2017年全國(guó)職稱英語(yǔ)等級(jí)考試(理工B)真題及答案

經(jīng)典word整理文檔，僅參考，雙擊此處可刪除頁(yè)眉頁(yè)腳。本資料屬于網(wǎng)絡(luò)整理，如有侵權(quán)，請(qǐng)聯(lián)系刪除，謝謝！B第1111aaaaa第2～17TheMilkyWaycontainsbillionsofEarth-sizedplanetsthatcouldsupportlifethat'sthefindingofanewstudy.ItdrawsondatethatcamefromNASA'stopplanet-huntingtelescope.AmechanicalfailurerecentlyputthatKeplerspacetelescopeoutofservice.Keplerhadplayedabigroleincreatingacensusofplanetsorbitingsome170,000stars.Itsdatahavebeenhelpingastronomerspredicthowcommonplanetsareinourgalaxy.ThetelescopefocusedonhuntingplanetsthatmighthaveconditionssimilartothoseonEarth.TheauthorsofastudypublishedinTheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofsciences,concludethatbetween14and30outofevery100stars,withamassandtemperaturesimilartotheSun,mayhostaplanetthatcouldsupportlifeasweknowit.SuchaplanetwouldhaveadiameteratleastaslargeasEarth's,butnomorethantwicethatbig.Theplanetalsowouldhavetoorbitinastar'shabitablezone.That'swherethesurfacetemperaturewouldallowanywatertoexistasaliquid.Thenewestimateofhowmanyplanetsmightfittheseconditionscomesfromstudyingmorethan42,000starsandidentifyingsuitableworldsorbitingthem.Thescientistsusedthosenumberstoextrapolatetotherestofthestarsthatthetelescopecouldnotsee.Theestimateisrough,theauthorsadmit.Ifappliedtothesolarsystem,itwoulddefineashabitableazonestartingasclosetotheSunasVenusandrunningtoasfarawayasMars.NeitherplanetisEarthlike(althougheithermighthavebeeninthedistantpast).Usingtighterlimits,theresearchersestimatethatbetween4and8outofevery100SunlikestarscouldhostanEarth-sizedworld.Theseareonesthatwouldtake200to400daystocompleteayearlyorbit.Fouroutofevery100sunlikestarsdoesn'tsoundlikeabignumber.Itwouldmean,however,thattheMilkyWaycouldhostmorethanabillionEarth-sizedplanetswithachangeforlife.aaa第3～1821~612~61Earthiswarming.Sealevelsarerising.There'smorecarbonintheair,andArcticiceismeltingfasterthanatanytimeinrecordedhistory.Scientistswhostudytheenvironmenttobettergauge(評(píng)估)Earth'sfutureclimatenowarguethatthesechangesmaynotreverseforaverylongtime.2Peopleburnfossilfuelslikecoalandoilforenergy.Thatburningreleasescarbondioxide,acolorlessgas.Intheair,thisgastrapsheatatEarth’ssurface.Andthemorecarbondioxidereleased,themoretheplanetwarms.Ifcurrentconsumptionoffossilfuelsdoesn’tslow,thelong-termclimateimpactscouldlastthousandsofyears—andbemoreseverethanscientistshadbeenexpecting.ClimatologistRichardZeebeoftheUniversityofHawaiiatManoaoffersthisconclusioninanewpaper.3Mostclimate-changestudieslookatwhat'sgoingtohappeninthenextcenturyorso.Duringthattime,changesintheplanet'senvironmentcouldnudge(推動(dòng))globalwarmingevenhigher.Forexample:Snowandicereflectsunlightbackintospace.Butasthesemelt,sunlightcannowreach—andwarm—theexposedground.Thisextraheatraisestheairtemperatureevenmore,causingevenmoresnowtomelt.Thistypeofrapidexaggerationofimpactsiscalleda“fastfeedback.”.4Zeebesaysit'simportanttolookatfastfeedbacks.However,headds,they'relimited.Fromaclimatechangeperspective."Thiscenturyisthemostimportanttimeforthenextfewgenerations,”hetoldScienceNews.“Buttheworldisnotendingin2100.”Forhisnewstudy,Zeebenowfocuseson“slowfeedbacks”.Whilefastfeedbackeventsunfoldoverdecadesorcenturies,slowfeedbackscantakethousandsofyears.Meltingofcontinentalicesheetsandthemigrationofplantlife—astheyrelocatetomorecomfortableareas—aretwoexamplesofslowfeedbacks.5Zeebegatheredinformationfrompreviouslypublishedstudiesinvestigatinghowsuchprocessesplayedoutoverthousandsofyearsduringpastdramaticchangesinclimate.Thenhecameupwithaforecastforthefuturethataccountsforbothslowandfastfeedbackprocesses.Climateforecaststhatuseonlyfastfeedbackspredicta4.5degreeCelsius(8.1degreeFahrenheit)changebytheyear3000.Butslowfeedbacksaddedanother1.5°C—fora6°totalincrease,Zeebereports.Healsofoundthatstowfeedbackeventswillcauseglobalwarmingtopersistforthousandsofyearsafterpeoplerunoutoffossilfuelstoburn.2345Aa第4～3351A)Itbaystobesmart,butwearenotallsmartinthesameway.Youmaybeatalentedmusician,butyoumightnotbeagoodreader.Eachofusisdifferent.Psychologistsdisagreeaboutwhatisintelligenceandwhataretalentsorpersonalabilities.Psychologistshavetwodifferentviewsonintelligence.Somebelievethereisonegeneralintelligence.Othersbelievetherearemanydifferentintelligences.SomepsychologistssaythereisonetypeofintelligencethatcanbemeasuredwithIQtests.Thesepsychologistssupporttheirviewwithresearchthatconcludesthatpeoplewhodowellononekindoftestformentalabilitydowellonothertests.Theydowellontestsusingwords,numbersorpictures.Theydowellonindividualorgrouptests,andwrittenororaltests.Thosewhodopoorlyononetest,dothesameonalltests.Studiesofthebrainshowthatthereisabiologicalbasisforgeneralintelligence.Thebrainofintelligencepeopleuselessenergyduringproblemsolving.Thebrainwavesofpeoplewithhigherintelligenceshowaquickerreaction.Someresearchersconcludethatdifferencesinintelligenceresultfromdifferencesinthespeedandeffectivenessofinformationprocessingbythebrain.HowardGardner,apsychologistattheHarvardSchoolofEducation,hasfourchildren.Hebelievesthatallchildrenaredifferentandshouldn’tbetestedbyoneintelligencetest.AlthoughGardnerbelievesgeneralintelligenceexists,hedoesn’tthinkittellsmuchaboutthetalentsofapersonoutsideofformalschooling.Hethinkthatthehumanmindhasdifferentintelligences.Theseintelligencesallowustosolvethekindsofproblemswearepresentedwithinlife.Eachofushasdifferentabilitieswithintheseintelligences.Gardnerbelievesthatthepurposeofschoolshouldbetoencouragedevelopmentofallofourintelligences.Gardnersaysthathistheoryisbasedonbiology.Forexample,whenonepartoftheBrainisinjured,otherpartsofthebrainstillwork.PeoplewhocannottalkbecauseofBraindamagecanstillsing.So,thereisnotjustoneintelligencetolose.GardnerhasIdentified8differentkindsofintelligence;linguistic,mathematical,spatial,musical,Interpersonal,intrapersonal,body-kinesthetic(身體動(dòng)覺(jué)的),andnaturalistic.aTheRussianMirSpaceStation,whichcamedownin2001atlastafter15yearsofpioneeringtheconceptoflong-termhumanspaceflight,isrememberedforitsaccomplishmentsinthehumanspaceflighthistory.Itcanbecreditedwithmanyfirstsinspace.DuringMir’slifetime,RussiaspentaboutUS$4.2billiontobuildandmaintainthestation.TheSovietUnionlaunchedMir,whichwasdesignedtolastfromthreetofiveyears,onFebruary20,1986,andhoused104astronautsover12yearsandsevenmonths,mostofwhomwerenotRussian.Infact,itbecamethefirstinternationalspacestationbyplayinghostto62peoplefrom11countries.From1995through1998,sevenastronautsfromtheUnitedStatestookturnslivingonMirforuptosixmonthseach.Theywereamongthe37Americanswhovisitedthestationduringninestopoversbyspaceshuttles.Themorethan400milliontheUnitedStatesprovidedRussianforthevisitsnotonlykeptMiroperating,butalsogavetheAmericansandtheirpartnersintheinternationalstationprojectvaluableexperienceinlong-termflightandmultinationaloperations.AdebatecontinuesoverMir’scontributionstoscience.Duringitsexistence,Mirwasthelaboratoryfor23,000experimentsandcarriedscientificequipment,estimatedtobeworth$80million,frommanynations.ExperimentsonMirarecreditedwitharangeoffindings,fromthefirstsolidmeasurementoftherationofheavyheliumatomsinspacetohowtogrowwheatinspace.Butforthosefavouringhumanspaceexploration,Mirshowedthatpeoplecouldliveand