中級(jí)開(kāi)sat長(zhǎng)難句主語(yǔ)Subject、代詞動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)詞不定式what從

一、語(yǔ)法層主語(yǔ)Subject：名詞、代詞、動(dòng)名詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、what從句、that從句、howWeshouldnotunderestimatetheseverityofthismatter.Smokingisjusta alchoiceratherthanamoralissue.Itishardtoreachaconsensusonthisaffair.ItisobviousthatwearinguniformsmakesschoollifeItisquitecommonthesedaysforyoungpeopleinmanycountriestohaveabreakfromstudyingaftergraduatingfromhighschool.Itistruethatsometimestheamountofmoneytheyareabletoearninashorttimecannotbejustifiedbytheamountofworktheydo.謂語(yǔ)：系動(dòng)詞、行為動(dòng)詞（實(shí)意動(dòng)詞Inthisdayandage,anincreasingnumberofpeopleagreethatgamblingisanunwholesomehobby.Therearecertainlydangersintakingtimeoffatthatimportant賓語(yǔ)：名詞、代詞、動(dòng)名詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、that從句、what從句、howbeJunkfoodimpairspeople’sStudiesrevealthatthereisadefinitelinkbetweenobesityandseriousdiseasessuchasheartattacks.Whatweshoulddoisto lchildrenhowtothinkinsteadofhowtomemorizeWhatweareconcernedaboutisthattowhatextenttestsareharmfultostudents’AnimalexperimentsareInrecentyears,theInternethasbeengaininginpopularityatanamazingrate.Studentswhohavespentsometimeearningalivingortravellingtootherceshaveabroaderviewoflife.Outdooractivitiescangreatlyimproveourhealth.Likeself-awareness,thisisalsohardtoachieve.補(bǔ)語(yǔ)：賓補(bǔ)。Thegraduatesfindthejobmarketfrustratingbecauseoftheeconomicrecession.SomeindividualsareconcernedtheInternetwillmakeinternationaltourismShop,anecessarypartofdailylife,isincreasinglytime-consumingduetomultipliedoptionsavailabletoJobsatisfaction,averyimportantpartofanemployee’ssenseofwellbeing,canbepromotedinmostjobs.二、句子結(jié)簡(jiǎn)單句Simple plexSentencePeopleholddifferentviewsonthisThevalueofexperimentsisnotlimitedtoThestudentshavemadebettergradesinthepastfewweeks.Theboycanstayintheroomonlyforafewminutes.并列句：andor/PoorstudentbehaviorseemstobeanincreasinglywidespreadproblemandIthinkthatmodernlifestylesareresponsibleforthis.Howthesethingsin ctisstillunknowntodayandtheyremainlargelyunpredictableina’slife.Somejobsarerepetitiveandboring,andlaborrelationsmaybepoorandleadtoinsecurityratherthanjobsatisfaction.ThisdoesnotmeanthatpeoplewithouttheseconditionscannotbeWhilesomepeoplelinkhappinesstowealthandmaterialsuccess,othersthinkitliesinemotionsandloving alrelationships.Evenwhenpeoplebelievetheyareresistingchangethemselves,theycannotstoptheworldaroundthemfromchanging.Theywatched evisionandenjoyedthemselvesimmensely,butwecouldn’tseetheprogrambecauseour evisionwasbroken.Itwouldbedarkbeforehecouldreachthevillage,andheheavedaheavysighwhenhethoughtofencounteringtheterrorsofDameVanWinkle.–W.Irving謂語(yǔ)：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞Predicate WhyshouldIhavetotakeoutthetrash?Subject:IPredicateVerb:shouldhavetotakeJoshuaquicklyfinishedhis andwentouttoy.Thehugeblackhorseeasilywontherace.Peoplehavethoughtaboutgoingintospaceformanyyears.PredicateVerb:Thesnakewarmsupandcrawlsoutofthebag.PredicateVerb:Saturnisoneofthemostbeautifulnetstolookatthrougha becauseofthemanyringsthatsurroundit.Neptunetakes165yearstocompleteitspath,ororbit,aroundthesun.Howmanypairsofshortsshouldyouandyourbrotherbring?Whatisthemostexpensivemeallistedonthe Theboyscoutsteachtheirmembersan“OutdoorCode”beforetheycamp.DirectObject:IndirectHurricanewindscanblowasfastas180 (290kilometers)anhour.PredicateVerb:ThespiralofheatedairandmoistairbeginstotwistandgrowandspinfasterandfasterinacounterclockwisedirectionThedirectionahurricane’sspiralmovesiscounterclockwise.AttheNorthPolethesundoesnotshineforhalfoftheyear.PredicateVerb:ThecoldwindsthatblowoffoftheArcticOceanmaketheNorthPoleaverycoldce.ObjectThesecriminalsmighthavebeenguiltyofmurder.PredicateVerb:三、基本句型及其轉(zhuǎn)換與擴(kuò)1）Thatcarismine.SheisingoodMybrotherhas Theseflowerssmellfragrant.AllthetouristsseemedIronrusts.Theguestshavearrived.Pricesaregoingdown.Thechildrenareslee.Iwantareturnticket.LiverpoolwontheNobodycouldanswerthequestion.Thetrainisbuildingupspeed.Isenthima MarylentmeherDavidshowedmetheway.Someoneleftyouthisnote.Imademyselfacupoftea.Wemadehimourspokesman.Theyelectedhim.Hepronouncedhimselfinfavorofthen.Theypaintedthewallscreamywhite.Thedirectorsappointedhimsales Thetouristshavearrived.Shegavehimsomemoney.Hewasahandicappedchild,butheperseveredinhisstudies,andlaterhebecameawell-knownscholar.Hedidnotlikeus,andeveryoneknewit,butnooneadmittedTheAfricanpeoplehavelongbeenourclosefriendsinfightingagainsthegemonismandpowerpolitics.Notonlydidhedislikethewaywespoke,buthealsodisapprovedofthewayweWhenreportscameintoLondonZoothatawildpumahadbeenspottedforty-fivesouthofLondon,theywerenottakenseriously,but,astheevidencebegantoaccumulate,expertsfromtheZoofeltobligedtoinvestigate,forthedescriptionsgivenbypeoplewhoclaimedtohaveseenthepumawereextraordinarilysimilar.Furthermore,heisnotonlycriticaloftheworkofothers,butalsoofhisown,sinceheknowsthatmanistheleastreliableofscientificinstrumentsandthatanumberoffactorstendtodisturbimpartialandobjectiveinvestigation.WaldenPondisnowthesiteofmanytouriststands.ItwasoncepraisedbyThoreauforitsnaturalbeauty.Almosteverysummernightthecoolingnortheastwindsweptthroughourbedroomwindows.Itmadeairconditioningunnecessary.Itmadealightblanket ThesteepsurroundingslopeswerecappedwithThesnowfedtwoThesestreamsplungeddowntojoininthevalleyMrWoodranupthestairs.Hewaspantingforbreath.Hestoodathisneighbor’sdoor.Heknockedagainandagain.ThensomeoneopenedtheJimstoodinfrontofthemirror.Helookedathisimage.HewonderedatthebigIthadcomeoverhiminrecentHehadgreatlywrongedhisonlydaughter.Shemightneverforgivehim.ThisideaalmostdrovehimMrJacobwasTony’sformeremployer.HehadpromisedTonyahalf-dayjob.TheJobwouldgiveTony20poundsaItwasnecessarytobreakthisnewstohisfamily,Tonyindeed,surely,however,obviously,frankly,naturally,luckily,fortuna honestly,briefly y,itisnotalwaysthecasethatnewthingsarepromotedbecausetheyhavegoodimpactsforthemajorityofpeople. y,professionalsfromotherfieldswhomakeagreatercontributiontohumansocietyarepaidsomuchlessthatitishardtodisagreewiththisOddly/Strangelyenough,ernmentalinvestmentindevelonewweaponsmayactuallyleavecitizensfearful.Interestingly,rotelearningsometimesmaymakestudentsmoreNotsurprisingly,studentswhoareunderintensepressureintheirstudiesmaysufferfrommentalproblemsorevencommitcrimes.Similarly/Likewise,studentswhohavetocopewithintensepeerpressurehaveahardtimeconcentratingontheiracademicObviously,educationsystemsarebasedonthebeliefthatallchildrencaneffectivelybetaughttoacquiredifferentskills.IamfascinatedbytheWesternculture.Specifically,IfindtheFrenchculturereallyMostimportantly,theernmentshouldmakesurethatcitizenscanimprovetheirlives.Therearenotmanyjobopportunitiesavailable.Accordingly,thecompetitionforjobsishighlyfierce.strangetosay,needlesstosay,mostimportantofall,worsestillMostimportantofall,youeachoverfulfilledyourowntask.inafewwords,insum,inshort,inotherwords,inasense,ingeneral,inmyview,inhisopinion,inconclusion,insummary,infact,inthefirstce,inaddition,ofcourse,toourknowledge,totheirsurprise,toherregret/disappointment,forinstance,forexample,asamatteroffactOfcourse,hedidnotsucceedforthelackofexperience.Apartfromthecost,itisnotabadoption.Inspiteofthis,theobviousbenefitsofcomputerskillsforyoungchildrencannotbedenied.Inadditionto/Besidesthefinancialbenefits,thisjobbringsin 4）strictlyspeaking,generallyspeaking,judgingLivinginpovertythesepeopledonotevenhavemoneytobuyenoughfood.5）tobesure,tosumup, ltheToalleviatetrafficjams,theernmentshouldencouragepeopletotakethe20世紀(jì)末科技的繁榮，人們開(kāi)始廣泛使用電腦Attitude,afterall,isessentialforastudent’sacademicenergeticgeneration.Some,suchasweaponsofmassdestruction,havealargenegativeMovies,especiallyography,shouldbe20（for存在句引出：therebeappearexistlieremain/seemtobestandThereappearedtobeamaninblackinthedistance.here/Underthattreesitsabeautifulgirl.HereweNotuntilyesterdaydidlittleJohnchangehisInnocountryotherthanBritain,ithadbeensaid,canoneexperiencefourseasonsinthecourseofasingleday.Asmallcitydoesnothaveasmuchexcitementasabigcityingeneral.Seldom/Hardly/ScarcelydoesasmalltownhaveasmuchexcitementasabigAnewfactorywouldcontaminatethelivingspaceofmostofourcity’sinhabitantstosomedegree.=Seldomcanafactorybeestablishedwithoutcontaminatingthelivingspaceofourcity’sinhabitantstosomedegree.Undernocircumstances/Onnoaccountshouldteachershittheir否定副詞開(kāi)頭并加狀語(yǔ)：barely/hardly/little/seldom/scarcelywhen/never/nosooner…than/rarely/nomore/notnearly/notonly/onlyNotonlyshouldtheparentsspendmoretimewiththeirchildren,theyshouldalsotrytocommunicatewiththeirchildrenmoreoften.OnlyEspeciallyunderspecialextremethesecircumstances+Onlyunderspecialcircumstances,suchasweddingorcelebrations,dowedrinkOnlyinthiswaycanthisissuebeeffectivelyStrangeasitmayseem,parents’attentionsometimeshindersstudents’academicItis++that/who+Itistheinctionofthetwothatshapesa’s alityanddictateshow alitydevelops.However,itisalsotruethatitisonlythosewhoreachtheverytopoftheirprofessionwhocangetthesehugesalaries.Itistheslitsthatmakeachi-paoItisthetraditionsinBeijingthatattractmanyforeign20（giveriseIfthiswerenottrue,thenwewouldbeabletopredictthebehaviorandcharacterofa fromthemomenttheywereborn.Withoutthenaturaltalent,continuoustrainingwouldbeneitherattractivenorproductive,andwithoutthetraining,thechildwouldnotlearnhowtoexploitanddeveloptheirtalent.20世紀(jì)末科技的繁榮，人們就不會(huì)廣泛運(yùn)用電腦of+TherelativeimportanceofnaturaltalentandtrainingisafrequenttopicofWhetherpeopleinthedeveloworldaresufferingisofnointeresttomanywealthycitizensinindustrialcountries.Fossilfuelisofgreatimportancetothedevelopmentofindustry,transportand(1)常用引導(dǎo)詞：when,as,while,assoonas,before,after,since,till,（until） y,directly,nosooner…than,hardly…when,scarcely…when3常用引導(dǎo)詞：becausesinceas特殊引導(dǎo)詞：seeingthatnowthatinthatconsideringthatgiven常用引導(dǎo)詞：sothatinorder特殊引導(dǎo)詞：lest,incase,forfearthat，inthehopethat,forthepurposethat,totheendthat常用引導(dǎo)詞：so?that,such?that（so+adj./adv.置于句首，引起倒裝）特殊引導(dǎo)詞：suchthattothedegreethattotheextentthattosuchadegreethat常用引導(dǎo)詞：if,特殊引導(dǎo)詞：assolongasonlyif,providing/providedthatsupposethatincasethat,onconditionthat常用引導(dǎo)詞：though（although）evenif（even特殊引導(dǎo)詞：as用在讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中必須要倒裝；though可以倒裝也可以不倒裝，while(一般用在句首,=though)，nomatter?,inspiteofthefactthat,whatever,whoever, wherever,whenever,however,whichever常用引導(dǎo)詞：as（同級(jí)比較）than（不同程度的比較特殊引導(dǎo)詞：themorethemorejustas?so?AistoBwhatasXistoY,no?morethan,no?lessthan,AnotsomuchasB(justas,asif/asthoughThateachlargefirmwillactwhichconsiderationofitsownneedsandthusavoidsellingitsproductsformorethanitscompetitorschargeiscommonlyrecognizedbyadvocatesof-marketeconomictheories.B.ThehistorianFrederickJ.Turnerwroteinthe1890’sthattheagrariandiscontentthathadbeendevelosteadilyintheUnitedStatessinceabout1870hadbeenprecipitatedbytheclosingoftheinternalfrontier–thatis,thedepletionofavailablenewlandneededforfurtherexpansionoftheAmericanfarmingTheappreciationoftraditionaloralAmerican nliturehasbeenlimited,hamperedbypoortranslationsandbythedifficulty,evenintherareculturallysensitiveandaestheticallysatisfyingtranslation,ofcompleyconveyingtheoriginal’sversestructure,tone,andsyntax.Averyspecializedfeelingadaptationinzoonktonisthatofthetadpolelikeappendicularianwholivesinawalnut-sizedorsmallerballoonofmucusequippedwithfiltersthatcaptureandconcentratephytonkton.Theywerefighting,albeitdiscreetly,toopentheinlectualworldtothenewscienceandtoliberateinlectuallifefromecclesiasticalphilosophyandtheyenvisionedtheirworkascontributingtothegrowth,notofphilosophy,butofresearchinmathematicsandphysics.YetWalzer’sargument,howeverdeficient,doespointtooneofthemostseriousweaknessesofcapitalism–namely,thatitbringstopredominantpositionsinasocietypeoplewho,nomatterhowlegitimaytheyhaveearnedtheirmaterialrewards,oftenlackthoseotherqualitiesthatevokeaffectionoradmiration.FriedrichEngels,however,predictedthatwomenwhouldbeliberatedfromthe“social,legal,andeconomicsubordination”ofthefamilybytechnologicaldevelopmentsthatmadepossibletherecruitmentof“thewholefemaleintopublicindustry.”Thecorrelationofcarbondioxidewithtemperature,ofcourse,doesnotestablishwhetherchangesinatmosphericcompositioncausedthewarmingandcoolingtrendsorwerecausedbythem.Althoughmanofthesehistorianshaveacceptedtheearlierassumptionthatloyalistsrepresentedanupperclass,newevidenceindicatesthatLoyalist,likerebels,weredrawnfromallsocioeconomicclass.Becausethepotentialhazardspollengrainsaresubjecttoastheyaretransportedoverlongdistancesareenormous,…qualitiessuchas“thecapacityforhardwork”essentialinproducingSuchvariationsinsize,shape,chemistry,conductionspeed,excitationthreshold,andthelikeashadbeendemonstratedinnervecellsremainednegligibleinsignificanceformanypossiblecorrelationwiththemanifolddimensionsofmentalUnderthe ofthisview,itwasperhapsinevitablethattheartofrhetoricshouldpassfromthestatusofbeingregardedasofquestionableworthbecausealthoughitmightbebothasourceofpleasureandameanstourgepeopletorightaction,itmightalsobeameanstodistorttruthandasourceofmisguidedactiontothestatusofbeingwhollycondemned.多重否定（雙重否定、三重否定Despitethesevaguecategories,oneshouldnotclaimunequivocallythathostilitybetweenrecognizableclassescannotbelegitima yobserved.InOhio,ourroadsometimesmovedrightalongsidetheturnpikeandwecouldseethenewcarswiththeiroutlandishfins，passingusasregularlyascardsbeingdealtofftheofanendless“No,Iwon'tridewithservicemen-,”saidmycasuallyseditiousfather,ashesloweddownandpeeredatasoldierandthenresumedhisfullcruisingspeed,whileI,patrioticallyoffended,watchedthestunneddefenderofmydomskickingathisdufflebagandgettingsmallerandsmallerasnetPontiacitsfumingFortune500companiesactuallydoleoutbigfeestocomedyconsultantswhoofferhumorseminarsandimprovisationalworkshops—allinthenameofimprovedByjourney'send,IwillnotbethemanIamtoday.AfricawillhavechangedmeinwaysIcannotpredict,perhapsinwaysprofound,perhapsonlysuperficial.PerhapsIwillloseafewpounds,perhapsthearroganceinmywalk.Perhapsmywalk,evenmywayoflookingatthings,willbealittlemoreAfrican.Butfornow,Iamdifferent.Onecanaseasily eachemistoraneuroanatomistbecauseofwhereonewenttoschoolorwhoseinfluenceonehappenedtocomeunderasbecauseofacompellingearlyresponsetothelogicofchemistryorthebeautyofthehumannervousProvideyourreaderswithsuchassistance.Ifyouwouldlikethemtorestforaminutesoyoucansneakupbehindthemandstunthemwithsomethingnew,letthemhavealittlepeacefuldescription,orperhapsalittlesomethingfunnytosover,oralittlemomentofsuperiority.Thepredominantfashionamongseriouswritershasbeentoconsideranyrecognizableconcernforthereaderasacommercialblemishontheotherwisespotlessfaceofart.Authorswhomakethistheirmotto,inthenameoficintegrity,canhardlybeexpectedtotoleratetheattitudesofcriticallyacclaimednineteenth-centurynovelists,whobelievedthattheirfirstdutywastotrytoseem“pleasant,”andthattodosotheymustrendertheirmeanings“withoutanefforttothereader.”Thescientificmethodisthesystematicpursuitofknowledgeinvolvingidentificationofaproblem,thecollectionofrelevantdatathroughobservationandexperimentation,andtheformulationandtestingofhypothesesthataimtosolvetheIndeed,inthelast25years,inanefforttoraisefinancialsupportataratenearlytriplethatoftherestofsociety,thescientificcommunitymayhavepromisedtoomuchtooPerhapsonecansaywithmorethanmereintuitionthatcertainskillsdoatrophythroughnotbeingused,thatanincreasingrelianceonelectronicstomediateourapprehensionofworlddoesleadtothelossofcertainsensitivities,andthattoloseanysensitivityorislimitingandIfthereisascientificratherthanasentimentalanswer,itmightbeoneogoustorecognizingtheparamountimportanceofmaintainingthediversityofspecies.Themoretheworld espolitically,economically,andculturallycentralized,themorehomogenizeditswaysofliving,themorethedangersofsameness eapparent.Totakeanotoriousexample,theEuropeantraderegulationsrestrictingthevarietiesoffruitandvegetableseedspermittedforsalewithintheEuropeanCommunityhaveforyearsbeenviewedaspotentiallydisastrousbyscientists.Deceptionofaninnocentkindistheirintention;askedifthepictureisgenuine,fewofthem,Iimagine,wouldlie.Norwouldtheybewiseto.Nevertheless,despitetheoverwhelminglyconservativeassumptionsofmostAmericans,weareinfactinthethroesofagenuineanddramaticrevolutioninourculture,anditbehoovesustounderstanditbeforepassingjudgment.Inacademiccircles,Ilingeronthefringeswherethewarmthofthefireneverreaches,anirreverentoutsider,alonerwhoprefersfieldworktotheuniversity,andgeneralreadershiptoacademicjournals.Althoughwewereattheagewhenonealwayshadtheneed,instinct,andimmodestyofinflictingononeanothereverythingthatswarmsinone'sheadandelsewhere,nothinghadgottenthroughSandro'ssofreserve,nothingofhisinnerworld,whichneverthelessonefeltwasdenseandfertile—nothingsaveafewoccasional,dramaticallytruncatedhints.Notonlyarecelebritiestheprotagonistsofournews,thesubjectsofourdailydiscourse,andtherepositoriesofourvalues,buttheyhavealsothemselvessodeeplyinourconsciousnessthatmanyindividualsprofessfeelingcloserto,andmorepassionateabout,themthanabouttheirownprimaryrelationships:witnesstheferventpublictointerestinthelifeofBritain'sPrincessDiana,orthefanswhoevisioninterviewersthatherweddingwasthehappiestdayoftheirWhileanentertainment-driven,celebrity-orientedsocietyisnotnecessarilyonethatdestroysallmoralvalue,assomewouldhaveit,itisoneinwhichthestandardofvalueiswhethersomethingcangrabandthenholdthepublic'sattention.Inanincreasinglynoisyculturalscene,withmanyvoicescompetingforattention,onefeels—perhapsincorrectlybutnonethelessinsistently—theneedtomakeone'sownsmallstir,howeverpathetic.Indeed,whatmightMercatorhavethoughtwereitsuggestedtohimthathisschemewouldonedaybeusedtoplotlandscapessofarfromterrestrialinaspectastoreflectback,intheirmagnificentalienness,theveryideaofanoldandexhaustedEarth?Thequestion"Whyhavetherebeennogreatwomens?"issimplythetipofanicebergofmisinterpretationandmisconception;beneathliesavastdarkbulkofshakyideasaboutthenatureofartandthesituationsofitsmaking,aboutthenatureofhumanabilitiesingeneralandofhumanexcellenceinparticular,andabouttherolethatthesocialorderysinallofthis.Onewouldliketoask,forinstance,fromwhatsocialclassessweremorelikelytocomeatdifferentperiodsofhistory.Orwhatproportionofpaintersandsculptorscamefromfamiliesinwhichtheirfathersorcloserelativeswerepaintersandsculptorsorengagedinrelatedprofessions?Whilethearistocracyhasalwaysprovidedthelion'sshareofthepatronageandtheaudienceforart—asthearistocracyofwealthdoeseveninourmoredemocraticdays—ithascontributedlittleamateurisheffortstothecreationofartitself,despitethefactthataristocrats(likemanywomen)havehadmorethantheirshareofeducationaladvantages,plentyofleisureand,likewomen,wereoftenencouragedtodabbleinthearts.Orrather,isitnotthatthekindsofdemandsandexpectationscedbeforebotharistocratsandwomen—theamountoftimenecessarilydevotedtosocialfunctions,theverykindsofactivitiesdemanded—simplymadetotaldevotiontoprofessionalartproductionoutofquestion,indeedunthinkable,bothforupper-classmalesandforwomengenerally,ratherthanitsbeingaquestionofgeniusandtalent?IsuddenlyrecognizedwhyI,anon-scientist,oranyoneshouldcareaboutwhathappenstothem:not,ultimay,becausetheyusetoolsandsolveproblemsandareinbeings,butbecausetheyareemotionalbeings,asweare,andbecausetheiremotionsaresoobviouslysimilartoours."TheSeafarer,"translatedin1911byEzraPound,showsPound'smethodoftranslatingwhich,whenheissoinclined,producesnotsomuchatranslationasanewpoeminthespiritoftheoriginal.Isolatedfromlight,warmedonlyfrombelow,starvedofnutrients,thelife-formsofVostokcouldteachscientistshowlifemightpersistinEuropa'sfrigidclimate,wheretemperaturesaverageminus250degreesFahrenheit.Whyleavethecomfortsofhome，joinagroupofdesertdevoteesandwalkforwithaheavypack，alltoreachaceofrocksandsilencewhereonemustshelterfromthesunlikeafugitiveinthescantshadowofgiantboulders?Suchaninterpretationiswidelytaughttocollegestudents,butifitistrue,Magrittewenttoanawfullotoftrouble—carefullyselectingadress-finishpipeofparticularlyelegantdesign,makingdozensofsketchesofit,takingitaparttofamiliarizehimselfwithitsanatomy.thenpaintingitsportraitwithgreatcareandskill—justtolussomethingwealreadyknew.TheenemyofslikeMagritteisna?verealism—thedoggedassumptionthatthehumansensoryapparatusaccurayrecordstheoneandonlyrealworld,ofwhichthehumanbraincanmakebutoneaccuratemodel.Astronomersunderstandthateachactofobservation—photographingagalaxy,takinganultravioletspectrumofanexplodingstar—extractsbutasmallpieceofthewhole,andthatamontageofmanysuchimagesisstillonlyarepresentation,apaintingifyouwill.Thatnoonetheoryoftheuniversecandeservedlygainpermanentpredominancedoesnotmeanthatalltheoriesareequallyvalid.InthewakeoftheIndustrialRevolution,whenmassproductionbecametheprideandjoyofninet