新視野讀寫教程3第三版課文UNIT 5

TEXTAWillyoubeaworkeroralaborer?你想做工作者還是勞役者？1Tobetrulyhappy,apersonmustfeelbothfreeandimportant.Peopleareneverhappyiftheyfeelcompelledbysocietytodoworktheydonotenjoy,orifwhattheydoenjoyisignoredbysocietyashavingnovalueorimportance.Inasocietywhereslaveryinthestrictsensehasbeenabolished,thesocialindicationsaroundwork,thevalueofworkandthesalary,havedegradedmanylaborersintomodernslaves—"wageslaves".一個人要想真正快樂，必須覺得自己既自由又重要。如果覺得自己是受社會逼迫而做自己不喜歡的工作，或者自己喜歡的工作被認(rèn)為沒價值或不重要而遭社會忽視，那他絕不會快樂。在一個奴隸制度嚴(yán)格說來已經(jīng)被廢除的社會里，工作的社會含義、工作的價值和薪水，已經(jīng)把許多勞役者降格為現(xiàn)代奴隸——“薪奴”。2Peopleareconsideredlaborersiftheirjobhasanadverseeffectonthem,yettheyfeelcompelledtocontinueworkingbythenecessityofconformingtosocietalexpectationsandearningtherevenuetosupportthemselvesandtheirfamilies.Thepolaroppositeoflaborisplay.Whenweplayagame,weenjoywhatwearedoing,butitisapurelyprivatepastime;societydoesnotcarewhenorwhetherweplay.如果人們的工作對自己有負(fù)面的影響，但為了遵從社會的期望或者掙錢養(yǎng)家糊口而被迫必須繼續(xù)工作，那么他們就被認(rèn)為是勞役者。勞役的對立面是玩樂。當(dāng)我們玩游戲時，我們很享受正在做的事情，但這僅僅是個人娛樂。社會對我們何時玩樂或者是否玩樂并不關(guān)心。3Betweenlaborandplaystandswork.Peoplearelabeledasworkersiftheirpersonalinterestscoincidewiththejobssocietypaysthemtodo;whatisnecessarylaborfromthepointofviewofsocietyisvoluntaryplayfromtheindividual'spersonalpointofview.Whetherajobistobedesignatedaslabororworkdepends,notonthejobitself,butonthetastesoftheindividualwhoundertakesit.Thedifferencedoesnot,forexample,correlatewiththedifferencebetweenamanualandmentaljoborbetweenjobsofloworhighesteem;agardenercoveredindirtinagreenhousemaybeaworkerwhileawell-dressedcitymayormayprovetobeanunhappylaborer!處于勞役和玩樂之間的就是工作。如果人們的個人興趣跟社會付酬讓他們做的工作相吻合，他們就被稱為工作者。社會上看來一定是苦工的事情對個人來說卻是自在的玩樂活動。一份活到底應(yīng)定為工作還是勞役并不取決于其本身，而是承擔(dān)這份活的個人感受。比如，二者的區(qū)別與是體力活還是腦力活或尊嚴(yán)的高低沒有關(guān)聯(lián)。溫室里滿身塵土的園丁可能是工作者，而衣冠楚楚的市長則可能是一個不開心的勞役者！4People'sattitudetowardtheirworkdetermineseverything.Toworkers,leisuremeanssimplythehourstheyneedtorelaxandrestinordertoworkefficiently.Workersarethereforemorepronetodedicatemoretimetoworking,takingtoolittleleisureratherthantoomuch.Tolaborers,ontheotherhand,leisuremeansautonomyfromcompulsion,soitisnaturalforthemtoimaginethatthefewerhourstheyhavetospendlaboring,andthemorehourstheyhavefreeforplay,thebetter.人們對自己工作的態(tài)度決定了一切。對工作者而言，閑暇只是為了更有效地工作而需要放松休息的時間。因此，工作者更傾向于投入更多的時間工作，而花在休閑上的時間并非很多，而是很少。而對勞役者而言，休閑意味著從被迫狀態(tài)中得到自主。因此，他們自然會想，花在勞作上的時間越少，自在玩樂的時間越多，則越好。5Besidesthemerehoursspentinleisure,workersandlaborersdifferintheamountofpersonalsatisfactiontheyderivefromtheirjobs.Workerswhoenjoytheirjobswillbehappier,lessstressed,andgenerallymoresatisfiedwiththeirlives.Theywillalsoworkwithmorediligenceandprecisionbecausetheyhavefosteredasenseofpersonalprideintheirjobs.Ontheotherhand,laborers,whosesoleincentiveisearningtheirlivelihood,feelthatthetimetheyspendonthedailygrindiswastedanddoesn'tcontributetotheirhappiness.Insteadofvaluingall24hoursoftheirdayasenjoyableandproductivehours,theygaugeonlythetimespentinleisureandplayasmeaningful.Unfortunately,laborersarealltoocommonplace,andonlyasmallpercentageofthepopulationisintheluckypositionofbeingworkers.除了花在閑暇上的時間不同，工作者和勞役者的區(qū)別還在于他們從工作中獲得的個人滿足感不同。工作者喜歡自己的工作，感覺更快樂，更輕松，通常對自己的生活更滿意。他們工作起來也會更勤奮，更精細(xì)，因為他們對自己的工作已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生了一種自豪感。相反，由于勞役者的唯一動力是掙生活費(fèi)，他們覺得每天花在苦差上的時間是一種浪費(fèi)，不會讓自己快樂。他們不把每天的24小時都當(dāng)作愉快有用的時光，認(rèn)為只有花在休閑娛樂上的時間才是有意義的。不幸的是，勞役者太常見了，只有一小部分人能有幸成為工作者。6Inrecentdecades,technologicalinnovationandthedivisionoflaborhavecausedmajoreconomicchangesbyeliminatingtheneedforspecialstrengthorskillinmanyfieldsandhaveturnedmanypaidoccupationswithenjoyableworkintoboringlabor.Increasingproductivitywithautomatedmachines,suchasrobots,hasreducedthenumberofnecessarylaboringhours.Itispossibletoimagineanupcomingsocietyinwhichthemajorityofthepopulationwillhavealmostasmuchleisuretimeasinearliertimeswasenjoyedbythemedievalaristocracy.Themedievalaristocratshadanabundanceofleisuretimebutoftenwasteditintrivialpursuitofgamesandfashion.Likewise,modern-daylaborerswithtoomuchleisuretimemayfinditdifficulttorefrainfromtheaddictiveandtrivialpursuitsofcelebritygossip,extravagantfashion,andexcessivevideogamesandTV—similarbadhabitsthatwastevaluabletime.近幾十年，技術(shù)創(chuàng)新和勞動分工使許多領(lǐng)域不再需要專長或特殊技能，導(dǎo)致了重大經(jīng)濟(jì)變革，把許多可以通過開心工作來掙錢的職業(yè)變成了枯燥的勞役。隨著自動化機(jī)器如機(jī)器人的使用，日益提高的生產(chǎn)力減少了必要的勞作時間?？梢韵胂螅诩磳⒌絹淼纳鐣?，大多數(shù)人會擁有同早期中世紀(jì)貴族一樣多的閑暇時間。中世紀(jì)貴族有大量的閑暇時間，但卻往往耗費(fèi)在玩游戲和對時尚的無聊追求上。同樣，有太多閑暇時間的現(xiàn)代勞役者們會覺得很難擺脫那些無聊又易上癮的追求，像名人八卦、奢華時尚、過度電子游戲和電視等諸如此類浪費(fèi)寶貴時間的壞習(xí)慣。7However,it'snotnecessarytotakesuchatoxicattitudetowardsuchapositivethingasleisuretime.Infact,inmanycountries,peoplenowusetheirleisuretimetoimprovetheirmindsandtheirworkingconditionstocreateahappier,morecontentedlife.Lifelonglearningcanmakethedifferencebetweenbeingbored,unhappylaborersandworkerswhofindmeaningandjoyintheiremploymentandlife."Continuingeducation"or"experientiallearning"canofferanarrayofclassesfrompleasantdiversionssuchassports,artclassesormusictoleadershipdevelopment,advancedaccountingskills,orCAD(computer-aideddesign),tonameonlyafew.不過，沒必要對休閑這種正面的事情采取如此否定的態(tài)度。事實(shí)上，目前在很多國家，人們利用閑暇時間去提高認(rèn)識，改善工作環(huán)境，以創(chuàng)造更快樂安逸的生活。終身學(xué)習(xí)對做一個乏味不開心的勞役者，還是成為一個從職業(yè)和生活中發(fā)現(xiàn)意義和樂趣的工作者有重要的影響。“繼續(xù)教育”或“體驗學(xué)習(xí)”能提供一系列課程，略舉幾例，如從運(yùn)動、藝術(shù)或音樂等休閑娛樂課程到領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力拓展、高級會計或CAD（計算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計）等。8Whateverthejob,peoplewhoenjoytheirworkfindtimepassesquickly.Theyhurltheirpassionintotheirwork,beitphysicalliketheworkofasmith,ormorementallikethatofascientistoranartist.Evenpurelymentalworkcansufficeasanoutlet,asaptlyexpressedbythephrase"sinkingone'steethintoaproblem".不管是什么工作，喜歡自己工作的人總發(fā)現(xiàn)時間過得飛快。不管是鐵匠的體力活，還是像科學(xué)家或藝術(shù)家從事的偏腦力的活，他們在工作中都會投入激情。即便是純腦力活也足以讓他們揮灑激情，恰如短語表達(dá)的那樣，“全身心投入問題中”。9Eventually,everyonehastofindajobandearnaliving.Laborersareslavingawayatajobtheydon'tenjoyforasmallmonetaryreward,waitingalldayuntiltheygohomeandplay.Butwhilelaborersarecountingdownthehours,workersareenergizedandfocused,takingoptimumpleasureinthetaskathand.Bychoosingajobthatisbothusefultosocietyandpersonallyfulfilling,workersmaintainasimultaneoussenseofpurposeandenthusiasmthatimprovestheirwholelives.Sointheend,whateverjobyouchoose,youmustcontendwiththisessentialquestion:Willyoubealaboreroraworker?最終，每個人都得找一份工作謀生。勞役者僅為了一點(diǎn)金錢報酬，像奴隸一樣做自己并不喜歡的工作，一天到晚等著回家玩樂。但是當(dāng)勞役者倒數(shù)著時間之時，工作者則干勁十足，全神貫注，從手頭的任務(wù)中享受到最大的快樂。他們通過選擇一份有益社會、成就自我的工作，懷揣著一種使命感和熱情，提升了自己的整個生活。因此到頭來，不管你選擇什么工作，都必須面對這個根本問題:“你想做一名勞役者還是工作者？”TEXTBThejoyofapridefultradition光榮傳統(tǒng)帶來的歡樂1Ifirstmethimin1965,whenIrushedintohislittleshoptohavetheheelsofmyshoesrepaired.Hegreetedmewithacheerfulsmileandinstanthospitality."You'renewinthisneighborhood,aren'tyou?"第一次見他是在1965年，當(dāng)時我匆匆進(jìn)入他的小店去修我的鞋跟。他露出開心的笑容，馬上熱情地招呼我，“你剛搬到這附近，是嗎？”2Indeed,Ihadmovedintoahouseattheendofthestreetonlyaweekbefore.的確，一周前我才剛搬進(jìn)街道盡頭的那棟房子。3"Thisisafineneighborhood,"hesaid."You'llbehappyhere."“這一帶挺好的，”他說，“你生活在這兒會開心的?！?Isattherewithmyshoesoff,watchingashegotreadytostitchupmyshoesI'dentrustedtohim.Helookedsadlyattheleathercoveringthemountoftheheel.ItwaswornthroughbecauseIhadfailedtohavetheshoespatchedamonthago.Igrewalittleimpatient,forIwasrushingtomeetafriend."Pleasehurry,"Ibegged.我脫了鞋坐在那兒，看著他準(zhǔn)備動手縫補(bǔ)我交給他的鞋。他惋惜地看著包鞋跟底的皮革。一個月前鞋就該補(bǔ)了，現(xiàn)在那塊皮已經(jīng)磨穿了。因為還要急著去見一位朋友，我有點(diǎn)不耐煩了。“請快點(diǎn)兒，”我請求道。5Helookedatmeoverhisspectacles."Now,don'tworry.Iwon'tbelong.ThishandicraftismyspecialtyandIwanttodoagoodjob."Hewassilentamoment."Yousee,Ihaveatraditiontoliveupto."他從眼鏡上方看了看我。“別急，要不了多久的。這手藝是我最拿手的，我想做好點(diǎn)?！彼聊艘粫??！澳阒?，我得遵守傳統(tǒng)。”6Atradition?Inthissimplisticlittleshopthatwasnodifferentfromsomanyothershoe-repairshopsontheresidentialsidestreetsofWashington?Thethoughtseemedabitabsurd.傳統(tǒng)？就這家和華盛頓住宅區(qū)那么多街邊修鞋店沒什么區(qū)別的簡陋小鋪?zhàn)?？這想法好像有點(diǎn)荒唐。7Hemusthavesensedmybias,forhesmiledwithagleaminhiseyesashewenton."Yes,Iinheritedatradition.Myfatheralwaystoldme,'Son,dothebestjoboneveryshoethatcomesintotheshop,andbeproudofyourfinework.Ifyouworkwithdedication,you'llalwayshavehappinessandmoney.'"他準(zhǔn)是覺察到了我的不屑，因為他兩眼閃爍著光芒，微笑著繼續(xù)說道：“是的，我繼承了一個傳統(tǒng)。我父親總對我說：‘兒子，每只拿到店里的鞋都要修到最好，并且為自己的細(xì)活驕傲。如果你盡心工作，就總會擁有快樂和金錢?！?Ashehandedmethefinishedshoes,hesaid,"Thesewilllastalongtime.I'veutilizedgoodleather."把修好的鞋遞給我時，他說：“這鞋能穿很長時間，我用的是好皮料?！?IleftinahurrybutIhadawarmandgratefulfeeling.OnmywayhomeIpassedthelittleshopagain.Therehewas,sittingamongsthistools,stillworking.Hesawme,andhewavedandsmiled,ascordialascouldbe.Thatwasthebeginningofourfriendship,afellowshipthatcametomeanmoreandmoretomeastimepassed.我急匆匆地離開了，但覺得既溫暖又感激?；丶彝局形矣纸?jīng)過那家小店，他坐在工具中間，還在工作?？匆娢?，他熱誠友好地?fù)]手微笑致意。從此我們的友誼就開始了，這是一段隨著時間流逝對我越來越重要的交情。10Thereafter,wewavedtoeachotherinafriendlygreetingwhenIpassedhisshopeveryday.AtfirstIwentinonlywhenIhadrepairworktobedone.ThenIfoundmyselflingeringinhisstoreordroppingineveryfewdays,justtochatwithhimforthejoyhewouldimpart.從那以后，我每天經(jīng)過他的店的時候，我們都友好地彼此揮手問好。剛開始我只是在有東西要修的時候才進(jìn)去，后來我發(fā)現(xiàn)自己呆在他的店里或隔幾天去拜訪一下完全是為了和他聊天，享受他帶來的快樂。11Hewasatallman,bentfromlongyearsofwork.Whatlittlehairhehadwasgray;hisfacewasdeeplylined.Hispersonalitywasclear,butneverstern.And,Irememberbesthisfinedarkeyes,alivewithhischaritable,carefree,andhumorousspirit.他身材高大，多年工作弄得有點(diǎn)駝背，不多的頭發(fā)已經(jīng)灰白，臉上皺紋縱橫。他個性鮮明，但從不嚴(yán)苛。此外，我尤其記得他那雙動人的黑眼睛，洋溢著和善、快樂與幽默。12HewasthehappiestmanI'veeverknown.Often,ashestoodinfrontofhisdooroverseeingthestreet,workingatapairofshoes,hesangabeautifulmelodyinahigh,clearvoice.Neighborsnicknamedhim"thesingingcobbler".Theneighborhoodchildrenlovedhim.He'dperiodicallypausehisworktorefereeargumentsorgiveoutcandy.Hehadnopatienceforbullyingandwouldinsistthechildrenplayfairinfrontofhisstore.他是我見過的最快樂的人。經(jīng)常，他站在店門口，朝著大街，一邊修理鞋子，一邊高聲清晰地唱著動聽的曲子。街坊們戲稱他為“鞋匠歌手”。周邊的孩子都喜歡他，他時不時會停下工作去調(diào)解爭吵或者分發(fā)糖果。他不能容忍欺凌弱小，堅持讓孩子們在他店前面公平游戲。13Oneday,Icameawayfrommyhousefilledwithfurybecauseofapoorjobsomepaintershaddoneonmyhouse.MyfriendwavedtomeasIwalkedby,soIwentintohisshoptoventmyfrustration.Heletmespeakangrilyaboutthepoorworkandcarelessnessofpresent-dayworkmen."Theyhadnoprideintheirwork,"Isaid."Theyjustwantedtocollectmoneyfordoingnothing!Theundutifulattitudethesedaysisalmostasin."有一天，因為幾個油漆匠把我的房子弄得不像樣子，我怒氣沖沖地從家里出來。路過他的小店時，已是朋友的他沖我招手，我便走進(jìn)他的店里發(fā)泄郁悶。他聽我氣憤地訴說現(xiàn)今工人工作糟糕，粗心馬虎?！八麄儗ψ约旱墓ぷ鳑]有榮譽(yù)感，”我說，“他們只想掙錢卻不想做事。如今這種不負(fù)責(zé)的態(tài)度簡直就是一種罪過。”14Heconsoledme,saying,"There'salotofthatkindaround,butmaybeweshouldnotblamethemtoorashly.Maybetheirparentshadnoprideintheirwork.That'shardonachild.Itkeepsachildfromlearningwhat'simportant."他安慰我說：“身邊有許多那樣的人，不過我們或許不要太急于怪罪他們?？赡芩麄兊母改妇蛯ψ约旱墓ぷ鳑]有自豪感。這對孩子來說很不好，讓他們沒法知道什么東西才是重要的?！?5"Whatcanbedoneaboutit?"Iasked.“對此我們能做什么呢？”我問。16Heponderedthatforaminutebeforeanswering.Thenhelookedatmeseriously."Thereisonlyoneway.Everymanorwomanwhohasn'tinheritedapridefultraditionmuststartbuildingone.Inthiscountry,eachofuscanmakeourowncontributiontothefabricofsociety,andwemustendeavortomakeitagoodone.Nomatterwhatsort