新名師網(wǎng)絡(luò)課程第二套gre閱讀

GRE閱讀講主講：歡迎使GREGRE單難結(jié)復(fù)選難GRE中高高中極高GRE陸VERBAL2個section，每個section填空7道 類比9道閱讀1篇長文章7道題1篇短文章4道題，反義11道 400-450字 讀2.5-3min,題7min=1min*7題短文 200-220 讀 題4min=1min*4GRE文章的來源：學(xué)術(shù)期、著GRE文章的類型：physicalsciencesbiologicalsciencessocialsciencesGREGRE文章的三種模式（文章展開的方式 KW之間的關(guān)系;開篇套路 發(fā)展 態(tài)度 TS&現(xiàn)象解

phenomenon,fact,problem,difficultypuzzle,questionTW=Phen

1stexnation=kw1aw:--2ndSolution1=kw1Butaw-Otherway/solution=kw

TS:ex in+現(xiàn)象;way+問題CS:新老對 hasbeen,untilrecently,long,once;[however,recently]frequently,widely,many,most,usually,dominant,[however,now

kwkw新

唯一解釋

TS:反駁或新觀點→however/recent→二段段首或一段CS:

is,remain,prove+adj.can,may,should,mustattitudewords:+,--;recentstudy人名+

Thesis(TW)subthesis1=kw1subthesis2=kw2

TS=Thesis→首段CS:較短末段(=TS)無TSCS:綜合各段→各段首句 abaw-xykw+αβγ

behaviorreturningto

ofsettlingclosetokinistoexcludethepossibilitythattheyarephilopatricbecauseindividual's ce,hasseveralOneproposedmechanismbywhichanimalscanrecognizeunfamiliarrelativesisphenotypematching,whichinvolveslearningthephenotypeoffamiliarrelatives,orofoneself,therebyformingaphenotypictemteagainstwhichthephenotypesofunfamiliarindividualscanbecompared.Aproblemininvestigatingthe

ofbenefitsofsettlinginthenatalarea,ratherthanbecauseofbenefitsofsettlingclosetoArecentstudyshowsthatthesettlingpatternofbarnaclegeeseBrantaleucopsisfemalesreturningtotheirnatalcolonyisnonrandomwithrespecttothenestsitesoftheirparentsandsisters.kw老ab xykw新Earlyfeministli rycriticsbelievedthatthetraditionalconceptofdomesticityasmanifestedinthedistinctionbetweenamasculinizedpublicsphereandaprivatizedfeminineonehas ‘misleading’andoversimplifiedasaframeworkforunderstandingtheconstructionofsocialspaceforwomeneveninthenineteenthcentury.

Incontrast,asecondwaveoffeministworkondomesticityenvisionstheideaof‘home’asaspecificracialandclasspositionforwhite,middle-classwomen,andthereforeasanextensionorevenasupplementtothecapitalistmarketce,notanalternativetoit.However,thesesecond-wavecritiquesofdomesticityalsodependuponspatialmetaphors,totheextentthattheypresentdomesticityasaboundedpositionoccupiedbyaspecificraceandclassof

Suchcontradictionsintherepresentationsofdomesticity,Iargue,onlystartedto eobviousinthemodernistperiod.此文結(jié)構(gòu)：kw老→kw新1→however →kw新論點說TSkw2-/+xyzTherearethreeapproachestoculture:socialanthropology,ethology,and (…Traditionally,socialanthropologistshaveunderstood‘culture’as…)

Ethologistshavetendedtoemphasizethephenomenonofculture–thebehavioritself.(…Psychologists,incontrast,haveconcentratedonthemechanismsbywhichcultureislearned….)例（評述InhisnewbookDoctorDolittle'sDelusion,StephenAndersonpourscoldwateronthewidespreadbeliefthatthecommunicationsystemsofanimals,frombeestobonobos,areessentiallysimilartohumanlanguage,arguingconvincinglycommunicativeabilitiesofawiderangeofcreatures:thedanceofhoneybees,thewarningcriesofmonkeys,andtheremarkablecognitiveabilitiesofchimpanzees.Beesfamouslyindicatethedirection,distanceandqualityofsourcesofpollentotheirfellowworkersbymeansofa'waggledance',whichisoftentakentoshowthattheyhavea'cognitivemap'ofthelocalterrain.WeareevolutionarilyclosertootherprimatesthantoTocomplementhiscritiqueof'animallanguage',Andersonalsooutlineswhatisspecialabouthumanlanguage:inaword,syntax.結(jié)構(gòu)態(tài)度必考內(nèi)容 KWAW→各段首句howeverbutyet首末句轉(zhuǎn)折度段落結(jié)234段的主體論證內(nèi)容，mainbodyoftheMainidea,supportingdetails(contrastandcomparison)[concession](Conclusion)→KW(ts)abc段落模 （KW展開的方式=abc句子之間的關(guān)系;首句線索詞與句間關(guān)聯(lián) 把握重 考(100-120字→2-3字/

首句名詞復(fù)數(shù)=NPs/首句論點=A(hasproperties,causes)中間forexample,forinstance;InadditionMoreoveranother,

并列找(2-3個并列,4-5個并列,位置>內(nèi)容**

inorderto列舉→并列內(nèi)容之一

Aeffects/causes中間并列因果parallelcausation(A1→B1;A2→B2)serialcausationA→B(A→x→y→z→B)

首句：因果找首末句：機(jī)制找

AincreasesasBincreases/Contrast&

首句differ,morethan(Avs.B:a1a2vs.b1b2)Onthecontraryhowever,ontheotherhand,different,Incontrast,alternative,other.首句change,contributeearlyvsrecentlynewnowmost,typicalvs.recent/newGranted,…[However,….]onemayarguethat….[But…]

(anticipate

細(xì)節(jié)取非→對比內(nèi)容（誰和誰比,比的什么AvsB→相互取非,(while,though,without,unlike,notthesame)2-320關(guān)聯(lián)詞（LinkingWords）是把握段落以至文章結(jié)構(gòu)的并列關(guān)聯(lián)詞：要求大與作者態(tài)度都一致。對比關(guān)聯(lián)詞：前后出現(xiàn)對比反義詞。nevertheless,nonetheless:howeverbutyet：1.howeverfail轉(zhuǎn)換：背景+Yet新；轉(zhuǎn)換態(tài)度：并列內(nèi)容；but另一并列內(nèi)遞進(jìn)：abcManyfactorsbutX句子的處理（純語言現(xiàn)象；SENTENCE:長句展開方式長難句信息（句子展開的方式=子句之間的關(guān)系主干>修飾；主句>,(with)np,(with)npS=np1ofnp2innp3duringnp4;O=S; SVO=np1-4Vnp1-4. 把握：np1Vnp1S=np1- VO=np1-,(with)np,(with)npSVO=np1-4that…,which…,Vnp1-4,which…andwhich…,v-ed…,np1ofnp2that…,把握：np1VSVOif/becausewhen np1VAlthough/WhileWhereasSVO 把握：np1Vnp1vsnp1V7（60中間含有特殊語言的句子：常考句GRE?？嫉奶厥庹Z言或適當(dāng)記住位置大寫詞→提煉首字母(initial段中人名HargraveandGeen:H.G;物種名claans: 句子蘊含對比→提煉一對反義詞比較與對比△like,similar(=);unlike(=/=),ratherthan,morethan(>),differentfrom,contrast,*數(shù)字比較*時間比較(earlylaterbeforeafterinitially*語 firstmost 讓步轉(zhuǎn)折although,thoughwhile;despiteinspiteof+NP主句轉(zhuǎn)折did/does,has,may/might,may/mightseem,theremightbe,thereissomeevidence[But]ofcourse,certainly;undoubtedly,nodoubt,noproblem Itistruethat,tobesure,Granted;thisisnotto 無上述提示詞而突然出現(xiàn)的相反態(tài)度或內(nèi)容為讓 *否定肯定not*否定詞withoutneverabsentfrom,foreigntofarfromawayfrom,notuntil,littleunless總結(jié)文章閱讀的三個層次(閱讀提煉的重點文章howeveryetbut提煉信 vs.認(rèn)識生詞、分析語法、翻譯句子、記住每個單詞、拼湊中心大閱讀訓(xùn)練四大原 先讀文章后看題目；題>文；首句>中間；每篇文章反復(fù)三題型與解 (長文章1- 短文章1/4問或態(tài)度或結(jié)構(gòu)。定位到TS,CS,KW,AW解題→各段首句;but,however題TheprimarypurposeofthepassageisWhichofthefollowingstatementsbestsummarizesthemainideaofthepassage?Whichofthefollowingtitleswouldbestdescribethecontentofthepassage?TS1)CSCS，2)ts，即綜合各段首句（however句）注意：AW態(tài)度錯誤；NPKW錯；行文順序錯誤（前文and后文。TheauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwithWhichofthefollowingisthemostaccuratedescriptionoftheWhichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthelastparagraphofthe現(xiàn)象解釋前負(fù)后正:phenomenon–exnation(s)/theory(-新老觀點相互對比:new/novel/alternativetheory;correct/revise/challenge/disputeantheory/along-heldbelief/awidelyaccepted總分結(jié)構(gòu)展開論點:generalview/thesis–illustration/developed;evidencesupportsatheory.(*評述reviewevaluatesummarizeandevaluateassessarecentstudyascholarlyresearchanewbook 選項為態(tài)度詞。定位到AW：文章首末段、段落首末句、段中轉(zhuǎn)折句、下段首句Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorconsidersthetheorydiscussedinthesecondparagraphtobebut,though,withoutwhiledespiteandqualifiedagreement,temperedby,guarded,restrained,partially,critically,mild,theauthordoeswhichofthefollowing?，按邏輯寫作模式解題；（EXCEPT 每道題必定位，切忌憑印象做題.a+b+x 發(fā)問對象涉及多句或全文內(nèi)容，無法精確定位單獨某個句子（1/7,1/4）a)排除→TS/CS排除→首末句排（2-3個與無關(guān)與結(jié)論相反與態(tài)度相反bNP再定位→KW?KW，確定段落。典型錯誤：新否定新比較most,only(詞匯)Theauthorwouldbelikelytoagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsregardingthepressureofgrazersonphytonktonnumbers? 此處pressure本為某段，故全段定位Thepassagesinformationthatwouldanswerwhichofthefollowing題干全文定位=無法精確定位某句→定點 (4/7;2-題干往往出現(xiàn)accordingto（直接事實）,infer,imply,suggest（取非常見60%）等詞，某句內(nèi)做題步驟：題干分析—回文定位—預(yù)想答案—對照選項/在選項中找答案中心詞3個選項；剩余2個選項相似成分，比較其差異，再以差異定位。5細(xì)節(jié)題=直接事實 (1-2/7,針對某一細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容發(fā)問。提煉題干名詞，比較各段首句KW，確定定位段再到段中尋找Mostdisruptionsandinterventionsthatoccurredduringthedevelopmentofculturevirtuallyhavelittleeffectonthelandscapesofcultureofanationsincethemindsetofpeoplewillonly“absorbandingest”thoseproven,steadyfactsandideasaccumulatedinthelongrun,withtransitoryandcapriciousideologiessiftedout.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutlandscapesofculturecanbeinferredfromtheTheyarecomposedofthesuccessiveperiodsofculturalTheyareinfluencedbylargechangesintheculturalTheyareslightlyadaptedeachtimeastheyareinterpretedbyTheyarenotreadilymodifiedbyinterferencesanddisturbancesasthecultureTheyare inthelibrariesandmuseumsthatareimmediayaccessibletothe，文字對應(yīng)的解法對于任何題目都是合適的，比如題的答案也必須與句的文字形成一一，Infact,thefruitsofstudiestolinkneuronalstructurestoconsciousnessandperceptionseemtobestillThepassageisprimarilyconcernedwithdiscussingviewsofanatomyoftheneuronalwaysinwhichneuronaltransmitterssignificanceofvariousneuronalareasinmentalmechanicalfoundationsofsensephysiologicalcorrelatesofsomekindsofpsychological6列舉 (1/7,連續(xù)列舉3-4個內(nèi)容，問哪個有(或沒有)提到mention/cite/referto/state論據(jù)列舉原文存在并 Civilrightsactivistsshouldconsiderconferringmaterialbenefitsonthedisadvantageousgroup,enhancingthemediaexposureoftheconditionsofminority,promotingtherealizationof“equalworkequalpay”principle,andurging ernmenttoopenofficialpositionstotheminoritieswhoareobviouslyqualified.Thepassagementionseachofthefollowingasanappropriatekindofcivilrightsactivists’actioncalling ernmentaljobstoacertaingroupofencouragingequitablepaybetweenminorityandfacilitatingtheaccessibilityofminorityconditionstothemandatingthepercentagegoalofminorityrepresentationinacertainsocialensuringthatdisadvantageousgroupsobtain取非 (2/7,1-題干出現(xiàn)would,might 或differfrom等詞，常常(60%)取非原文明確表述的內(nèi)容，可歸入 NOTNOTA: NOT(NOTAA加上或減去一個NOTA→B:NOTB–NOTA;A– NOTA–NOT原文存在正負(fù)評價，多在段落末尾或下段首句（有時因KW后的壓縮，AW出現(xiàn)在段中。題干：if…,wouldhavebeenmoreconvincing/wouldbemorevalid/wouldbeimproved/mightnotuseful。would與AW一起，暗示發(fā)問對象其實是該態(tài)度的。態(tài)度的另一種考法。Tobeareliablesourceofinformation,thearchaeologicalmaterialmusthaveretainedthesignalunaffectedbythegeographicalandgeologicalchangesinthearea.ItcanbeinferredthatthesignalfoundinthearchaeologicalmaterialwouldbelessusefultoarchaeologistsifitcouldnotbedecipheredbymodernscientificreflectedachangeinthesurfaceofearthratherthanastableclimaticwaswrittenintothematerialasthematerialtookalsoreflectedthechangesingeologicalandgeographicalwasnotsubjecttogeographicalandgeologicalTheevidenceofgroupselectiondoesapparentlyexistinsomespecies,butonemustbecautiousaboutattributingsocialreciprocitytogroupselection.Forinstance,theblood-sharingbyregurgitationwithrelativesandevenoccasionallywithnon-relativesamongvampirebatsiscriticalforthesurvivalofyoungerindividualsinthegroup,therebyinadvertentlymakingthespeciesprosper.However,thiskindofbehaviorcannotbeviewedasbeingselectedforthegroupitselfbecausethefrequencyofthesharingbehaviorhighlydependsonthegeneticrelatednessofindividualvampirebatsandthebenefactoronlyhelpsthoseindividualsitmakesacquaintancewithinagroup,whothenareexpectedtoreciprocate.Thepassageimpliesthattheassertionthattheblood-sharingbyregurgitationwithrelativesandevenoccasionallywithnon-relativesamongvampirebatsisaninstanceofgroupselectionmightbemoreconvincingifwhichofthefollowingweretrue?Suchabehavioroccurredamongfamiliarnon-SuchabehavioroccurredregardlessofgeneticrelatednessandthepossibilityofSuchabehaviorcouldbeproventobeconducivetoreproductiveTheamountofbloodregurgitatedcouldberevealedtohaveincreasedoverThecognitivedevelopmentofvampirebatscouldbeshowntobeshapedbysucha7.2.would,might將原文某句一部分內(nèi)容取非，則答案將該句另一部分取Betweentheearly1910’sandthe1930’s,theincreasingeconomicdevelopmentinthegreatDeltaorganizationsof economicgrowthintheDeltawouldhavedeclinedifthepowerdistributionofeconomicemuchsmallerin emuchsmallerin 7.3.原文有對比內(nèi)容：different,distinction,compare,distinguish,unlike,notfound,absent,first,themost;或者時間對比：earlylatertraditionallynowuntilrecentlydifferfrom,distinguishcompare,relativeto,characteristic,featureThevalueofgenepoolremainslargelyunexploredandunappreciated;unlikeeconomicandculturalwealth,whichweunderstandfortheyareindispensablepartsofoureverydaylives,geneticwealthishiddenfromthepopularperception.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwhichofthefollowingstatementistrueofeconomicandculturalwealth?Becausewecouldassessthevalueofeconomicandculturalwealth,itisnothiddenfromtheJustasthegenepoolisasourceofpotentialeconomicwealth,itisanunexploredsourceofculturalwealthaswell.Therelativeignoranceofthevalueofgenepoolisinevitablegivenacertainknowledgeeconomicandculturalwealthareoflessvaluethangeneticwealthbecausetheyhavebeenalmosteconomicwealthandgeneticwealthareinterrelatedinawaythateconomicwealthandculturalwealtharenot.8Inorderto/作用 (1-2/7,illustrategiveanexampleof。→句子(ab→觀點→Thedevelopmentofwrittenli tureinancienthistorywasallegedlyclaimedtoyacrucialroleinenhancingthewell-beingofvarioussocialclasses.Butaclosestudyofthehistoryofancient turerevealsthatmuchofli turewasprimarilyintendedtojustifythepowermonopolyofeliteswhilemanipulatinganddomesticatingtherestofthesociety.Theword“allegedly”usedintheauthor’sdiscussionoftheclaimisintendedcontrastwiththeusibilityofrecentstudyofancient emphasizethehistoricalsignificanceofthedevelopmentofwritten showthehighregardofthescholarstowardsthedevelopmentofwritten indicatethatthedevelopmentofwritten turedidnotnecessarilycontributetohappinessofsuggestthatthedevelopmentofwrittenli tureshouldbeinterpretedintermsofthebenefitsofelites.Receptivitytoelectronicwasteonthecommunity’spartwasstillaconsideration,butwhentherewasenoughprofitinvolved,thelocal ernmentwouldinvitetheelectroniccompaniesregardlessofthecommunity’sreceptivity.Theispredicated,first,ontheassumptionthatthecostofenvironmentalsuffercanbeoffsetbythebenefitofeconomicgain,and,second,onthebeliefthattherisksofrecyclinganddisposalofelectronictrashcanbeminimizedwithadequateanti-exposureTheauthormentions ernment’sassumptionandbeliefaboutthedevelopmentofelectronicindustryinanareainordertoaccountforwhyenvironmentalistswouldabandontheirinitialopponentenvironmentalpreservationshouldbegivenawaytoeconomicworkerswithfullprotectionwouldnotsufferfromtheelectronicernmentssometimesattempttodevelopeconomywithoutregardtothecommunity’sthecommunitysometimesshouldconsiderthefeasibilityofeconomicdevelopmentatthecostofthelocalenvironment.inordertoAvs. contrastwith (element?→e.g.A…However however,Friedmanhaspainstakinglyshownthattheinvestigatorswerequalifiedprofessionalswithindubitablerecordofacademichonestyandwereunlikelytogivedistortedtranscriptionoftheinformants.Fromatextual,however,itisnottheethicalintegrityoftheresearchersthatisthemainissuebutthelinguistic,li l,andculturalintegrityofthetranscriptiontheyproduce.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthor’sdiscussionofFriedman’sworkprimarilyserveswhichoneofthefollowingpurposes?ItoffersanexamplethatdeviatesfromthecentralthemeinthestudyoftheItemphasizestheacademichonestyisindispensableforthestudyofthetranscriptionafterItintroducesanewapproachtothetranscriptionthatcontrastssharplywiththetraditionalItexposestheinsufficiencyofpreviousapproachesto ysisoftheItstressesthesignificantroleoftextualintegrityininterpretingthe推理題 邏輯題干:iftrue,wouldweaken/undermine/castdoubtonacertaintheoryinthei)原因；論據(jù)；關(guān) Theopponentwarnsaboutthepossibilitythatmicroorganismswith binantDNAmightescapefromthelaboratory.Foreigntothenature,thenewly-createdmicrobesmayinhabithumansandefixedthere,withunpredictableconsequences.Similarly,thenewstrainsofmicroorganismthatparasiteontheirnewhostslivingonnaturalenvironmentsmaywreckhavocinthefragileecologicalbalance.Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldcastthemostdoubtontheclaimofcriticsof DNAtechnology?Thenewly-createdmicroorganismsareunlikelytoescapefromlaboratoriesduetothedevelopmentofstate-of-the-artsafetydevices.Anewly-createdmicroorganismaccidentallyescafromalaboratoryissuccessfullyAparticularmicroorganismwithnewlyinsertedgenesencountersitsenemyspeciesthatdevoursitquickly.Anumberofmicroorganismswithnewlyinsertedgenescannotsurviveoutsidethebodiesofmanyanimals.AparticularhumangeneticdiseasehasbeentreatedbyakindofmicroorganismwithbinantDNA.邏輯支持題干iftrue,wouldsupport/strengthenacertaintheoryinthei)支持論據(jù)；舉例或重復(fù)；取非論 ii)無它WhereasneitherfarmersnorthepotentialurbanpurchasersbenefitedfromtherestrictiononthealienationofrurallandsdelineatedintheRuralLandAct,therewasonegroupthatwouldbenefit:thebureaucratswhoimplementandadministerthelandsystemof pletepropertyrights.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldsupporttheauthor’sassertionaboutthetruemotivationforpassageoftheRuralLandThelegislatorswhovotedfortheRuralLandActownedlandinruralThemajorityoffarmerswhoowntheirlanddidnotselltheirlandtopotentialurbanThelegislatorswhovotedforRuralLandActwereheavilyinfluencedbytheFarmerstookpainstopreservetheircustomandculturedespitetheimpactofUrbanpurchaserswhoboughtalotofplotsofrurallandconsolidatedthemintohuge題干 ogousto,similarto,parallel,comparableNP,保留關(guān)系與態(tài)度（vadj.抽象名詞Paradoxically,RobertRogersconcludesbyexpressing approvalfortheemergencetheoryinarecentli turereviewinwhichheadamantlyrejectsthepossibilityofitsapplicationtoanysignificantresearchareas.Rogers’spronouncedpositionwithregardtotheemergencetheoryismostsimilartowhichoneofthefollowing?ali ryhistorianwhoistrainedintheclassicalli turenowturnstothestudyofpopularanactivistwhoisadevoteeofenvironmentalprotectionrecentlyrecantsanddecidesthateconomicdevelopmentshouldbeprioritizedinthepoorestareas.aprincipalwhoadmitstheweaknessoftheteachingoftheschoolwhilepublicizingitssuccessinstrengtheningthecriticalthinkingofchildren.amanagerwhowashighlyregardedbythestaffhasbeendefeatedbyanairbornemanagerintheateammemberremainsloyaltotheteamleaderdespitethegrandfailureoftheexample,exemplify,Theamountofserotonininhumanbraincorrelateswithratesofpsychologicalprocesses--increasingordecreasingtherateofsystemizingthinking,forexample.Thepassageimpliesthatwhichoneofthefollowingisanexampleofpsychologicalprocessthatcanbeinfluencedbytheamountofserotonin?concentratedthinkingwhenincreaseinthespeedofconsciousresponsetoanfamiliarfullunderstandingofaprofoundtheabnormityofchildcognitivetheregularpatternsinhumanawarenessofanunfamiliarInhisnewbookDoctorDolittle'sDelusion,StephenAndersonpourscoldwateronthewidespreadbeliefthatthecommunicationsystemsofanimals,frombeestobonobos,are(5)similartohumanlanguage,arguingconvincinglycommunicativeabilitiesofawideofcreatures:thedanceofhoneybees,thewarningcriesofmonkeys,andtheremarkablecognitiveabilitiesofchimpanzees.Muchofthisis(10)superficiallyfamiliarfromotherpopularaccounts,butAnderson'ssynthesisprovidesilluminatingcomparisonswiththeinfiniymoresophisticatedresourcesofhumanlanguage,whetherspokenorsigned.Thereareundeniableparallelsbetween(15)humansandotheranimals,butthedifferencesareequallystrikingandconfirmtheviewthatourlanguageisqualitativelydifferentfromtheirs.A:differentvs.other:Beesfamouslyindicatethedirection,distanceandqualityofsourcesofpollento(20)workersbymeansofa'waggledance',whichisoftentakentoshowthattheyhavea'cognitivemap'ofthelocalterrain.Inameticulousdissectionofthepropertiesofthisdance,Andersonunderminesthisclaim,showingthatthebees'(25)perceptionofdistanceislargelyafunctionofdifferencesintheirvisualexperience.Whenbeesaremadetoflythroughtunnelswithvisualpatternsonthewalls,thedistancetheyindicatecorrespondstothecomplexityofthepattern(30)towhichtheyhavebeenexposed.Thedance,then,reflectsthebees'subjectiveexperience,ratherthanamapoftheexternalworld.Bees:subjectivevs.Weareevolutionarilyclosertootherprimatesthantobees.Onceagain,their(35)communicationarelesssimilartohumanlanguagethanispopularlysupposed.Vervetmonkeyshavedistinctalarmcallsforleopards,eaglesandsnakes.Thesecallscanbeextendedtonewtypesofthreat—humans,forinstance—andtheyareunder(40)somedegreeofvoluntarycontrol,yettheydonotseemto'refer'totherespectiveanimalsinthewaywereferwithourlanguage.ThecallscanaffectbehaviourbutnottoteachAmericanSignLanguageto(45)havemadeitclearthat,althoughhumaninfantsreadintentionsintotheactionsofothers,chimpsneverdo.Primates:v.monkeys+Tocomplementhiscritiqueof'animallanguage',Andersonalsooutlineswhatisspecialabout(50)humanlanguage:inaword,syntax.Ourvocabulariesaredramaticallylargerthanthoseofotheranimals,andoursoundsystemsaremorecomplex,buttheessentialdesignpropertyofhumanlanguageissyntax—thewayweuse(55)combinationsofwordstoconveymeaning.Thisconceptisalientothecommunicationsystemsofotherspecies.Thus,itistruethatwhatanimalslearnisimpressiveandtheircognitiveabilitiesmayberemarkable,buttheynevermaster(60)anythinglikeahumanlanguageandincapableofngso:thecomplexityoftheirgrrisnotremoycomparabletoWithexamplesofputativeandactualformsoflanguagesdrawnfromavarietyof(65)suchaslinguistics,ecology,andanthropology,Andersonablyprovesthatthereexistssomepropertyonlyhumanshavetheprivilegeandhonortopossess,thoughonemaystillwonderwhatconstitutestheverysyntaxofhuman(70)languageandotherformsofsocialcommunicationwhichsupposedlylargelydistinguishhumansfromtheirecologicalneighbors.Human:…ably/A vs.other: (對比bees:mapvs.A (對比primatesvmonkeychimps(ASL)并列human:syntax(..butsyntax.true,but)ably/wonder Accordingtothepassage,Anderson’sbookaddressinglanguagesinhumanbeingsandanimalsdiffersfromotheraccountsinthatitprovidesanilluminatingaccountofcommunicativecognitivepowersofavarietyofanimalsaswellasofhumans.offersaseriesofcomparisonsofanimals’informationprocessingsystemswiththoseofhumanbeings.highlightsthedifferencesbetweenthecommunicationdevicesanimalsareequippedwithandtheirmuchmorerefinedcounterpartsinhumans.emphasizesouruniquenessasaculturalbeingderivedfromourcharacteristiclanguageexinswhyspokenlanguagedominatesoversignedlanguageinhumansocietyaswellasinanimalswiththesamebizarrelycommunicativedesigns.(對比)Theauthor’sreferencetothefailureofteachingchimpanzeesAmericanSignLanguageismostlikelyintendedtoaffirmthatchimpsaredesignedtolearnspokenlanguageratherthansignedillustratethatthesignedlanguagecannotbelearntsinceitisnotgenuinelanguage,lackinganygenuineparetheabilitiestoacquirelanguageinchimpswiththoseinvervetpinpointwherethechimpsandvervetmonkeysdifferfromhumaninfantswithrespecttotheirsocialbehavior.makeacaseforthedissimilaritiesbetweenanimal’scommunicationsystemsandhumaninorderto題型→3(→論點Accordingtotheinformationinthelastpassage,whichofthefollowingfeatureisNOTessentiallyuniquetohumanlanguageand panyinghumancognitivepowers?extraordinarycomplexityof combinatorywaystoexpressacomplicatedvocalprocessingremarkableacquisitiononlyIandIIandIIIandII,III,and列舉取非題(NOT)4TheauthorwouldmostlikelyregardtheideathatAnderson’sworkhavesaidthelastwordontheissueofthedifferencebetweenhumanlanguagesandanimalcounterpartswithmildcompleterelentlessenthusiasticpromisingItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatAndersonwoulddownyhiscriticismofthestandardviewifwhichofthefollowingweretrue?forhundredsofyears,humanshavebeensoaccustomedtoexploitvariousformsoflanguagetocommunicatethattheywouldfailtoinctwithouttheaidofit.inpost-industrializedsociety,humansusemoreelectronictechniquestoinctthantheydidinagriculturesocietyandhunter-gatherersociety.inrecentyears,hefurtherstudy,itcouldbeprovedthathumansalsohaveaninherentabilitytoreadthemindintotheircognitiveconceptionofandemotionalinctionwiththefriendlyforseveralyears,anintriguingstudyhasemergedwhichshowsthatsomedomesticatedanimalscoulddisyspecificbehaviorscowith,thoughsometimesatoddswith,thedirectionsofhumanswhofeedthem.觀點取非4段觀點取Inwhichofthefollowingsituations,Andersonwouldreconsiderhisconclusionthatthedanceofbeesreflectsthesubjectexperienceratherthantheobjectivereality?beesassubjectsflyingthroughthetunnelswithpicturesonthewallindicatetheamountofdistancebytheirvariousformsofdances.beesassubjectsflyingthroughthetunnelswithpicturesonthewalldonotvarytheirindicationsofthedistancewithdifferentvisualpatterns.beesintheexperimentfailtorespondtothedirectionsofthevisualimagesonthewallsincethoseimagesaretooambiguousand,insomecases,tarnished.beesintheexperimentstumbleuponthewallwhenthemapshowsthereislightonthestrikingpoint.beesinsomeotherexperimentshowacertainsimilarbehaviorpatternbut,toresearchers’dismay,theystopflyingwheneverexternalinterventioniswithdrawn.wouldreconsider/reinterpret/reevaluate/觀點取非2ThemainpurposeofthepassageisexinthedifferencebetweenhumanlanguageandanimalofferanobjectiveevaluationforonerecentemphasizetheuniquestyleofQuestions1-4arebasedonthefollowingTherearethreeapproachestoculture:socialanthropology,ethology,andpsychology.Traditionally,socialanthropologistshaveLineunderstood‘culture’asthoseaspectshumanbehaviorlearnedfromothermembersofsociety.However,asurveyinthe1950sfoundthatanthropologistshaveusedthetermtorefertomorethan140differentkindsofphenomenaandthatitwasallbutimpossible10toidentifyanyoneoftheseasbeing1three:a:learnedEthologistshavetendedtoemphasizethephenomenonofculture–thebehavioritself.Theynotethatbehaviorpatternslearnedfrom otherscanleadnaturallytodiverging15inneighboringpopulations.Tobuttressthisargument,theyinvokethedifferencebetweenneighboringpopulationsinanimalcultureasanapproximationtohumanculture.Somepopulationsdifferintheirstylesofbehavior20inwaysthatarenotobviouslyandcompleyasimpleconsequenceoftheirlocalenvironments:chimpanzeesinonepopulationusegrassstemstofishfortermitesbutanotherpopulationusestwigs.Psychologists,25incontrast,haveconcentratedonthemechanismsbywhichcultureislearned.Theyarguethatbehavioraldifferencescanarisethroughlearningprocesses,someofwhichwewouldnotwanttocallcultural.The30termculturalshouldbe onlyforthosecaseswhereanindividualistrulyimitatingwhatanotherdoes,understandingboththeobjectoftheactandthemeansusedtoachieveit,sothatitdoesn’tneedtoengageinanytrialanderrorlearning.2段提煉：e:behavior(animalhuman)vs.p:mechanism:imitatinga: e:behavior (animal=human)vs.p:mechanism:imitateThemainobjectiveofthepassageissummarizethreemethodstostudyingsummarizeandevaluatethreeapproachestostudyingcompareandcontrastthreeapproachestostudyingpresentthreeapproachestocultureandemphasizingoneovertheotherprovideathesisandthensubstantiateitbythree結(jié)構(gòu)/ 注意summarize是無態(tài)度的概Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatalearningprocessoftrialanderrornotoccurindifferentpopulationsofchimpanzeesindifferentoccurinourimitatingother’soccurinoursimulationofothers’makingnotoccurwhenwe