Unit-7-Learning-Strategies課文翻譯大學(xué)體驗(yàn)英語(yǔ)一

Unit7LearningStrategiesPassageANotJustaJob,anAdventure:UndergraduateResearchSophiaStella,asophomoreatColumbia'sSchoolofEngineering,isoneofmanyundergraduateswhobecomeinvolved,onewayoranother,inresearchperformedattheuniversity.Somedoitforacademiccredit,someformoney,somejustforexperience.Studentsandprofessorsagreethatanundergraduateresearchprojectcanbeuniquelybeneficialtobothparties.Ideally,undergraduateresearchisanopportunityforthekindofintensivestudythatcanexpandthemindinwaystraditionalcoursescan't.EconomicsProfessorRalphEdisonsays:"Toreallyunderstandadisciplineyouhavetogetthefeelingthatknowledgeisn'tjustoutthereandyoupassivelyhavetoabsorbit,butratherthatit'sconstantlybeingcreatedandwe'reconstantlyrethinkingthings...Whenstudentsseeadisciplineasevolvingratherthanfixed,theyusuallygetalotmoreexcitedaboutlearningbecausetheyseethatit'sanongoingprocess."Hepointsoutthatresearchcanbeexcitingbecause"aresearchprojectreallygivesstudentsanopportunitytoanswerreal-lifequestionsthatwedon'tknowtheanswersto."Researchalsospursindependentthinkingandintellectualconfidenceinstudents.Amelia,agraduatestudentincomputerscience,says,"Youhadtogooutandlearnonyourown.Youweren'tgoingtobespoon-fed."HerfondmemoriesofworkasanundergraduateresearcherplayedanimportantroleinherdecisiontoleaveherWallStreetprogrammingjobandreturntoColumbiaasagraduatestudent.ArthurHannah,apoliticalsciencegraduateofColumbiaCollegesaysundergraduateresearch"feltlikeawholenewmodeoflearning."Insteadoflookingfortheknowledgewedohave,hesays,researchforcesstudentstolookforknowledgewedon'thave.It'saprocessoflookingforholesandtryingtoplugthem,whichiscompletelydifferentfromtheclassroomexperienceoflearningwhatothersalreadyknow.Healsodescribeshowcreatingapieceoforiginalresearchinstilleda"prideofauthorship"inhiswork,somethinghehadn'tfoundinhisregularclasses.Mostundergraduatesdoingresearchareworkingforcredit.Theyregisterforasemester-longcourseanddoaprojectforaprofessorwhogivesthemagradefortheirefforts.Insomedepartmentsaresearchprojectmightconstituteanhonorsthesis.Somestudentsdoresearchforpay.Takensimplyasaformofemployment,it'soneofthemostdesirablejobsavailabletoundergraduates.Stellasays,"Ineedsomekindofincome,andI'dratherworkherethaninthecafeteria";paidresearchworkgivesheranopportunitytotransformawork-studyjobintoanengagingaspectofhereducation.Themoneyforherwagesisavailablebecauseofaprogramstartedthisyearproviding$100000tofundundergraduateresearch.Thisfundingisintendedtosupportabout50undergraduatesinwork-studyresearchpositions.Otherstudentsdoresearchnotforcreditorformoneybutsimplyonavolunteerbasis.Usually,thesearestudentspursuingacareerthatrequiressomedemonstrationofaltruisticcommitment,suchasmedicine.AsEconomicsProfessorRalphEdisonsays:"Undergraduateresearchcanbecomeavaluablepartofeducation.It'sarealandvaluableprivilege.Ithastoremainanextraordinaryundertakingforextraordinarypeopleinextraordinarycircumstances."A篇大學(xué)生在校搞研究哥倫比亞大學(xué)工程學(xué)院二年級(jí)學(xué)生索菲亞·斯黛拉，是眾多以各種方式在校參與研究工作的學(xué)生之一。這些學(xué)生有的是為了拿學(xué)分，有的是為了掙錢，還有的就是為了多一份經(jīng)歷。老師和學(xué)生都認(rèn)為，大學(xué)生從事研究工作對(duì)師生雙方都有特別的好處。

的確，大學(xué)生從事研究是一種深入學(xué)習(xí)的機(jī)會(huì)，能拓展思維，而這是傳統(tǒng)教育做不到的。經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)教授拉爾夫·愛迪生說："要真正學(xué)好一門課程，你得有這種感覺：知識(shí)不是現(xiàn)成的，等著你去被動(dòng)吸收，而是在不斷地創(chuàng)新，所以我們得不斷地進(jìn)行再思考?！话銇?lái)說，當(dāng)學(xué)生認(rèn)識(shí)到一門學(xué)科是發(fā)展的而不是靜止的，他們就會(huì)對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)產(chǎn)生更大的興趣，因?yàn)樗麄兛吹竭@是個(gè)發(fā)展的過程。"他指出，研究能讓人興奮不已，因?yàn)?研究項(xiàng)目才能真正給學(xué)生提供機(jī)會(huì)，解決現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中我們沒有現(xiàn)成答案的問題。"

同時(shí)，從事研究也培養(yǎng)了學(xué)生獨(dú)立思考的能力和對(duì)自己智慧的信心。艾米莉婭是計(jì)算機(jī)系的研究生，她說："你得走出課堂自己學(xué)習(xí)，沒有人會(huì)用勺子喂你知識(shí)。"對(duì)大學(xué)時(shí)期從事研究工作的美好回憶促使她下決心放棄在華爾街的編程工作，又回到哥倫比亞大學(xué)讀研究生。

哥倫比亞大學(xué)政治科學(xué)系的畢業(yè)生艾倫·哈勒說，大學(xué)生從事研究"感覺像是一種全新的學(xué)習(xí)。"他說研究不是讓學(xué)生尋找已有的知識(shí)，而是促使他們探索尚未掌握的知識(shí)。這是一個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)漏洞然后再竭力補(bǔ)漏的過程，與在教室里學(xué)習(xí)人們已掌握的知識(shí)完全不同。他還認(rèn)為，一項(xiàng)有創(chuàng)意的獨(dú)特研究會(huì)讓你的工作充滿"獨(dú)家創(chuàng)造的自豪"，這可是他在常規(guī)課程里從來(lái)沒ShortlyafterfinishingmyPh.D.,Iestablishedagoalofstartingapart-timebusinesslecturingandconductingseminars.Iusedthesamecreativeemulationtohelpmereachmygoal.Thenextstageofmytransitiontothebusinessworldwasmypurchaseofacomputerinearly1985.IonceagaintriedtolearnallIcouldabouthowIcouldusethismachineinbusiness.Isubscribedtocomputerperiodicals.Ilearnedhowtousespreadsheet,database,wordprocessing,graphics,desktoppublishing,andoutliningprocessingsoftware.IwrotedownalmosteveryideaIgetfrommyreadingsormyownthinkingandpublishedarticles.Ibecameapart-timecomputerhardwareandsoftwareagentandconsultant.BecauseofthesoftwareskillsInowhad,Ibecameconfidentofmyabilitytodomoresignificantthingsinbusiness.IrealizedthatIcouldmanagecomplexprojectsthatinvolvedmanyco-workers,customers,resources,andproducts.Istarteddoingseminarstothepublicin1988.ThesewentsowellthatIwasabletoleavetraditionaleducationforgoodin1989.Myone-personhomebusinessbloomedovertheyearsintoacollectionoflargerenterpriseswhichhavetaughtatleast11000adultscomputerandbusinessskills.Mysuccesstellsmethatthekeytosuccessfulcreativeemulationistoemulatethesuccessfulpeople,thedoersoftheworld.Thebestwaytoemulatesomeoneinbusinessistofollowhimorheraroundandmakeobservationsofwhattheydo.Ifyoudothislongenough,withtherightperson,andapplywhatyouobserveyoushouldsucceed.Thesecondbestwaytoemulateistolistenorreadaboutwhatyourmodelbusinesspersonormentordoesandhowhedoesit.Themoreyouknowabouthowyourmentorsucceedsthemorecluesyouwillhavetohelpyousucceed.B篇?jiǎng)?chuàng)造性模仿

我有個(gè)小兒子，我注意到他每天都在學(xué)些新東西。沒過多久我就發(fā)現(xiàn)他在觀察我，之后我做什么他就會(huì)學(xué)著做什么。就用這種簡(jiǎn)單的辦法他學(xué)會(huì)了走路、跑步、開門、爬樓梯。他做這些事情從不完全學(xué)我的樣子，而是加進(jìn)自己創(chuàng)造的特色，我把他的這種學(xué)習(xí)方法稱作創(chuàng)造性模仿。

創(chuàng)造性模仿讓我實(shí)現(xiàn)了參加職業(yè)網(wǎng)球巡回賽的目標(biāo)。我用幾種方法創(chuàng)造性的模仿那些職業(yè)錦標(biāo)賽的勝利者。我通讀了在圖書館和書店里能找到的每一本有關(guān)網(wǎng)球的書。我仔細(xì)研究每一本過期的網(wǎng)球雜志，尋找各種關(guān)于網(wǎng)球技術(shù)的文章；我在電視上觀看職業(yè)選手的比賽；我把