EarthSummit,.manyscientistshadhopedspecifictargetsforemissionsmightbereachedtheU.S.showeditsunwillingnesstoreducethelevelofcarbondioxideemissionsseveralcountrieshadrecognizedaneedforreducingemissionsby20percentmostcountriespromisedtocuttheircarbondioxideemissionstoearlierlevelsWhichofthefollowingistrueaboutspeciesonearth?Thereareabout100millionofthemonearth.Aboutonethirdofthemarefoundintropicalforest.Thehumanpopulationhaswellexceededthatofotherspecies.Humanandotherspeciesarecloselylinkedforsurvival.Thetextismainlyabout.thesurvivalofdiversespeciesonearththepreventionofglobalwarmingthebioticimpoverishmentthecompositionoftheatmospherePassagetwoOverthepastcentury,allkindsofunfairnessanddiscriminationhavebeencondemnedormadeillegal.Buttheoneinsidiousformcontinuestothrive:alphabetism.This,forthoseasyetunawareofsuchadisadvantage,refertodiscriminationagainstthosewhosesurnamebeginwithaletterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet.IthaslongbeenknownthatataxifirmcalledAAAAcarshasabigadvantageoverZodiaccarswhencustomersthumbthroughtheirphonedirectories.LesswellknownistheadvantagethatAdamAbbotthasinlifeoverZoeZysman.Englishnamesarefairlyevenlyspreadbetweenthehalvesofthealphabet.YetasuspiciouslylargenumberoftoppeoplehavesurnamesbeginningwithlettersbetweenAandK.ThustheAmericanpresidentandvice-presidenthavesurnamesstartingwithBandCrespectively;and26ofGeorgeBush’spredecessors(includinghisfather)hadsurnamesinthefirsthalfofthealphabetagainstjust16inthesecondhalf.Evenmorestriking,sixofthesevenheadsofgovernmentoftheG7richcountriesarealphabeticallyadvantaged(Berlusconi,Blair,Bush,Chirac,ChrtienandKoizumi).Theworld’sthreetopcentralbankers(Greenspan,DuisenbergandHayami)areallclosetothetopofthealphabet,evenifoneofthemreallyusesJapanesecharacters.Asaretheworld’sfiverichestmen(Gates,Buffett,Allen,EllisonandAlbrecht).Canthismerelybycoincidence?Onetheory,dreamtupinallthesparetimeenjoyedbythealphabeticallydisadvantaged,isthattherotsetsinearly.Atthestartofthefirstyearininfantschool,teachersseatpupilsalphabeticallyfromthefront,tomakeiteasiertoremembertheirnames.Soshort-sightedZys-manjuniorgetsstuckinthebackrow,andisrarelyaskedtheimprovingquestionsposedbythoseinsensitiveteachers.Atthetimethealphabeticallydisadvantagedmaythinktheyhavehadaluckyescape.Yettheresultmaybeworsequalifications,becausetheygetlessindividualattention,aswellaslessconfidenceinspeakingpublicly.Thehumiliationcontinues.Atuniversitygraduationceremonies,theABCsproudlygettheirawardsfirst;bythetimetheyreachtheZysmansmostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ.Shortlistsforjobinterviews,electionballotpapers,listsofconferencespeakersandattendees:alltendtobedrawnupalphabetically,andtheirrecipientsloseinterestastheyploughthroughthem.WhatdoestheauthorintendtoillustratewithAAAAcarsandZodiaccars?Akindofoverlookinequality.Atypeofconspicuousbias.Atypeofpersonalprejudice.Akindofbranddicrimination.Whatcanweinferfromthefirstthreeparagraphs?InbothEastandWest,namesareessentialtosuccess.ThealphabetistoblameforthefailureofZoeZysman.Customersoftenpayalotofattentiontocompanies’nammes.Someformofdiscriminationistoosubtletorecognize.Thefourthparagraphsuggeststhat.questionsareoftenputtothemoreintelligentstudentsalphabeticallydisadvantagedstudentsoftenescapefromclassteachersshouldpayattentiontoalloftheirstudentsstudentsshouldbeseatedaccordingtotheireyesightWhatdoestheauthormeanby“mostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ”(Para.5)?Theyaregettingimpatient.Theyarenoisilydozingoff.Theyarefeelinghumiliated.Theyarebusywithwordpuzzles.whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?PeoplewithsurnamesbeginningwithNtoZareoftenill-treated.VIPsinthewesternworldgainagreatdealfromalphabetism.Thecampaigntoeliminatealphabtismstillhasalongwaytogo.Puttingthingsalphabeticallymayleadtounintentinalbias.PassagethreeONNowomancanbetoorichortoothin.ThissayingoftenattributedtothelateDuchessofWindsorembodiesmuchoftheoddspiritofourtimes.Beingthinisdeemedassuchavirtue.Theproblemwithsuchaviewisthatsomepeopleactuallyattempttolivebyit.Imyselfhavefantasiesofslippingintonarrowdesignerclothes.Consequently,Ihavebeenonadietforthebetter-orworse-partofmylife.Beingrichwouldn’tbebadeither,butthatwon’thappenunlessanunknownrelativediessuddenlyinsomedistantland,leavingmemillionsofdollars.Wheredidwegooffthetrack?Whendideatingbutterbecomeasin,andalittlebitofextrafleshunappealing,ifnotrepellent?AllreligionshavecertaindayswhenpeoplerefrainfromeatingandexcessiveeatingisoneofChristianity’ssevendeadlysins.However,untilquiterecently,mostpeoplehadaproblemgettingenoughtoeat.Insomereligiousgroups,wealthwasasymbolofprobablesalvationandhighmorals,andfatnessasignofwealthandwell-being.Todaytheoppositeistrue.Wehaveshiftedtothinnessasournewmarkofvirtue.Theresultisthatbeingfat-orevenonlysomewhatoverweight-isbadbecauseitimpliesalackofmoralstrength.Ourobsessionwiththinnessisalsofueledbyhealthconcerns.Itistruethatinthiscountrywehavemoreoverweightpeoplethaneverbefore,andthat,inmanycases,beginover-weightcorrelateswithanincreasedriskofheartandbloodvesseldisease.Thesediseases,however,manyhaveasmuchtodowithourwayoflifeandourhigh-fatdietsaswithexcessweight.Andtheassociatedriskofcancerinthedigestivesystemmaybemoreofadietaryproblem-toomuchfatandalackoffiber-thanaweightproblem.Therealconcern,then,isnotthatweweightoomuch,butthatweneitherexerciseenoughnoreatwell.Exerciseisnecessaryforstrongbonesandbothheartandlunghealth.Abalanceddietwithoutalotoffatcanalsohelpthebodyavoidmanydiseases.Weshouldsurelystoppayingsomuchattentiontoweight.Simplybeingthinisnotenough.Itisactuallyhazardousifthosewhoget(oralreadyare)thinthinktheyareautomaticallyhealthyandthusfreeformpayingattentiontotheiroveralllife-style.Thinnesscanbepurevainglory.Intheeyesoftheauthor,anoddphenomenonnowadaysisthat.theDuchessofWindsorisregardedasawomanofvirtuelookingslimisasymbolofhavingalargefortunebeingthinisviewedasamuchdesiredqualityreligiouspeoplearenotnecessarilyvirtuousSweptbytheprevailingtrend,theauthor.hadtogoonadietforthegreaterpartofherlifecouldstillpreventherselffromgoingoffthetrackhadtoseekhelpfromrichdistantrelativeshadtowearhighlyfashionableclothesInhumanhistory,people’sviewsonbodyweight.werecloselyrelatedtotheirreligiousbeliefschangedfromtimetotimevariedbetweenthepoorandtherichledtodifferentmoralstandardsTheauthorcriticizeswomen’sobsessionwiththinness.fromaneconomicandeducationalperspectivefromsociologicalandmedicalpointsofviewfromahistoricalandreligiousstandpointinthelightofmoralprinciplesWhat’stheauthor’sadvicetowomenwhoareabsorbedintheideaofthinness?Theyshouldbemoreconcernedwiththeiroveralllifestyle.Theyshouldbemorewatchfulforfataldiseases.Theyshouldgainweighttolookhealthy.Theyshouldridthemselvesoffantasiesaboutdesignerclothes.PassagefourWarmaybeanaturalexpressionofbiologicalinstinctsanddrivestowardaggressioninthehumanspecies.Naturalimpulsesofanger,hostility,andterritorialityareexpressedthroughactsofviolence.Theseareallqualitiesthathumanssharewithanimals.Aggressionisakindofinnatesurvivalmechanism,aninstinctforself-preservation,thatallowsanimalstodefendthemselvesfromthreatstotheirexistence.But,ontheotherhand,humanviolenceshowsevidenceofbeingalearnedbehavior.Inthecaseofhumanaggression,violencecannotbesimplyreducedtoaninstinct.Themanyexpressionsofhumanviolencearealwaysconditionedbysocialconventionsthatgiveshapetoaggressivebehavior.Inhumansocietiesviolencehasasocialfunction:Itisastrategyforcreatingordestroyingformsofsocialorder.Religioustraditionshavetakenaleadingroleindirectingthepowersofviolence.Wewilllookattheritualandethicalpatternswithinwhichhumanviolencehasbeendirected.Theviolencewithinasocietyiscontrolledthroughinstitutionsoflaw.Themoredevelopedalegalsystembecomes,themoresocietytakesresponsibilityforthediscovery,control,andpunishmentofviolentacts.Inmosttribalsocietiestheonlymeanstodealwithanactofviolenceisrevenge.Eachfamilygroupmayhavetheresponsibilityforpersonallycarryingoutjudgmentandpunishmentuponthepersonwhocommittedtheoffense.Butinlegalsystems,theresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedanddiffused.Thesocietyassumestheresponsibilityforprotectingindividualsfromviolence.Incaseswheretheycannotbeprotected,thesocietyisresponsibleforimposingpunishment.Inasatecontrolledlegalsystem,individualsareremovedfromthecyclesofrevengemotivatedbyactsofviolence,andthestateassumesresponsibilityfortheirprotection.Theothersideofastatelegalapparatusisastatemilitaryapparatus.Whiletheoneprotectstheindividualfromviolence,theothersacrificestheindividualtoviolenceintheinterestsofthestate.Inwarthestateaffirmsitssupremepowerovertheindividualswithinitsownborders.Warisnotsimplyatrialbycombattosettledisputesbetweenstates;itisthemomentwhenthestatemakesitsmostpowerfuldemandsuponitspeoplefortheirrecommitment,allegiance,andsupremesacrifice.Timesofwartestacommunity’sdeepestreligiousandethicalcommitments.Humanviolenceshowsevidenceofbeingalearnedbehaviorinthat.itthreatenstheexistingsocialsystemsitisinfluencedbysocietyithasrootsinreligiousconflictsitisdirectedagainstinstitutionsoflawThefunctionoflegalsystems,accordingtothepassage,is.tocontrolviolencewithinasocietytoprotecttheworldfromchaostofreesocietyfromtheideaofrevengetogivethegovernmentabsolutepowerWhatdoestheauthormeanbysaying“…inlegalsystems,theresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedanddiffused”(Lines5-6,Para.2)?Legalsystemsgreatlyreducethepossibilitiesofphysicalviolence.Offensesagainstindividualsarenolongerjudgedonapersonalbasis.Victimsofviolencefinditmoredifficulttotakerevenge.Punishmentisnotcarriedoutdirectlybytheindividualsinvolved.Theword“allegiance”(Line5,Para.3)isclosestinmeaningto.A.loyalty