出租車計(jì)價(jià)器畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中英文翻譯

出租車計(jì)價(jià)器畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中英文翻譯ABSTRACTInthispaper,amulti-channeltaximeterthatisabletodealwithmorethanonepassengersimultaneouslyisproposed.Inordertodemonstratethetheoryofoperationoftheproposedsystem,acompletedesignforanexperimentalthree-channeltaximeter(whoseprototypehasbeenbuiltundergrantfromtheEgyptianAcademyforScientificandTechnologicalResearch)ispresented.Systemlocation,outline,blockdiagramsaswellasdetailedcircuitdiagramsfortheexperimentaltaximeterarealsoincluded.1.INTRODUCTIONTransportingpeopleinthemorningfromtheirhomestotheirworksandbackintheafternoonhasbecomeabigprobleminbigcitiesespeciallyinundevelopedcountries.Asapartialsolutionofthisproblem,theauthoritiesinsomecountrieshad,unofficially,leftthetaxicabdriverstocarrydifferentpassengerstodifferentplacesattheSametime.Forexample,ataxicabwithfourseatsmaycarryfourdifferentpassengerswithoutanyrelationbetweenthemexceptthattheirwayoftravellingisthesame.Accordingly,ithasbecomeverydifficulttorelyonthepresentconventionalsingle-channeltaximetertodeterminethefarerequiredfromeachpassengerseparately.Accordingly,anunfairfinancialrelationwascreatedbetweenthetaxicabdriver,owner,passengersandthestatetaxationdepartment.Underthesecircumstances,taxicabdriversforcethepassengerstopaymorethanwhattheyshouldpay.Insomecasespassengershadtopaydoublefaretheyshouldpay.Withthepresentconventionalsingle-channeltaximeter,taxicabownersarenotabletodeterminethedailyincomeoftheirtaxicab.Insomecases(ataxicabwithfourseats)theymayonlygetonequarteroftheincomeofthetaxicab(collectedbythetaxicabdriver).Fromwhichtheyshouldpaythesalaryofthetaxicabdriveraswellasthecostoffuel,minorandmajorrepairsinadditiontothecardepreciation.Asamatteroffactthepositionofthetaxicabownersisnotsobadasitseems.Ageneralagreementhasbeenreachedbetweenthetaxicabdriversandownerssuchthatthedriversshouldguaranteeafixeddailyincometotheownersaswellasthepayingforthecostoffuelaswellastheminorrepaires.Eventhoughthetaxicabdriversstillsharethelargeportionoftheincomeofthetaxicab.Alsowiththepresenceofthesingle-channeltaximeter,ithasbecomeverydifficultforthestatetaxationdepartmenttoknowtheyearlyincomeofthetaxicabandaccordinglyithasbecomeverydifficulttoestimatethetaxestobepaidbythetaxicabowners.Inordertofacethisproblem,thestatetaxationdepartmenthadtoimposeafixedestimatedtaxesforeachseatofthetaxicabwhatevertheincomeofthetaxicab.Inthispaper,weintroducedamultichanneltaximeterthatcandealwithmorethanonepassengersimultaneously.Itshouldbepointedoutthatbythetermpassengerwemeanaonepersonoragroupofrelatedpersons.Itshouldalsobepointedoutthatourproposedmulti-channeltaximeterisnot,simply,amultidisplayreadouts.Asamatteroffactitcontainslogiccircuitsthatautomaticallychangesthefareperkillometeroftravellingdistanceorperminutesof'waitingtimeaccordingtothenumberofpassengershiringthetaxicab.Inthefollowingpartandasanexample,wewillpresentacompletedesignforathree-channeltaximeter.Blockdiagramsaswellasdetailedcircuitdiagramsoftheexperimentalthree-channeltaximeterarealsoincluded.AprototypehasbeenbuiltundergrantfromtheEgyptianAcademyforScientificandTechnologicalResearch.2.ANEXPERIMENTALTHREECHANNELTAXIMETERTheoryofoperationofourexperimentaldevicetoworkasanelectronicdigitaltaximeterisbasedonthefactthathespeedometercablerotatesonerevolutionforeachmeteroftravellingdistance.Accordingly,ifthespeedometercableiscoupledwithaspeedsensorthatgeneratesasinglepulseforeachmeteroftravellingdistance,thenourtaximetercouldbethreeupcountermodulesassociatedwithaspeedsensorunit.However,ourexperimentaltaximeterisnotsimplyathreedisplayreadouts.Asamatteroffactitcontainslogiccircuitsthatautomaticallychangesthefareperkilometeroftravellingdistanceorperminutesofwaitingtimeaccordingtothenumberofpassengershiringthetaxicab.Thedevicemaybesplittedintotwomainparts:Thefirstisthespeedsensorunitwhichmaybelocatedanywhereinthetaxicabsuchthataneasycouplingtothespeedometercablecanbeachieved.Thesecondunitcontainsthemainelectroniccircuit,thedisplayandcontrolpanel.Theunitshouldbelocatedsomewhereinfrontofboththedriverandthepassengers.ApossiblecomponentslocationsisshowninFigure1.A.SpeedSensorUnitThemainfunctionofthisunitistosupplytrainofpulseswhosefrequencyisproportionaltotheangularrotationofthewheels.ApossibleformofaspeedsensorisshowninFigure2.Ifmayconsistofatj.pica1permanentmagnetsinewavegeneratorwithitsoutputconnectedtoapulseshappingcircuit(twogeneralpurposesilicondiodes,1Kohmsresistorandaschmittriggerinverter).Inordertofindsomewaytodetectthemovementofthetaxicab,theoutputofthesinewavegeneratorisrectifiedthroughageneralpurposesilicondiodeDlthensmoothedbya1000Fcapacitor.TheoutputvoltageatterminalQisthenlimitedtothevalueof4.7voltsbyusingaIkohmsresistoraswellasazenerdiodeZD.ThelevelofthevoltageatterminalQwouldbehighwheneverthetaxicabismovingandwillbezerootherwise.Thisvoltagecanbeusedfortheautomaticswitchingfromdistancefaretotimefare.B.MainElectronicandDisplayUnitAsuggestedshapeforthemainelectronicanddisplayunitisshowninFigure3.Thecontrolanddisplaypanelcontainsall'controlsnecessaryforoperatingthetaximeteraswellasfourreadoutdisplays.Thefirstchannelwillgivethesumofmoneyrequiredfromthefirstpassenger,whilethesecondandthirdreadoutsareforthesecondandthirdpassengers,respectively.Thefourthreadoutwillgivethetotalincomeofthetaxicab.Thecontentsofthelastreadoutshouldbenonvolatileandbeabletoberetainedevenduringparkingthetaxicab.Thechannelrotaryselectorswitchs1,2and3havefullyclockwise/anticlockwisepositions.Inthefullyanticlockwiseposition,thecounterofthecorrespondingreadoutisblanckedanddisabled.Inthefullyclockwiseposition,thecounterisunblanked,clearedtozeroandenabledtobereadyforcountingthesumofmoneyrequiredfromthefirst,secondandthirdpassengers,respectively.Pushingthetotalsumpushbutton4unblanksthefourthreadoutenablinganypersontoretainthereadoutcorrespondingtothetotalincome.Afterthereleaseofthepushbutton,thefourthreadoutwillbeblankedagain.Thisunitalsocontainsthemainelectroniccircuitwhichwillbefullydescribedinthefollowingsection.3.DESCRIBTIONOFTHEMAINELECTRONICCIRCUITThegeneralblockdiagramofthemainelectroniccircuitisshowninFigure4.ItconsistsoffivesubcircuitsdesignatedbythesymbolesCTIuptoCT4supportingcircuits,theseare:ThenumberofpassengerdeticitioncircuitCTI,travellingdistancescalingcircuitCT2,waitingtimescalingcircuitCT3,circuitCT4whichgeneratesclockpulsesforthedisplaycircuit.A.NumberofPassengersDetectionCircuitCT1Asshownfromthegeneralblockdiagram,thecircuitCTIhasthreeinputsI,2and3aswellasthreeoutputsJ,KandL.ThefunctionofthecircuitistosupplyahighlevelvoltageatterminalsJ,KorLifandonlyifone,twoorthreepassengersarehiringthetaxicab,respectively.Thetermpassenger,here,meansonepersonoragroupofrelatedpersons.Whenapassengerisgettingintothecab,wesimplyturnonafreereadoutdisplaybyturningthecorrespondingrotaryselectorswitchtoafullyclockwisedirection.ThiswillautomaticallydisconnectthecorrespondingterminalI,2or3fromground.ThelogicalrelationbetweenvariousinputterminalsI,2and3andtheoutputterminalsJ,KandLisshowninTable1.Asacombinationalcircuitwestartthedesignbyderivingasetofbooleanfunctions.ApossiblesimplifiedbooleanfunctionsthatgivesminimumnumberofinputstogatesmaybeobtainedfromTableI.ApossiblelogicaldiagramthatisbasedontheabovederivedexpressionsisshowninFigure5.Itconsistsoftwoinverters,four2-inputAND,to3-inputANDtwo3-inputORgatesB.TavellingDistanceScalingCircuitCT2AsshownfromtheblockdiagramofFigure4,thecircuitCT2hasfourinputJ,K,LandEandoneoutputM.ThefunctionofthecircuitistosupplyasinglepulseattheoutputMforacertainnumberofpulsesgeneratedattheoutputofthespeedsensor(certainnumberofmeterstravelledbythetaxicab),accordingtothenumberofpassengershiringthecar.AsuggestedfareperkilometeroftravellingdistanceisshownincolomntwoofTable2.thecircuit,inthiscase,shouldsupplyasinglepulseattheoutputMforevery100,125or143pulsesgeneratedattheinputterminalEaccordingtothelevelofvoltageatinputterminale3,KorL,respectively.Ourcircuitcouldbe,asshowninFigure5,threedecadecounters,connectedasathreedigitfrequencydividerwhosedividingratios100,125and143areautomaticallyselectedbythevoltagelevelatterminalsJ,KandL,respectively.ApossiblecircuitdiagramthatmayverifytheabovefunctionisshowninFigure6.Itconsistsofthreedecadecounterstype7490,oneBCD-todecimaldecodertype7445,three4-inputAND,one3-inputANDone2-inputANDtwo3-inputORgates.C.TimeScalingCircuitCT3Asshownintheblockdiagram,thetimescalingcircuitwillhavefourinputsJ,K,LandFandoneoutputN.ThefunctionofthiscircuitandaccordingtocolomnthreeofTable2(fareper2minutsofwaitingtime)istosupplyasinglepulseattheoutputNforevery120,240or360pulsessuppliedattheinputterminalFfromtheIHzclockaccordingtolevelofvoltageatinputsJ,KandL,respectively.Timescalingcircuitwouldbesimilartothedistancescalingcircuitbutwithdifferentdivingratios.APossiblecircuitdiagramisshowninfigure7.Itconsists,inthiscase,ofthreedecadecountertype7490,two3-inputAND,one5-inputAND,one2-inputANDone3-inputORgates.D.CircuitCT4WhichGeneratesClockPulsesforDisplayCircuitThefunctionofthiscircuitistosupplyone,twoorthreepulsesattheoutputterminalRforeachpulsegeneratedatanyoftheterminalsNorM,accordingtothevoltagelevelattheinputterminalsJ,KorL,respectively.TheoutputPwillreceiveapulseforeachpulsegeneratedatanyoftheinputterminalsNorM.ThisfunctioncanbeperformedbythecircuitshowninFigure8,itconsistsofoneripplecountertype7493,onehalfofadualJKmasterslaveflip-flopscircuittype7476,threeinverters,three2-inputAND,one3-inputAND,one2-inputORandone3-inputORgates.WhenapulseisgeneratedateitherinputterminalsNorM,ahighlevelvoltagewillbegeneratedattheoutputQoftheflip-flop.ThiswillgatetheIKhzsignaltobeconnectedtotheinputAoftheripplecounteraswellastotheoutputterminalR.Whenone,twoorthreepulsesarecountedbytheripplecounter,accordingtothelevelofvoltageattheinputterminalsJ,KandL,respectively,ahighisgeneratedtoresetthecounterandchangethestateoftheflip-flopsuchthatQbecomeslow.Hence,the1KHzsignalisdisabledtoreachtheoutputerminalRortheinputAoftheripplecounter.Inordertoensuretheproperfunctionofthecircuit,theflip-flopshouldbeclearedwheneveranewchannelisoperated.Thishasbeenachievedbytheinput5andwillbeexplainedlaterwhendescribingthefunctionofthechannelsrotaryselectorswitchs.E.DisplayCircuitAsshowninFigure2,thedisplaypanelwouldcontainthree4-digitdisplaysthatgivethesumofmoneyrequiredfromeachpassengerseparatelyaswellasaonesix-digitdisplaythatgivesthetotalincomeofthetaxicab.ApossiblewiringdiagramforthedisplaycircuitisshowninFigure9.Rotatinganyoftherotaryselectorswitchestofullyclockwisedirectionwillsupplythecorrespondingdisplayby5voltsthroughterminals1,2and3,respectively.ThecorrespondingdisplaywillbeunblankedbysupplyingalowlevelofvoltagethroughterminalsA,CandG,respectively.Keepingterminals8,DandH,respectively,atlowlevelwillkeepthemresettozero.ThecorrespondingdisplayisthenenabledbyremovingthelowvoltagefromterminalsB,D,andH,respectively,tobereadyforcountingthesumofmoneyrequiredfromthecorrespondingpassengerstartingfromzero.ThecountingpulsesforthesethreedisplaysaresuppliedthroughterminalP.Thetotalsumdisplaywillbeenabledwheneveranyofthethreedisplaysisenabled(thisisdonebya3-inputORgateasshowninFigure8).RetainingthecontentsofthelastdisplaywillbedonebyunblankingitbysupplyingalowlevelofvoltagetoterminalIasshowninFigure10b.F.ChangingOverBetweenTimeandDistanceFaresInthefollowingpart,twodifferentmethodsforchangingoverbetweentimeandistancefaresaresuggested:Thefirstistoswitchtotimefarewheneverthedistancefareislessthanthetimefare.Hence,asimplelooktofarestable(Table2)canshowthattimefareshouldbeusedwheneverthetaxicabmoveswithspeedlessthan50m/min.ApossiblecircuitthatcanperformthisswitchingactionisshowninFigureIOc.Itcontainsonerpmlimitswitchandaoneinverteraswellastwo2-inputANDgates.Thecontactsofthelimitswitcharenormallyclosedandwillbeopenedwhenevertheangularspeedofthespeedometercablexceeds50rmp.ThesecondalternationistoconnecttheinputoftheinverterinFigure10c.totheoutputterminalQofthespeedometercircuit,Figure2.Inthiscase,theswitchingintotimefarewillbedonewheneverthetaxicabisatstandstill.G.FunctionoftheRotarySelectorSwitchesThevoltagelevelsthatshouldbesuppliedbytheterminalsoftherotaryselectorswitchesinordertoensureproperoperationbytheelectroniccircuitaregiveninTable3.Connectionofthreerotaryselectorswitcheseachwitbfourdecksoffivepoleseach,thatsatisfythelogicfunctionofTable3,isshowninFigure10a.Rotatinganyofthethreeswitchesintofullyclockwisedirectionwillpassthroughfivepositions.Thefunctionoftherotaryselectorswitchescanbedescribedstartingfromthefirstpositionpassingthroughvarioustepsuntilreachingthefinalpositionasfollows:Initialposition:InthispositionalowvoltagelevelisappliedtoterminalsI,2and3,thiswilldisconnectthe5voltssupplyfromthethreefirstdisplays,setthethreeinputsofthenumberofpassengerdetectioncircuitCTItolowlevel.Alowvoltagelevelisappliedtoterminals8,DandH,thisistoensurethatthetotalincomedisplayisdisabled.VoltagelevelsatterminalsA,C,GandSareatnocarecondition.StepI:Rotatinganyoftherotaryselectorswitchesonesteptowardclockwisedirectionwillsupply5voltstothecorrespondingdisplay,providesahighlevelvoltageatterminals1,2or3indicatingthatonepassengerhaveenteredthetaxicab.AhighlevelvoltageshouldbeappliedtoterminalsA,CorGinordertoensurethatthecorrespondingdisplayisstillblanked.OtherterminalsB,D,HandSarekeptunchanged.Step2:Rotatingtherotaryselectorswitchonestepfurther,willchangethestateofvoltagesatterminalA,CorGtobeatlowlevelandunblanksthecorrespondingdisplay.StatesofvoltagesatterminalsI,2,3andSareremainedunchanged.TerminalsB,DandHshouldberemainedatlowleveltoensurethatthecorrespondingreadoutisclearedtozerowhileunblankingthedisplay.二、中文翻譯摘要本文提出了一種出租車多通道計(jì)價(jià)的方案，能同時(shí)處理一個(gè)以上乘客的情形。為了從理論上說明本方案，提出了一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)上的三通道型的士的完整設(shè)計(jì)（其原型是根據(jù)埃及科學(xué)和技術(shù)研究學(xué)院的研究而建成得）。1.導(dǎo)言在不發(fā)達(dá)的國家，早上把人們從他們家送到工作的地方，然后下午送回來已成為一個(gè)大問題，尤其是在大城市。作為解決這個(gè)問題的一個(gè)部分，在某些國家出租車用來解決這個(gè)問題，送人們從一個(gè)地方到另外一個(gè)地方。例如，出租車的四個(gè)席位可攜帶四個(gè)不同的沒有任何關(guān)系的乘客，除了他們的路線是相同的。因此，依靠目前的傳統(tǒng)的單車道計(jì)價(jià)以確定所需的票價(jià)，把每個(gè)乘客的計(jì)費(fèi)分開，這已成為一個(gè)非常困難的問題。因此，在出租車司機(jī)，車主，乘客和國家稅務(wù)部門之間存在著不公平的財(cái)政關(guān)系。在這種情況下，出租車司機(jī)強(qiáng)迫乘客支付多于他們所應(yīng)付的。在某些情況下乘客支付了他們應(yīng)付車費(fèi)的雙倍。本常規(guī)單頻道計(jì)程車，出租車司機(jī)不能夠確定出租車日常收入。在某些情況下（出租車的4個(gè)席位），他們可能只有出租車四分之一的收入（大部分的出租車司機(jī)）。從這些支付工資的出租車司機(jī)以及作為燃料費(fèi)用外，還要維修以及汽車折舊等費(fèi)用。事實(shí)上，出租車業(yè)主并非似乎如此糟糕。一項(xiàng)在出租車司機(jī)和車主之間的協(xié)議已經(jīng)達(dá)成，司機(jī)應(yīng)保證每天固定收入，以及向業(yè)主支付燃料以及維修的費(fèi)用。即使如此，還是有的出租車司機(jī)的很大一部分份額之收入的出租車?，F(xiàn)在還存在的單聲道計(jì)價(jià)，已經(jīng)變得非常，國家稅務(wù)部門也知道這種困難每年估計(jì)出租車業(yè)主的收入支出，以及應(yīng)支付的稅務(wù)也很困難。為了應(yīng)對這一問題，國家稅務(wù)部已實(shí)行固定估計(jì)稅，每個(gè)座位的出租車不論收入。在本文中，我們介紹了多通道的士計(jì)程表，可處理超過一名乘客同時(shí)進(jìn)行的情況。我應(yīng)該指出，我所說的長期旅客指一個(gè)人或一組相關(guān)的人。我同時(shí)也應(yīng)指出，我們提出的多渠道的計(jì)價(jià)，不是簡單地說，一個(gè)多顯示讀數(shù)。作為一個(gè)先進(jìn)的事項(xiàng)，事實(shí)上它包含邏輯電路，可以自動(dòng)計(jì)算變化的車費(fèi)以及每公里行走距離或每分鐘的候車時(shí)間按照乘客人數(shù)雇用出租車。在下面的部分，我舉出一個(gè)例子，我們將介紹一個(gè)完整的三通道計(jì)價(jià)。框圖以及詳細(xì)的電路圖，實(shí)驗(yàn)三通道計(jì)價(jià)功能也包括在內(nèi)。原型下已建成埃及贈款科學(xué)學(xué)院和技術(shù)研究。2.實(shí)驗(yàn)THREECHANNEL出租車計(jì)價(jià)器理論的運(yùn)作我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)裝置從事電子數(shù)字計(jì)價(jià)依據(jù)。事實(shí)上速度電纜旋轉(zhuǎn)1圈的每米距離行駛。因此，如果車速電纜耦合與速度傳感器，產(chǎn)生一個(gè)單脈沖每平方米的旅行距離，那么，我們的的士可以三倍于反模塊相與速度傳感器的單位。然而，我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)是計(jì)價(jià)而不僅僅是只顯示三個(gè)讀數(shù)。事實(shí)上，它包含邏輯電路，可以根據(jù)每公里的行駛距離或每分鐘等候時(shí)間按照乘客人數(shù)雇用出租車來自動(dòng)改變車費(fèi)。該裝置可能會分成兩個(gè)主要部分組成：第一是速度傳感器，這個(gè)傳感器可位于任何地方，在出租車內(nèi)進(jìn)行這樣一個(gè)簡單的耦合車速電纜是可以實(shí)現(xiàn)的。單位包含了主要的電子電路，顯示器以及控制面板。該單位應(yīng)位于前排的司機(jī)和乘客之間。一個(gè)可能的組成部分位置如1所示。速度傳感器其主要職能是本單位提供脈沖的培訓(xùn)，這個(gè)脈沖的頻率會于旋轉(zhuǎn)角度相適合。一種可能的形式一個(gè)速度傳感器是如圖2所示。如果可以包含正弦波發(fā)生器的輸出連接到脈沖整形電路的永磁器件（2通用芯片二極管，1000歐姆的電阻和施密特觸發(fā)逆變器）。為了找到某種方式來檢測出租車的運(yùn)動(dòng)，正弦波發(fā)生器的輸出是糾正通過一個(gè)通用的硅二極管延胡索乙然后平滑的1000年F電容。那個(gè)輸出電壓在終端Q是當(dāng)時(shí)限于價(jià)值4.7伏特用益歐姆的電阻以及一個(gè)齊納二極管ZD。出租車的終端電壓在終端Q將高電壓降為零。這電壓可作為改變出租車從距離計(jì)費(fèi)到時(shí)間計(jì)費(fèi)方式的開關(guān)電壓。主要的電子和顯示單元一個(gè)建議是主要形式的電子和顯示單元是如圖3所示?？刂坪惋@示器面板包含所有'控制所必需的經(jīng)營的士以及四個(gè)可讀顯示器。第一頻道將給出從第一乘客，第二乘客，第三乘客分別應(yīng)付的費(fèi)用，第四個(gè)會給出總收入給予出租車。最后讀出的數(shù)據(jù)會包括停車的費(fèi)用等等費(fèi)用。頻道選擇器開關(guān)1，第2和第3個(gè)，按順時(shí)針/逆時(shí)針的立場。在充分逆時(shí)針的立場，反相應(yīng)的讀出是未標(biāo)明和殘疾人。以順時(shí)針方向則是未定義的，清除為零，對于第一第二第三的乘客分別計(jì)費(fèi)。第四號推進(jìn)總鈕第四次讀出，使任何人保留讀出相應(yīng)的總收入。經(jīng)過釋放按鈕，第四次讀出將再次保留。這個(gè)單位還包含主要電子電路將在下一節(jié)充分描述。描述的主要電子電路電路一般框圖主要電子電路如圖4所示。它由五個(gè)部分指定的電腦符號與電話系統(tǒng)整合成為4個(gè)支撐電路，它們是：判斷乘客數(shù)量電路CT1，旅行距離電路CT2，等待時(shí)間電路CT3，時(shí)鐘脈沖顯示電路CT4。乘客人數(shù)檢測電路CT1如圖所示的一般框圖，該電路電腦與電話系統(tǒng)整合有三個(gè)輸出：1，2和3相對應(yīng)于三個(gè)輸出J，K和L。這個(gè)循環(huán)電路函數(shù)包含高電壓的終端J，K或L，如果有1個(gè)或者2，3個(gè)乘客分別租用出租車。這個(gè)組里的任意乘客都是一組相關(guān)的人。當(dāng)一個(gè)乘客進(jìn)入出租車后，我們只是表示這樣一種情況，自由讀出顯示在談到相應(yīng)的旋轉(zhuǎn)選擇開關(guān)，以一個(gè)完全順時(shí)針方向。這將自動(dòng)斷開相應(yīng)的終端1，2或3個(gè)從地面。邏輯關(guān)系各種輸入端子之間第1，第2和第3個(gè)輸出端J，K和L是列于表1。作為一個(gè)組合電路，我們開始設(shè)計(jì)產(chǎn)生了一系列布爾函數(shù)。一種可能的邏輯圖的基礎(chǔ)上，上