喬治奧威爾 Why I Write課程

喬治奧威爾WhyIWrite課程第1頁/共35頁WhyIWriteFrameworkofthearticleWriterLiteratureworksComments第2頁/共35頁WriterParentageCareerMajorworksEvaluationsOrwell'spresscardportrait,takenin1933outline2023/3/31第3頁/共35頁borninWestBengal(西孟加拉邦）,Indiahisfather---workedintheOpiumDepartmentoftheIndianCivilService.（印度總督府鴉片局）hismother---Frenchparentage,daughterofatimbermerchantinBurma（緬甸）Parentage2023/3/31第4頁/共35頁ChildhoodIn1914,11-year-oldOrwellpublishedapoemWakeup,theboysinthelocal

newspaperforthefirsttimeHestudiedinthemostfamousschoolEtonCollege（1917）morose,unsociableanddisobedient2023/3/31第5頁/共35頁Ihadthelonelychild'shabitofmakingupstoriesandholdingconversationswithimaginarypersons,andIthinkfromtheverystartmyliteraryambitionsweremixedupwiththefeelingofbeingisolatedandundervalued.IknewthatIhadafacilitywithwordsandapoweroffacingunpleasantfacts,andIfeltthatthiscreatedasortofprivateworldinwhichIcouldgetmyownbackformyfailureineverydaylife.第6頁/共35頁CONTENTScareerFranceEnglandBurmaSpainBBC2023/3/31第7頁/共35頁Burma(1922~1927)OrwelljoinedtheIndianImperialPoliceforfiveyearsandeventuallyresignedthepostin1927.HisexperienceinBurma,whichmadehimrecognizetheevilsideofcolonialismandthusleftthecolonialpoliceforce.France(1928~1929)HebeganhiswanderinglifeandlivedinParis.Duringthistime,heusedtowashthedishesinaluxuryhotel.2023/3/31第8頁/共35頁England

In1930,hereturnedtoLondon.Hepickedupthecloth(aspice),workedasafamilyteacher,orbookstoreclerk,andcontinuedtochangehisjobs.In1933,hisfirstnovelDownandOutinParisandLondonwaspublishedunderthepennamesofGeorgeOrwell.Itdescribedhisexperiencesasastrugglingwriter.2023/3/31第9頁/共35頁SpainWhentheSpanishCivilWarbrokeout,hewenttoSpainandjoinedtheRepublicanmilitiainfightingagainsttheFascistforcesofFranco.TheexperienceinSpainwasdescribedbyhiminHomagetoCatalonia(1938)

BBCInAugust1941Orwellbegantowork

fortheEasternServiceoftheBBCat

thebeginningoftheWWII.2023/3/31第10頁/共35頁FrameworksParagraphMaincontents1——4Childhood,familybackground,personalityofthewriter.Thebeginningof5.ConclusionOnehavetoknowsomethingaboutthewirter'searlydevelopmentinordertoassesshismotivesofwriting.5——9Fourmotivesofwriting.Theopinionthatartshouldhavenothingtodowithpoliticsisitselfapoliticalattitude.Thebeginningof10.ConclusionThefourimpulseswaragainsteachotherandtheyfluctuateaccordingtodifferentwriters.10——15Thewirter'scareerexperiencewhichmadehimbeginwritingpoliticalliteraryworks.Hispurposewastobalancebetweenpoliticalgoalandaestheticexperience,whicharousesreaders'attentionofthecurrentsituation.第11頁/共35頁MajorWorks2023/3/31第12頁/共35頁AListofhisworks1931AHanging《行刑》1933DownandOutinParisandLondon

《巴黎倫敦落魄記》1934BurmeseDays《在緬甸的日子》1935AClergyman’sDaughter《牧師的女兒》1936KeeptheAspidistraFlying《讓葉蘭在風(fēng)中飛舞》

1938HomagetoCatalonia《向加泰羅尼亞致敬》1938Marrakech《馬拉喀什》1939ComingupforAir《上來透口氣》

1940InsidetheWhale

《鯨魚之中》2023/3/31第13頁/共35頁1941TheLionandtheUnicorn:SocialismandtheEnglishGenius《獅子與獨角獸》1945AnimalFarm《動物莊園》1945NotesonNationalism《民族主義的基本特征》1946HowthePoorDie《窮人之死》1949ReflectionsonGandhi《甘地的思考》1950ShootinganElephant《獵象記》1950NineteenEighty-Four《一九八四》

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Evaluations

2023/3/31第15頁/共35頁“垂死的肺病患者，三十三年前自己的喘息都已不繼，就咳盡你一腔的熱血?！?--《致奧威爾》余光中“西方文學(xué)自伊索寓言以來，歷代都有以動物為主的童話和寓言，但對20世紀(jì)后期的讀者來說，此類作品中沒有一種比《動物莊園》更中肯地道出當(dāng)今人類的處境了。”---夏志清Orwellwas“thebestEnglishessayistsinceHazlitt.”----IrvingHowe“Asuccessfulimpersonationofaplainmanwhobumpsintoexperienceinanunmediatedwayandtellsthetruthaboutit.”----RushbrookWilliams2023/3/31第16頁/共35頁奧威爾以銳目觀察，批判以斯大林時代的蘇聯(lián)為首、掩蓋在社會主義名義下的極權(quán)主義，以辛辣的筆觸諷刺泯滅人性的極權(quán)主義社會和追逐權(quán)力者。小說中對極權(quán)主義政權(quán)的預(yù)言在之后的五十年中也不斷地為歷史印證，所以兩部作品堪稱世界文壇政治諷喻小說的經(jīng)典之作，他因此被稱為“一代人的冷峻良知”。第17頁/共35頁2023/3/31第18頁/共35頁但其影響絕不僅僅局限于文學(xué)界。他在小說中創(chuàng)造的“老大哥”、“新話”、“雙重思想”等詞匯，皆已收入英語詞典；而由他的名字衍生出的“歐威爾主義”、“奧威爾式的”等新詞，甚至成為日常通用語匯，從而可見奧威爾和其作品在英語國家的巨大影響。BigBrotherBigBrotheriswatchingyou.Doublethink第19頁/共35頁WARISPEACEFREEDOMISSLAVERYIGNORANCEISSTRENGTH第20頁/共35頁2023/3/31第21頁/共35頁PIGSHORCESOTHERSBenjamin(Donkey)dogshenssheepBoxerCloverMollie2023/3/31OldMajor>AnimalismSnowball>ReformerNapoleon>Reformer,leaderSquealer>Supporter第22頁/共35頁THESEVENCOMMANDMENTS1.Whatevergoesupontwolegsisanenemy.2.Whatevergoesuponfourlegs,orhaswings,isafriend.3.Noanimalshallwearclothes.4.Noanimalshallsleepinabed.5.Noanimalshalldrinkalcohol.6.Noanimalshallkillanyotheranimal.7.Allanimalsareequal.2023/3/31第23頁/共35頁Fourlegsgood,twolegsbad!4.Noanimalshallsleepinabedwithsheets.5.Noanimalshalldrinkalcoholtoexcess.6.Noanimalshallkillanyotheranimalwithoutcause.7.Allanimalsareequalbutsomeanimalsaremoreequalthanothers.Fourlegsgood,twolegsbetter!第24頁/共35頁PIGSOldMajor>Animalism馬克思和列寧Snowball>Reformer托洛茨基Napoleon>Reformer,leader斯大林Squealer>Supporter莫洛托夫HORSESBoxer廣大基層人民Clover無產(chǎn)階級Mollie中產(chǎn)階級和小資產(chǎn)階級中較為反動的部分Benjamin(Donkey)知識分子dogs極權(quán)主義國家的各種暴力機(jī)構(gòu)hens在農(nóng)業(yè)集體化過程中大規(guī)模反抗的農(nóng)民sheep愚昧大眾2023/3/31第25頁/共35頁2023/3/31第26頁/共35頁Politicalpurpose.—Usingtheword“political”inthewidestpossiblesense.Desiretopushtheworldinacertaindirection,

toalterotherpeoples'ideaofthekindofsocietythattheyshouldstriveafter.Onceagain,nobookisgenuinelyfreefrompoliticalbias.Theopinionthatartshouldhavenothingtodowithpoliticsisitselfapoliticalattitude.第27頁/共35頁Comments2023/3/31第28頁/共35頁I

wanted

to

write

enormous

naturalistic

novels

with

unhappy

endings,

full

of

detailed

descriptions

and

arresting

similes.“眼睛紅腫的孩子隨處可見，多得像成群的蒼蠅”“……那塊面包就會如鏡中之花、水中之月?！薄耙粋€木匠兩腳交叉坐在一架老掉牙的車床旁，正以閃電般的速度旋制椅子腿”“一列長長的、滿身征塵的隊伍，正靴聲橐橐，車輪轔轔地蜿蜒地前行”“看著這支隊伍，就好像看著一群牛羊一樣”“而那掠過它們頭頂、朝著相反方向翱翔的大白鸛恰似片片碎紙在空中閃著點點銀光……”第29頁/共35頁Andyetitisalsotruethatonecanwritenothingreadableunlessoneconstantlystrugglestoeffaceone'sownp