同濟(jì)09年考博英語真題

TheUniversityintransformation,editedbyAustralianfuturistsSohailInayatullahandJenniferGidley,presentssome20highlyvariedoutlooksontomorrow'suniversitiesbywritersrepresentingbothWesternandmon-Westerns.Theiressaysraiseabroadrangeofissues,questioningnearlyeverykeyassumptionwehaveabouthighereducationtoday.ThemostwidelydiscussedalternativetothetraditionalcampusistheInternetUniversity-avoluntarycommunitytoscholars/teachersphysicallyscatteredthroughoutacountryoraroundtheworldbutalllinkedincyberspace.Acomputerizeduniversitycouldhavemanyadvantages,suchaseasyscheduling,efficientdeliveryoflecturestothousandsorevenmillionsofstudentsatonce,andreadyaccessforstudentseverywheretotheresourcesofalltheworld'sgreatYettheInternetUniversityposesdangers,too.Forexample,alineoffranchisedcourseware,producedbyafewsuperstarteachers,marketedunderthebrandnameofafamousinstitution,andheavilyadvertised,mighteventuallycometodominatetheglobaleducationmarket,warnssociologyprofessorPeterManicasoftheUniversityofHawaiiatManoa.Besidesenforcingarigidlystandardizedcurriculum,sucha"collegeeducationinabox"couldunderselltheofferingsofmanytraditionalbrickandmortarinstitutions,effectivelydrivingthenoutofbusinessandthrowingthousandsofcareeracademicsoutofwork,noteAustraliancommunicationsprofessorsDavidRooneyandGregOntheotherhand,whileglobalconnectivityseemshighlylikelytoysomesignificantroleinfuturehighereducation,thatdoesnotmeangreateruniformityincoursecontent-orother-willnecessarilyfollow.Counter-movementsarealsoatManyinacademia,includingscholarscontributingtothisvolume,arequestioningthefundamentalmissionofuniversityeducation.Whatif,forinstance,insteadofreceivingprimarilytechnicaltrainingandbuildingtheirindividualcareers,universitystudentsandprofessorscouldfocustheirlearningandresearcheffortsonexistingproblemsintheirlocalcommunitiesandtheworld?FeministscholarIvanaMilojevicdarestodreamwhatauniversitymight "ifwebelievedthatchild-careworkersandteachersinearlychildhoodeducationshouldbeoneofthehighest（ratherthanlowest）paidCo-editorJenniferGidleyshowshowtomorrow'suniversityfaculty,insteadofgivinglecturesandconductingindependentresearch,maytakeonthreenewroles.Somewouldactasbrokers,customizeddegree-creditprogrammesforindividualstudentsbymixingandmatchingthebestcourseofferingsavailablefrominstitutionsallaroundtheworld.Asecondgroup,mentors,wouldfunctionmuchliketoday'sfacultyadvisers,butarelikelytobeworkingwithmanymorestudentsoutsidetheirownacademicspecialty.ThiswouldrequirethemtoconstantlybelearningfromtheirstudentsaswellasinstructingAthirdnewroleforfaculty,andinGidley'sviewthemostchallengingandrewardingofall,wouldbeasmeaning-makers:charismaticsagesandpractitionersleadinggroupsofstudents/colleaguesincollaborativeeffortstofindspiritualaswellasrationalandtechnologicalsolutionstospecificreal-worldMoreover,thereseemslittlereasontosupposethatanyoneformofuniversitymustnecessarilydriveoutallotheroptions.Studentsmaybe"enrolled"incoursesofferedatvirtualcampusesontheInternet,between-orevenduring-sessionsatareal-worldproblem-focusedinstitution.Asco-editorSohailInayatullahpointsoutinhisintroduction,nofutureisinevitable,andtheveryactofimaginingandthinkingthroughalternativepossibilitiescandirectlyaffecthowthoughtfully,creativelyandurgentlyevenadominanttechnologyisadaptedandapplied.Eveninacademia,thefuturebelongstothosewhocareenoughtoworktheirvisionsintopractical,sustainablerealities.WhenthebookreviewerdiscussestheInternetheisinfavourofhisviewisheisslightlycriticalofheisstronglycriticalofWhichofthefollowingisNOTseenasapotentialdangeroftheInternetUniversity?

Internet-basedcoursesmaybelesscostlythanTeachersintraditionalinstitutionsmaylosetheirjobs.C.internet-basedcoursewaremaylackvarietyincoursecontent.D.TheInternetUniversitymayproduceteacherswithalotAccordingtothereview,whatisthefundamentalmissiontraditionaluniversityKnowledgelearningandcareerbuilding.B.Learninghowtosolveexistingsocialproblems.C.Researchingintosolutionstocurrentworldproblems.biningresearcheffortsofteachersandstudentsinJudgingfromtheThreenewrolesenvisionedfortomorrow'suniversityfaculty,universityteachersarerequiredtoconductmoreindependentarerequiredtooffermorecoursetotheiraresupposedtoassumemoredemandingaresupposedtosupervisemorestudentsintheirWhichcategoryofwritingdoesthereviewbelongto?ningonthenfrontierisanexperiencebyitself.Neitherthelandscapenorthepeoplefindtheircounterpartsinanyotherportionoftheglobe.Valleywallsrisesteeplyfiveorsixthousandfeetoneveryside.Thecolumnscrawlthroughamazeofgiantcorridorsdownwhichfiercesnow-fedtorrentsfoamunderskiesofbrass.Amidthesescenesofsavagebrilliancytheredwellsaracewhosequalitiesseemtoharmonizewiththeirenvironment.Exceptatharvest-time,whenself-preservationrequiresatemporarytruce,thePathantribesarealwaysengagedinprivateorpublicwar.Everymanisawarrior,apoliticianandatheologian.Everylargehouseisarealfeudalfortressmade,itistrue,onlyofsun-bakedclay,butwithbattlements,turrets,loopholes,drawbridges,plete.Everyvillagehasitsdefence.Everyfamilycultivatesitsvendetta;everyclan,itsfeud.Thenumeroustribesandcombinationsoftribesallhavetheiraccountstosettlewithoneanother.Nothingiseverforgotten,andveryfewdebtsareleftunpaid.Forthepurposesofsociallife,inadditiontotheconventionaboutharvest-time,amostelaboratecodeofhonourhasbeenestablishedandisonthewholefaithfullyobserved.Amanwhoknewitandobserveditfaultlesslymightpassunarmedfromoneendofthefrontiertoanother.Theslightesttechnicalslipwould,however,befatal.ThelifeofthePathanisthusfullofinterest;andhisvalleys,nourishedalikebyendlesssunshineandabundantwater,arefertileenoughtoyieldwithlittlelabourthemodestmaterialrequirementsofasparsepopulation.Intothishappyworldthenineteenthcenturybroughttwonewfacts:therifleandtheBritishernment.Thefirstwasanenormousluxuryandblessing;thesecond,anunmitigatednuisance.Theconvenienceoftheriflewasnowheremoreappreciatedthaninthenhighlands.Aweaponwhichwouldkillwithaccuracyatfifteenhundredyardsopenedawholenewvistaofdelightstoeveryfamilyorclanwhichcouldacquireit.Onecouldactuallyremaininone'sownhouseandfireatone'sneighbournearlyaaway.Onecouldlieinwaitonsomehighcrag,andathithertounheard-ofrangeshitahorsemanfarbelow.Evenvillagescouldfireateachotherwithoutthetroubleofgoingfarfromhome.Fabulouspriceswerethereforeofferedforthesegloriousproductsofscience.Rifle-thievesscouredalltoreintheeffortsofthehonestsmuggler.Asteadyflowofthecovetedweaponsspreaditsgenialinfluencethroughoutthefrontier,andtherespectwhichthePathantribesmenentertainedforChristiancivilizationwasvastlyenhanced.TheactionoftheBritishernmentontheotherhandwasentirelyunsatisfactory.Thegreatorganizing,advancing,absorbingpowertothesouthwardseemedtobelittlebetterthanamonstrousspoil-sport.IfthePathanmadeforaysintotheins,notonlyweretheydrivenback（whichafterallwasnomorethanfair）,butawholeseriesofsubsequentinterferencestookce,followedatintervalsbyexpeditionswhichtoiledlaboriouslythroughthevalleys,scoldingthetribesmenandexactingfinesforanydamagewhichtheyhaddone.Noonewouldhavemindedtheseexpeditionsiftheyhadsimplycome,hadafightandthengoneawayagain.Inmanycasesthiswastheirpracticeunderwhatwascalledthe"butcherandbolt"towhichtheernmentoflongadhered.Buttowardstheendofthenineteenthcenturytheseintrudersbegantomakeroadsthroughmanyofthevalleys,andinparticularthegreatroadtoChitral.Theysoughttoensurethesafetyoftheseroadsbythreats,byfortsandbysubsidies.Therewasnoobjectiontothelastmethodsofarasitwent.Butthewholeofthistendencytoroad-makingwasregardedbythePathanswithprofounddistaste.Allalongtheroadpeoplewereexpectedtokeepquiet,nottoshootoneanother,andaboveallnottoshootattravellersalongtheroad.Itwastoomuchtoask,andawholeseriesofquarrelstooktheiroriginfromthissource.Theworddebtsin"veryfewdebtsareleftunpaid"inthefirstparagraphmeans B． WhichofthefollowingisNOToneofthegeographicalfactsaboutthenfrontier?Melting B.LargeC.Steep D.FertileAccordingtothepassage,the theintroductionofthethespreadofBritishtheextensionofthespreadofBuildingroadsbytheputanendtoawholeseriesofpreventedthePathansfromearningonlessenedthesubsidiespaidtothegavethePathansamuchquieterAsuitabletitleforthepassagewouldningonthenWhythePathansresentedtheBritishThepopularityofriflesamongtheThePathansat。。，業(yè)把人口分散到各地蒸氣機(jī)的發(fā)明以及后來的汽油機(jī)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)確保了方便的生團(tuán)聚的時(shí)候，有不常見面但仍然熟悉的人到一起，從而可以了解到使一家子的人實(shí)際上并不住在一起，相隔也不過幾步路很少到遙遠(yuǎn)的地方娶親外地人的女子在被帶到丈夫家的時(shí)候，幾乎肯定要最后的告別父。。，，是時(shí)代的人牢固的確立了團(tuán)聚的風(fēng)俗人們對(duì)這種重要時(shí)節(jié)的們必須和成年人的兒女們一起彈鋼琴后朗誦來使大伙兒快樂，此時(shí)們戚們不妙的預(yù)測，對(duì)大叔的和共同的的對(duì)童年時(shí)代的回憶，Eversinceitsdiscovery,Plutohasneverreallyfittedin.AfterthepaleandglowinggiantNeptune,itislittlemorethanacosmicdustmite,sweptthroughthefarthestreachesofthesolarsystemonanewildlytiltedrelativetotherestofthenets.ItissmallerthanNeptune'slargestmoon,andthearcofitsorbitissoovalthatitoccasionallycrossesitsmassiveblueneighbor'spath.Foryears,ithasbeenseenasoursolarsystem'soddestnet.Yesterday,however,scientistsreleasedperhapsthemostconvincingevidenceyetthatPluto,infact,isnotanetatall.Forthefirsttime,astronomershavepeeredintoabeltofrocksPluto-unknownuntil10yearsago-andfoundaworldthatrivalsPlutoinsize.Thescientistspositthatlargerrocksmustbeoutthere,perhapsevenlargerthanPluto,meaningPlutoismorelikelythekingofthisdistantrealmofspacedetritusthanthetiniestoftheninenets.Whendiscoveredin1930,"Plutoatthatpointwastheonlything(thatfar),outthere,sotherewasnothingelsetocallitbutanet,"saysMikeBrown,anastronomerattheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyinPasadena."Nowitjustdoesn'tfit."Inonesense,thequestionofPluto'snetarystatusisarcane,theprovinceofpocket-protectedscientistsandsun-deprivedpenpushersdeterminedtodecidesomeofficialdesignationforaballofdustandice3billionaway.Yetitisalsounquestionablysomethingmore.Fromsciencefairdioramastoernmentfunding,netsholdaspecialceinthepublicimagination,andhowPlutoiseventuallyseen--bykidsandCongressalike-couldshapewhatfuturegenerationslearnaboutthismysteriousoutpostontheedgeofthesolarsystem.Thedebatehassplittheastronomicalcommunityfordecades.EvenbeforethedistantbandofrocksknownastheKuiperBeltwasfound,Pluto'sunusualbehaviormadeitsuspicious.Elsewhere,thesolarsystemfitintonearfamilies:therockyinnernets,theasteroidbelt,thehugeandgaseousouternets.Pluto,though,waspeculiar.WiththediscoveryoftheKuiperBelt--countlessbitsofrockandiceleftunusedwhenthewheelofthesolarsystemfirstformed-Plutosuddenlyseemedtohavecousins.Yetuntilyesterday,itheldtoitsnetarydistinctionbecauseitwasfarlargerthananythinglocatedthere.TherubnowisQuaoar(pronouncedKWAH-oar),1billion Plutoandroughlyhalfaslarge.NamedafterthecreationofthetribethatoriginalIyinhabitedtheLosAngelesbasin,Quaoarforecastsproblemsfortheerstwhileninthnet,saysdiscovererDr.Brown:"ThecaseisgoingtogetalothardertodefendthedaysomebodyfindssomethinglargerthanPluto."Tosome,theproblemisnotwithPluto,butthedefinitionof"net."Inshort,thereisnone.TotheGreeks,whocoinedtheterm,itmeant"wanderer,"describingthewaythatthenetsmovedacrossthenightskydifferentlyfromthestarsbehindtherm.Today,withourmorenuancedunderstandingoftheuniverse,thewordnolongerhasmuchscientificmeaning.lumitwiththeKuiperBeltobjectsinitshugeofthesolarsystem.Inreality,however,thenetariumwasmakingamuchbroaderstatement,saysNellDegrasseTyson,anastrophysicistthere.Thetextbooksofthefutureshouldfocusmoreonfamiliesoflikeobjectsthan"nets."ThediscoveryofQuaoarstrengthensthisidea:"Everyoneneedstorethinkthestructureofoursolarsystem,"hesays."We'vejuststoppedcountingStill,manyareloathtopartwiththenetPluto.TheynotethatPluto,infact,isdistinctfrommanyKuiperBeltobjects.Ithasathinatmosphere,forone.Itreflectsagreatdealoflight,whilemostKuiperBeltobjectsareverydark.AndunlikeallbutahandfulofknownKuiperBeltobjects,ithasamoon."MaybePluto,then,shouldberepresentativeofanewclassofnets,"saysMarkSykes,anastronomerattheUniversityofArizonainTucson."It'sthefirstexample,andwearejustbeginningtofindthisWhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtotheRockslargerthanPlutohavebeenfoundintheKuiperTheKuiperBeltdidnotexistwhenPlutowasfirstTheastronomersaredividedwithregardtothestatusofThereisalmostnodifferencebetweenPlutoandotherKuiperBeltFromwhenwasPlutoseriouslyquestionedaboutitsnetaryAsearlyas (B)Morethanadecade(C)WhentheKuiperBeltwas (D)WhenQuaoarwasThesentence"Inshort,thereisnone."(para.7)canbeparaphrasedaswhichoftheThereisnoproblemwithPluto'snetaryThereisnotmuchdifferencebetweenPlutoandotherThereisyetnoscientificdefinitionoftheterm"ThereisnocleardistinctionbetweennetsandItisfarthestfromthe (B)Itisunusually(C)Itsorbitistoo (D)Itmainlyconsistsofdustandyearsago"(para.8)canberecedby exchangeof (B)thorough(C)wild (D)agitatedThe100AkerWoodmaylooklikeadark,forbiddingcethesedaysforMichaelD.Eisner.That'swhereWinniethePooh,Piglet,andEeyorelive,andthecartooncharacters-whichrepresentatleast$1billionayearinrevenuesforEisner'sWaltDisneyCo.--areinfullrevolt.A12-years-oldlawsuit,sealedinaLosAngelescourtuntilJanuary,hascometolight,andaseriesofcourtrulingsthreatenthemediagiantwithhundredsofmillionsinoverduelicensepaymentsandpossiblythelossofoneofitsmostlucrativeproperties.HowlargeahitDisneywilltakeisstillindispute.Disneyappealingtworulings,includingoneallegingthatexecutivesknowinglydestroyedimportantpapersrelatedtoitslicensingdeals.ThePoohaffairmayseemminoratatimewhenEisnerisunderattackforDisney’schronicallyweakstockpriceandABC'sanemicratings,buttheDisneychairmanhardlyneedsmorejostlingfromaSillyOldBear.What'smore,theimpactcouldbesignificant.AfteracknowledgingtotheSecurities﹠ExchangeCommissiononAug.9that"damagescouldtotalasmuchasseveralhundredmilliondollars"orthelossofthelicensingagreement,Disneywashitwithnewshareholderlawsuits.Disneywantstokeepitsgriponthatbearandhishoneyjar.PoohisDisney'ssinglelargestproperty,saysMartinBrockstein,executiveeditorofTheLicensingLetter.Thataddsuptoabout$100millioninoperatingearningsfromroyaltiesonPoohT-shirts,backpacks,andothermerchandise,figuresGerardKlauerMatheson﹠Co.ystJeffreyLogsdon.Lastyear,Disneypaid$352milliontoonepairofheirsofWinnie-the-PoohauthorA.A.Milne.ButthefamilyofStephenA.Slesinger,aNewYorkliryagentwhoboughttheS.rightsin1930,saysDisneyowesthem$200milliononlicensesforT-shirtsandothermerchandiseandhascutthementirelyoutofthelucrativecassetteandDVDarena.HeadedbyShirleySlesingerLasswell,an80-year-oldwidowwhotravelswithaWinnie-the-Poohbeareverywhere,thefamilycontendsitisowedcloseto$1billion,sayitslawyers.Disney,whichsaysitpaystheSlesingers$12millionayear,insiststhe$1billionfigureisapublicitystunt."The1930contractsaystheygetroyaltiesonmerchandisealone,notallexploitation,"saysDisneyattorneyDanielJ.Petrocelli.TheSlesingersalsochargethatDisneylostsrelatedtomerchandisesalesanddestroyedothersthatextendedtheaccordtoDVDsandtapes.OnJune18,LosAngelesSuperiorCourtJudgeErnestM.HiroshigerejectedtheauditbyaforensicaccountanthethoughtundulyfavoredDisneyandfoundthatDisney"misusedthediscoveryprocess"byhidingthefactthatitdestroyedsthatmighthaveexpandedthelicensingagreementtotapesandDVDs.Absentthoses-whichincludethepapersofthelateDisneyConsumerProductschiefVincentJefferd-thecasemayhingeonthe"mommymemo."Thatmemo,writtenin1983bySlesingerdaughterPatriciatohermother,Shirley,describesameetingwithJefferdsattheBeverlyHillsHoatwhichJefferdsallegedlytoldPatricia"thatsandallthesenewthingswerecoveredandtoshutupaboutit,"accordingtocourts.BecauseDisneydestroyedJefferds'letters,Ju