部科研所00-有答案2005年入學(xué)考試試題

2005年財(cái)政部財(cái)政科研所攻讀博士 PartOne:VocabularyandStructure(15points)Inthispart,thereare15sentenceswith4choicesbeloweachsentence.Choosethebestonefromthe4choices.Fewpeople howquicklymanyspeciesofcacti inghowquicklymuchspeciesofcacti inghowquicklyaremanyspeciesof inghowquicklyismuchspeciesof ingInradioandevision impossibletodrawthelinebetweennewsandentertainmentprograms.frequently (B)are(C)itis (D)wheretheyareTheshipwillhave fromtheshoreuntilthisstormhold (B)hold(C)hold (D)holdIcannotbearthenoiseofmybrother’sradio; mefrommy (B)(C) (D)Iwouldliketogetanothertablelikethisone,butthe thatmadeitisoutof (A)order(B) (C) (D)Shesaidshewouldn’tcallusthenext (A) (B) (C) (D)Itisnotan ，butitwillserveas(A)on (B)for (C)as (D)inTheSearsrecently becauseoffinancial(A) (B) (C) (D)What’sactuallyneeded,vitaminadvocatessuggest,isguidelinesfor consumption.Thatamountmayverywelldependupon andlife-style (B) (C) (D)Foranyadhesivetomakeareallystrongbond, tobegluedmustbeabsoluycleanandfrommoistureorgrease.(A)and (B)when (C)the (D)surfacesTheinspector,havingreceivednewinformationfromasource,decidedtoenlargethe ofhisenquiry.(A) (B) (C) (D)Duringtheoilcrisisofthe1970s,manystates speedlimitstoreducegasolineuse.(A)im (B) (C) (D)Theywereshockednotsomuchbytheradicalismofyoungpeople theirbadform.(A) (B) (C) (D)otherThesearecommon weareall(A)to (B)with (C)to (D)withTheaccusedhimofsettingfiretothebuildingbuthedeniedintheareaonthenightofthetire.(A)tobe (B)tohavebeen (C)havingbeen (D)beingPartTwo:ReadingComprehension(19points)Inthispart,thereare4readingpassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestionthereare4choicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.PassageWhilediseaseispresentpriortosocialorganization,communallifecreatesspecialhazards.Whiletheorganizationofsocietycanreducethedangersofdisease,tradeandurbanization,withtheirconsequentproblemsofsanitationandpollution,canalsoaggravatesuchdangers.Eveninthemid-twentiethcentury,duringthebriefcalmbetweenthepolioandAIDSepidemics,epidemichealthrisksassociatedwithcarcinogens(cancer-producingsubstances)frompollutedairthreatenedtheindustrializedworld.Totheeconomist,effortstocombattheserisksareatleastpartiallypublicgoods.Thebenefitsfrompublicgoodsareindivisibleamongbeneficiaries.Asoleprivatepurchaserofhealthcarewouldgiveothersinsocietya“ride”withrespecttothebenefitsobtained.Tomarkettheorists,suchgoodsarelawfulobjectsofernmentalinterventioninthemarket.Whilethetheoryofpublicgoodshelpsexinaspectsofpublichealthlawandassistsinfittingitintomodemeconomictheory,itomitsacriticalpoint.Ⅲheathisnotamerebyproductofeconomicactivity,butaninevitableoccurrenceofhumanexistence.Asaresult,whereverthereishumansociety,therewillbepublichealth.Everysocietyhastofacetherisksofdisease.Andbecauseitmust,everysocietysearchestomakereligion,orscience.Inthissense,healthcareispublicnotonlybecauseitsbenefitsareindivisibleandthreatstoitarisefromfactorsoutsideoftheindividualbutalsobecausecommunallifegivesindividualstheculturalcontextinwhichtounderstandit.ernmentstypicallyhaveassumedanactiverolewithrespecttohealthcare,actingasiftheirrolewereobligatory.Howernmentshavefulfilledthatdutyhasvariedthroughouttimeandacrosssocieties,accordingnotonlytothewealthandscientificsophisticationoftheculturebutalsotoitsfundamentalvalues—becausehealthisdefinedinpartbyacommunity’sbeliefsystem,publichealthmeasureswillnecessarilyreflectculturalnormsandvalues.ThosewhocriticizetheUnitedStatesernmenttodayfornotprovidinghealthcaretoallcitizensequatetheprovisionofhealthcarewithinsurancecoverageforthecostsofmedicalexpenses.Bythisstandard,seventeenthandeighteenth-centuryAmericalackedanysignificantconceptionofpublichealthlaw.However,despitethegeneralpaucity(scarcity)ofbureaucraticorganizationpre-industrialAmerica,thevastextentofhealthregulationandprovisionstandsoutasremarkable.Ofcourse,thepublicroleintheprotectionandregulationofeighteenth-centuryhealthwascarriedoutinwaysquitedifferentfromthosetoday.Organizationsresponsibleforhealthregulationwerelessstablethanmodernbureaucracies,tendingtoappearincrisesandfadeawayinperiodsofcalm.Thefocuswasonepidemicswhichwereseenasunnaturalandwarrantingaresponse,nottothemanyprevalentandchronicconditionswhichwereacceptedaspartandparcelofdailylife.Additionally,andnotsurprisingly,religiousinfluencewassignificant,especiallyintheseventeenthcentury.Finally,inanerawhichlackedsharpdivisionsbetweenprivateand ernmentalbodies,manypublicresponsibilitieswerecarriedoutbywhatwewouldnowconsiderprivateassociations.Nevertheless,theextentofpublichealthregulationlongbeforethedawnofthewelfarestateisremarkableandsuggeststhatthefoundinggeneration’sassumptionsabouttherelationshipbetween ernmentandhealthweremorecomplexthancommonlyassumed.theauthor’sprimarypurposeispresentandevaluatedifferentviewsregardingtheproperroleofernmentintheprovisionofhealthcare.arguefortheexpansionoftheUnitedStates ernment’sroleregardingtheprovisionofhealthcare.tracethehistoricaldevelopmentoftheUnitedStates ernment’sroleintheprovisionofhealthcare.discussthesocietalcausesofepidemicdiseasesandproposeaforaddressingthosecauses.theauthormentionsallofthefollowingascausesofepidemicdiseasesexpandinginternationalrapidgeneralinadequatesanitationinadequatepreventivehealththeauthorwouldagreethathealthcareisinherentlyapublicconcernforallofthefollowingreasonsEXCEPTthatthebenefitsofhealthcareareindivisibleamongitsthehealthofan ernmentshavetypicallyactedasiftheyhaveadutytoprovidehealthdiseaseisfullycomprehendedonlywithinthecontextofone’sparticularWhichofthefollowingfindstheLEASTsupportinthe ernmenttodayaddresseshealthconcernsthatformerlywerenotconsideredseriousenoughtowarrant ernmentinvolvement.Philosophicalconsiderationsyalesssignificantroleintheformulationofpublichealth-carepoliciesthanbefore.Whatwereoncepublichealth-carefunctionsarenowservedbyorganizationsintheUnitedModernpublichealth-careagenciesareestablishednotastemporarymeasuresbutratheraspermanentestablishments.Whichofthefollowingbestexpressesthemainpointofthelast ernment’sroleinhealthcarehasnotexpandedovertimetotheextentthatmanycriticshaveasserted. ernmentshouldlimititsinvolvementinhealthcaretothepreventionofepidemicdiseases.Historysuggeststhattheernmenthasyedasignificantroleinprovisionofhealthcare.Healthproblemstroublingpre-industrialAmericaresultedlargelyfrominadequatepublichealthcare.PassageTherewillbeasteadytrendtowardvegetarianism.Agiventyofgroundcanprovidentfoodformanoritcanprovidentfoodforanimalswhicharelaterkilledformeat.Inconvertingthetissuesoffoodintothetissuesofthefeeder,upto90percentisusedforreasonsotherthantissuemaintenanceandgrowth.Thismeansthatonehundredpoundsofntfoodwillsupporttenpoundsofhumantissue—whileonehundredpoundsofntfoodwillsupporttenpoundsofanimaltissue,whichwillthensupportonepoundofhumantissue.Inotherwords,landdevotedtontfoodwillsupporttentimesasmanyhumanbeingsaslanddevotedtoanimalfood.Itisthis(farmorethanfoodpopulationsorreligiousdirections)thatsovercrowdedpopulationsintovegetarianism.AnditwillbethedirectioninwhichtheUnitedStatesof2001willbemoving—notbyialorder,butthroughtheofasteadyriseinmeatpricesascomparedwithotherkindsoffood.This,inturn,willcomeaboutbecauseourherdswilldecreaseasthefooddemandcausesmoreandmoremeadowtobeturnedtofarmland,andaslandproducingcornandotheranimalfoodisconvertedtoprovidingfooddirectlyforman.Anotherpointisthatitisnotonlyenergythatisinshortsupply.Ashortageofoilmeansashortageofstics;ashortageofelectricitymeansashortageofaluminum.WearealsoexperiencingashortageofpaperandmostotherrawThismeansthat,foronething,ourgenerosityinwrap,baggingandpackagingwillhavetorecede.Therewillhavetobeatleastapartialreturninsupermarketstotheolddayswheregoodsweredinbulkandgivenoutinbagstoorder.Itmayevenenecessarytoreturnbags,asweoncereturnedbottles,orpayfornewones.Adeclineinper-capitaenergyusewillmakeitnecessarytoresorttohumanmuscleagain,sothatthedeliverymanwillmakeacomeback(hispriceaddedtothatofthefood,ofcourse).Sinceenergyshortageswillcauseunemploymentinmanysectorsoftheeconomy,therewillbeidlehandstodothemanualworkthatwillenecessary.Fromanenergy-savingstandpoint,itwouldmakefarmoresensetoorderbyphoneandhaveasingletruckdeliverfoodtomanyhomes,thanforamemberofeachhometodriveanauto,round-trip,topickupaone-familyfoodTobesure,itwillnotallberetrogression.EvenassumingthatEarthisinadesperatebattleofsurvivalthroughacrisisofstillrisingpopulationanddwindlingenergyreserves,thereshouldstillcontinuetobetechnologicaladvancesinthosedirectionsthatdon’tdependonwastefulbulkusesofenergy.Therewillbecontinuingadvancesinthedirectionof“sophistication”,inotherweknowfromthetextvegetarianismisthenaturalresultofpeople’sfoodthepresentfarmlandcanproducemorevegetablesthananimalvegetarianismistobecausedbythescarcityofanimalmeatitispeople’sfoodpreferencesthatwillleadtoAccordingtothetheUSinhabitantswillgovegetarianbecausetheirdemandformeatcanhardlybefullysatisfied.neithertheialordernorthecontinuousriseinmeatpricescanalterpeople’sfoodpreferences.withthedevelopmentoftheUSnation,moreandmoregrasslandwillbedevotedtoanimalfood.theincreaseinfoodproductionwon’tbeabletocopewiththerapidgrowthofpeople’sfooddemand.TheshortageofenergywillresultasteadydecreaseinthefeedingofacontinualdropintherecycleofusedbagsandadreturntoamoreprimitivestateofcertainagreatreductioninthekindsofmotorThephrase“willhavetorecede”inPara.6mostprobably“mustpartiallydecreasethecurrent“iscertaintomovebackfromthepresent“willbesuretoreducethestated“willcertainlyslopeawayfromthementionedTheauthorstateshisviewsupermarketssoldgoodsinsmallamountsandgavethemoutinpaperbagsinthepast. swillbeeasytofindjobstodomanuallaborowingtoenergyitwouldbemuchmoresensibletobuythingsin thantoobtainthembyanymedium.hefeelsoptimisticaboutthefutureforhumanbeingtosurvivethecrisisofenergyexhaustion..PassageThewidespreadadoptionoftheInternetandtheWebmakesitpossibleadministerquestionnairesurveyselectronically,potentiallyachievingmuchgreatercost-effectivenessandpermittingtheintegrationofdatafrommanysources.Atthesametime,therearesignificanttechnicalchallengesthatmustbemet,especiallyintheareasoflogisticsandsampling.Recognizingtheneedforinnovationinthisandrelatedareas,theNSFMethodology,Measurement,andStatisticsProgram,incollaborationwithaconsortiumoffederalstatisticalagenciesrepresentedbytheIngencyCouncilofStatisticalandtheFederalCommitteeonStatisticalMethodology,hasheldaspecialcompetitiononsurveyresearchmethods.Includedamongthetopicareasinthecompetitionannouncementis“secureandeasy-to-usemethodsofcollectingsurveydataviatheWeb”.ofnationalsamples.Forexample,theGSSadministersa90-minuteface-to-faceinterviewto1500Americanadultsatacostofabout$500perinterview.However,therespondentsarenotatruerandomsamplebecausecostconsiderationswithrespecttotheinterviewer’stravelrequirethatrespondentsberecruitedinalimitednumberofgeographicclusters,andthereisnolistofresidentsfromwhicharandomsamplecouldbedrawn.Thesmallnumberofgeographicareassurveyedlimitsscientists’abilitytolinkGSSdatatoothergeographicallybaseddatasuchastheU.S.census.BecauseofthehighcostandmanyresearchcommunitiesthatseektimeintheGSS,itisimpossibletoincludemorethanahandfulofquestionsonanyparticulartopic.ThispreventstheGSSfromemployingmuchofthebestmethodologyofmeasurementscaleconstruction,whichrequiresinclusionofalargenumberofitems.SurveysliketheGSSwillbeneededinfuturedecadestochartthechangingsocial,economic,andpoliticalconditionsoftheAmericanpublic.Butmanytypesofsocialsciencewilladvancemorerapidlythroughsurveysadministeredovertheweb.Web-basesurveyscanreachverylargenumbersofrespondentsatlowcost.Theywillbegeographicallydispersedsothattheirdatacanbelinkedtothecensus,tolocaleconomicinformation,andtodatafromotherweb-basedsurveys.Itmightnotbepossibletoholdtheinterviewees’interestforthefull90-minutequestionnaireoftheGSS,butshorterdurationsurveysadministeredtoverylargenumbersofrespondentscanintheaggregateincludefarmoreitems,therebypermittingmuchfinermeasurementofscientificallyinterestingvariables.ThehighcostofmajornationalsurveysgenerallyhasrestrictedthetopicstudiedtothosethatespeciallyrequirehighlyrepresentativesamplessuchasfamilystructureandeconomicstatusinthePanelStudyofeDynamicsandvotingbehaviorintheAmericanNationalElectionStudy,datafrombothofwhicharenowlyavailableovertheweb.Avastarrayofotherscientificresearchareas,therefore,havelanguishedfrommanyyearswithoutthelarge-scalesurveydatathatwouldpermitknowledgetoprogress.AdministeringsurveysviatheWebwouldresultthereductionofcostinvolvedindatasecureandeasy-to-usemethodsofcollectingmoreconvincingconclusionsonthematteralloftheThesecondparagraphismainlythedifferencesbetweentheWeb-basedandtraditionaltheadvantagesoftheWeb-basedtheweaknessesofthetraditionalthecostinvolvedinconductingtraditionalWhatmakestraditionalsurveysunscientificaccordingtothesecondThesamplingisnotmadestrictlyTheinterviewhastobeconductedface-to-ImproperquestionsareoftenincludedinaSelectionofrespondentsisoftenamatter alTheauthorfirmlybelievesthatWeb-basedsurveysenhancetheeconomicstatusofapromotetheprogressofsocialchangesocial,economicandpoliticalconditionsoftheholdtheinterviewees’interestlongerthantraditionalItisimpliedinthelastsentencemanyscientificareasstopmakingbreakthroughsforlackofeffectivedatacollection.scientificresearchstillmakesprogresswithoutlarge-scalesurveytheprogressofknowledgedependsonachievementsmadebyallareasofsciencetogether.scientificresearchhasmadelittleprogressbeforethewidespreadadoptionoftheInternet.PassageTeachingisunquestionablyoneofthemostimportantcommitmentsonecanmakeforthefutureeconomicprosperityofasociety.Sadly,itisaprofessionthathaslargelyunderpaiditsworkerswhileincreasingthecomplexityoftheresponsibilitiesitsworkersface.TherecentbudgetrevisionproposalbyernorGrayDavisofCaliforniaseekstorecognizetheimportantcontributionofteacherstotheCaliforniaeconomybypermanentlyexcludingteachersfrompayingstate etaxes.Onthesurfaceitisindeedagoodgesture,butitisbadpublicInordertoattractteachersitmakessensetoraisetheirsalaries.PublicschoolteachersintheUnitedStatesmakeallaverageof$39,300accordingtotheAmericanFederationofteachers,withastartingsalaryof$25,700.Comparingthestartingsalaryofateacherwiththatofaserviceoccupationintheprivatesectorsuchasacomputerprogrammer,atpresentinmuchdemandinCalifornia,wherethestartingsalaryis$40,800,thewagedifferentialisstark.Asaresult,formanyyoungadultslookingforjobsaftergraduationwithaBachelor’sdegreegoingintotheprivatesectorisamoreeconomicallyrewardingoption.RemovingstateetaxesinCalifornia,however,isnotthewaytoincentivesforgraduatesto eteachers.Thefirstconsiderationisthatfinanciallythegainsfromnon-paymentof etaxesisnotverylarge.Intheernor’sbudgetn,ateachermaking$30,000willgain$502morebynotpayingthe etax.ItissimplyridiculoustothinkafewdollarsayearisgoingtomakeanyonereevaluatetheircareerAlso,inofferingstateexemptiontoteachers,theernorisopeningupaPandora’sBox.Exemptingteachersisanicefeel-good,butitsinglesoutteachersasbeingsomehowmorevaluablethanotherpublicservicesworkerssuchasofficersorsocialworkers.Prettysoon,varioustypesofpublicservantswillbeaskingtheernorfortaxexemptionsfortheirimportantcontributionstothepublic.Wherewouldthelimitbeset?ThesearealsogoodtimesforCalifornia,andthe$545millioninestimatedtaxrevenuelosttothisproposalmaynotbemuchnowbutinhardtimesitmaybe.Whenthingsturnsourastheydidintheearly1990s,educationsawdrasticcutsinitsbudgetandCaliforniaisatpresentcatchinguptotheexpecteddemandforeducation.Oncethisproposalgoesintoceitwillbenexttoimpossibletoreverseitgiventhestrongpoliticalofteachers’unions.Theernoristreadinganunchartedterritorythatmaynotbehospitableinarecession.Inasocietywheretaxationisideallysupposedtobeanequitablemethodforernmentstoobtainrevenue,lettingthe ernment,beitstate,localorfederal,makesubjectivevaluejudgmentsontaxationbasedonoccupationwilldiminishthevalidityofthewholeprocess.Publicmustbeequitableallitsconstituents.Anything essomethingotherthanpublicThefirstparagraphisintendedtolthereadersthestateexemptiontoteachers etaxesisill-teachersareindispensabletothedevelopmentoftherecentbudgetrevisionwasproposedbythestatetheexclusionofteachersfrom etaxesisTheunderlinedword“stark”inthesecondparagraphmostprobably (A) (B) (C) (D)Fromthispassage,welearn teaching eamoreeconomicallyrewardingtheernor’sbudgetnhasbeenrejectedbymosttheernor’sproposalishardlyequitableforallmembersoftheernor’sproposalofexemptiontoteachersisThebesttitleforthispassageshould Theernor’s TheCompleteEquityofTeachersAretheernor’sAPandora’sBoxOpenedbythePartThree:TranslatetheFollowingSentencesintoEnglish(20 一致的認(rèn)可。一個(gè)良好的會(huì)計(jì)制度也將有助于提高的責(zé)任感和理性地制定決策。政政策的選擇著兩難境地。9.5％6.8％，PartFour:ReadtheFollowingTextCarefullyandTranslatetheFiveUnderlinedSegmentsinto(20points)(1)Toexinwhysomecountriesgrowmorerapidlythanothe