語料庫在英語教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用

語料庫在英語教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用

外研社2008暑期高校老師研修班研修匯報

匯報人李靜主講專家梁茂成教授北京外國語高校中國外語教化探討中心專職探討員,博士生導(dǎo)師.李文中教授河南師范高校外國語學(xué)院院長,博士,探討方向為語料庫語言學(xué),語料庫與外語教學(xué)探討,計算機協(xié)助語言教學(xué)探討.許家金博士北京外國語高校中國外語教化探討中心專職探討員.1.什么是語料庫?2.誰能用到語料庫?3.語料庫在英語教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用Acollectionofnaturallyoccurringlanguagetext,chosentocharacterizeastateorvarietyofalanguage(Sinclair1991)What’scorpora?特點:容量大,語料真實,檢索快捷精確電腦語料庫是一個由大量在真實狀況下運用的語言信息集成的,可供計算機檢索的,特地作探討運用的巨型資料庫.語料庫的類型原始語料庫(rawcorpora)將現(xiàn)實中運用的口頭和筆頭語用文字形式收集起來,按確定的原則(語域,語體,歷時,共時等)歸類匯編起來的各種語料庫.駙碼語料庫(annotatedcorpora),這是指對原始語料進行了詞性,語法,語音,語義或語篇的語料庫學(xué)習(xí)者語料庫(learnerscorpora),即非母語學(xué)習(xí)者的口頭和書面語料庫,其中包括注有學(xué)習(xí)者拼法和語法差錯標記以及改錯提示的語料庫.如ICLE(國際英語學(xué)習(xí)者書面語料庫),LINDSEI(國際英語學(xué)習(xí)者口語語料庫),(中國英語學(xué)習(xí)者書面語料庫)(桂師春2001)和(中國學(xué)生英語口筆語語料庫.(文秋芳王立非)Corpora’sUsersEFLteachersLanguagelearnersTextbookmakersLexicographersCorpusresearchersLinguistsofmanykindsComputationallinguistsAutomatictranslationOnedoesn’thavetobeacomputerexpertoraprogrammertousecorpora.語料庫在英語教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用語料庫將大量有真實語境意義的實例以數(shù)據(jù)或語境共現(xiàn)的形式呈現(xiàn)在學(xué)習(xí)者面前,能夠形成一種吸引學(xué)習(xí)者留意力,有利于強化記憶以及幫助學(xué)習(xí)者利用語境獲得語義和總結(jié)規(guī)律的學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境.利用語料庫信息檢驗教學(xué)大綱的語法排序CanmustmayshallwillMindt(英國口語語料庫)的前12篇以英語為本族語者的對話語料調(diào)查中發(fā)覺,will的出現(xiàn)頻率僅次于can,大大高于must和may.begoingto放在will前教利用語料庫信息編排教學(xué)內(nèi)容Some用于確定句,any一般用于否定句和疑問句.50%的any竟是用于確定式陳述句30%-40%的any用于否定式陳述句10%用于疑問句初中英語教材第一冊69例any中,44例為否定句,25例為疑問句,無一例為確定句語料庫干脆用做課堂教材從語料庫選取一批/篇文章,或者針對某一語法句型和詞匯事先從語料庫里提取一批實例,稍做處理之后便可拿到課堂上運用,使學(xué)生接觸到大量真實,簇新的閱讀材料.由學(xué)生干脆參與選材選例的過程.如將某報刊文章制作成報刊語料庫光盤作為學(xué)生的英語閱讀課教材.詞匯教學(xué)Variablevarious語法教學(xué)關(guān)于which的問題哪些例句顯示which不是用做關(guān)系代詞,依據(jù)是什么?哪些例句中的which可以用that替代?為什么有的例句中的which不能用that來替代?Beforeclass…

QuestionsweoftenponderVocabularylearningWhatarethecommonwords(常見詞)andtheircommonuses(常見用法)?Howaboutthecollocation(搭配)ofaword?Whataretheprobablecollocates(可能搭配)ofaword?Whatisthesemanticpreference（語義上的選擇，情感上的傾向等）

ofaword?Beforeclass…

SpecificquestionsforclassroomteachingHowmanywordsareusedinatext(oracollectionoftexts),andhowoften?Howlongarethosewords,sentences,andparagraphs?Whatarethemostcommonwordsinatext?Howmuchvocabularyisneededtoreadaspecifictext?Howmanywordsdothestudentsalreadyknow，howmanytheymaynotknow,andhowmanywordsarenotonthelistspecifiedinasyllabus?Howtodeterminethedifficultylevelofatextcomparedwithatextbookmaterial?Whatarethosewordsthatthestudentsfrequentlyusedintheirwritings?Inclass…

HowcanIparaphraseaword,asentence,andevenawholetext?HowshouldIlookfortheinstancesofawordoraphraseinthesimilarcontext?HowshouldIdesignexercises,quizzes,andotherfollow-upactivitiesbasedthereallanguagedata?HowshouldIdealwithgrammar,lexisandpatterns?HowshouldIknowwhichwordsareuniquetoaparticulartext?Afterclass…

AssessinglearningWhatarethetypicalproblemsencounteringourlearners?GrammarUseofwordUseofidiomsandcollocationsUseofpatternsSpokenandwrittendiscoursetranslationLearningdevelopmentWhatfactorscontributetoourlearners’proficiency?Arethereanydevelopmentstages?Afterclass…

TestinglearnersStudents’writingsOthertestitems例一對freehand的索引分析例二搜尋一下knowledge這個詞在英語為母語和英語為非母語的語料中的動詞搭配例三高校英語學(xué)生作文中knowledgeabilitysociety搭配的動詞有哪些,特征是什么?例四學(xué)生習(xí)作高分組和低分組產(chǎn)出性詞匯差異例5利用Antcorn軟件對比分析NewYorkTime和ChinaDaily對汶川地震報道的用詞差異ChinaDaily多次運用quake,而NewYorkTime運用詞匯更豐富ChinaDaily中出現(xiàn)的地名較多,而NewYorkTime運用的地名較籠統(tǒng)常用語料庫資源介紹見光盤others,Corpusindex語料庫搜尋軟件和搜尋網(wǎng)址介紹Usingcorpora…MakingwordlistsRankingandsortingGroupingwordfamilies:lemmaSpeciallists:affixes,categoriesWordclusterlistUsingwordlistsComparison&contrastDistributionandrecurrencesIntegratingwithathirdpartysoftwaretoolUsingcorpora…KWIC(keywordincontext):word-basedanalysisAwordstringAwordsequenceCollocation&collocatesPatternsPhraseologyandunitofmeaningKWIC&category-basedanalysisPOSanalysisPatternColligationSentencestructureUsingcorpora…Text-basedanalysisKeyword,keykeyword,associatesPlotanalysisGenreanalysisDiscourseanalysisSpokendiscourseanalysisWrittendiscourseanalysisCriticaldiscourseanalysisSpecialdiscourseanalysisUsingcorpora…LearnercorporaLearnerlanguageanalysisContrastInterlanguageanalysisAutomaticwritingratingTranslationstudiesParalleltexts:lookingfortranslationfactsTranslationunits,correspondingunitsUsingcorpora…UseintheclassroomDDL(data-drivenlearning)Web-basedlearningTextbookcorpusUsingmultimediacorpusWhatelse…ConstructingacorpusExploreitsusesDoingresearchButhow…Bo