中國(guó)文化常識(shí)翻譯

中國(guó)文化常識(shí)ChineseCulturalCommonSense概述中華民族是一個(gè)古老的民族，也是一個(gè)有深厚文化底蘊(yùn)的民族。中國(guó)的傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù)門(mén)類繁多、雅俗共賞，從悠揚(yáng)動(dòng)人的民間音樂(lè)到細(xì)膩纏綿的地方戲曲，從疏潔淡雅的水墨畫(huà)到剛?cè)岵?jì)的書(shū)法，無(wú)不閃爍著智慧之光，令人贊嘆不已。SummarizeTheChinesenationisanancientnationwithprofoundculturedeposits.TheChinesetraditionalcultureownsagreatvarieties;itsuitsbothrefinedandpopulartastes,fromthemelodiousandtouchingfolkmusictotheexquisiteandlingeringlocaloperas,fromthesimpleandelegantwashpaintingtothecalligraphieswithbothhardnessandsoftness,allofthemaresparklingwithwisdom,whichmakespeopledeeplyadmired.舞獅舞獅大約起源于南北朝時(shí)期，到了唐朝，獅子舞已發(fā)展為上百人集體表演的大型歌舞。舞獅在中國(guó)是一項(xiàng)傳統(tǒng)體育項(xiàng)目，也是一種傳統(tǒng)文化藝術(shù)，從北方到南方，從城市到鄉(xiāng)村，逢年過(guò)節(jié)及慶典盛事，都可以看到歡快的舞獅。民間認(rèn)為舞獅可以很好地把百姓的歡喜心情表達(dá)出來(lái)，也最能烘托熱鬧氣氛。舞獅尤以廣東地區(qū)一帶最為盛行。用來(lái)舞動(dòng)的獅子外形威武，動(dòng)作剛勁，神態(tài)多變，廣東人稱它為“醒獅”。中國(guó)百姓對(duì)獅子有圖騰般的崇敬感，獅子在民間有很多傳說(shuō)，其位置僅次于龍，因此舞獅也就帶有了不少神秘色彩。人們相信獅子是吉祥瑞獸，而舞獅能夠帶來(lái)好運(yùn)，所以每逢節(jié)日和喜慶活動(dòng)，都會(huì)舞獅助興，祈求吉利和如意。專用于節(jié)慶場(chǎng)合納福迎祥的舞獅，代代相傳，從古代民間傳統(tǒng)的娛樂(lè)活動(dòng)，發(fā)展成為具有健身功能的體育運(yùn)動(dòng)。舞龍和舞獅的熱鬧場(chǎng)面在中國(guó)的電影中也是很常見(jiàn)的。TheliondanceTheliondanceoriginatedintheNorthernandSouthernDynastiesanddevelopedintolarge-scalesinginganddancingcollectiveperformancebyhundredsofpeopleintheTangDynasty.InChina,theliondanceisatraditionalsportingeventbothandatraditionalcultureandart.Fromnorthtosouth,fromcitiestocountries,peoplecanenjoythecheerfulliondanceonNewYear’sDayandonotherfestivalsandcelebrations.Folkpeoplethinkthattheliondancecanexpresstheirfeelingsandjoy;itcanalsosetoffthelivelyatmosphere.AroundtheGuangdongareaistheliondancemostpopular,thelionwhichbeingwavedhasdignifiedappearance,vigorousmovementsandchangeableexpressions,Cantonesecallit“DancingLionfilm”.Chinesepeoplehavesenseofrespecttothelion’stotem.There’relotsoffolklegendsaboutlions,andthestatuteoflionranksonlysecondtodragon.Therefore,theliondanceisgiftedwithmysteriouscolors.Peoplebelievethatthelionisthebeastwithauspiciousnessandtheliondancecanbringpeopleluck.Forthisreason,theliondanceplaysanimportantroleatofficialcelebrationsandhappyeventstosummonluckandfortune.Theliondancewhichisexclusivelyusedinthefestivalactivitiestowelcometheauspicioussignandpropitiousomenhasbeenhandeddownfromagetoage.Itwasdevelopedfromtheancientfolkamusementtothesportactivitywithfunctionoffitness.ThelivelyscenesofthedragonandliondancearealsocommontoseeintheChinesefilm.吉祥圖案中國(guó)民間，流傳著許多含有吉祥意義的圖案。每到年節(jié)或喜慶的日子，人們都喜歡用這些吉祥圖案裝飾自己的房間和物品，以表示對(duì)幸福生活的向往，對(duì)良辰佳節(jié)的慶賀。中國(guó)的吉祥圖案始于距今3000多年前的周代，后來(lái)在民間流傳開(kāi)來(lái)。今天，吉祥圖案任然是中國(guó)人生活中不可缺少的內(nèi)容。中國(guó)的吉祥圖案內(nèi)容及其廣泛，這里介紹最常見(jiàn)的幾種：：“雙喜”字，是雙喜臨門(mén)，大吉大利的意思，民間常在辦喜事時(shí)采用?！皦邸弊?，字頭經(jīng)過(guò)加工美化，變成對(duì)稱的圖案，是長(zhǎng)壽的意思。“福壽雙全”，是由蝙蝠和壽字組成的圖案?！膀稹迸c“?！蓖?。表示幸福長(zhǎng)壽。兩個(gè)“有”字組成的對(duì)稱圖案，意思是順也有，倒也有。在中國(guó)農(nóng)村常用來(lái)貼在收藏谷物的器具上，表示豐收富裕?！鞍偌?，也叫“盤(pán)長(zhǎng)”。它無(wú)頭無(wú)尾，無(wú)始無(wú)終，可以想象為許多個(gè)“結(jié)”，諧“百吉”之音，作為百事吉祥如意的象征，也有福壽延綿，永無(wú)休止的意思?！拔甯Ｅ鯄邸?，圖案中5個(gè)蝙蝠環(huán)繞一個(gè)壽字。五福是長(zhǎng)壽、富貴、康寧、道德、善終。“四合如意”，4個(gè)如意從四面圍攏勾連起來(lái)，象征諸事如意。AuspiciouspatternsIntheChinesefolk,lotsofauspiciouspatternshavebeenspread.Onfestivalsandhappyoccasions,ChinesepeopleliketodecorateroomsandpersonalitemswiththeseauspiciousChinesepatterns,whichcouldrepresenttheaspirationtohappylifeandcelebrationwithgooddaysandfestivals.TheChineseauspiciouspatternsoriginatedintheZhouDynasty,morethan3000yearsago.Theybecamelaterverypopularinthefolk.Today,theystillremainanindispensiblepartinourlife.AuspiciousChinesepatternsarerichincontent.Themostcommonpatternsinclude:thecharacterof“doublehappiness”,whichindicatestwoeventsoccurringatthesametimeandbigfortuneandgreatprofit.Itoftenusedbyfolkpeoplewhentheyprepareforahappyoccasion.Bymeansofprocessingandbeautifying,theupperhalfpartofthecharacter“l(fā)ongevity’turnstoasymmetricalpattern,whichmeans“l(fā)ivesalonglife’.Thepatternsofthecharactersof“l(fā)ongevity”andbats(homonymtofu—happiness)areusedtowishsomeoneahappylifeandlonglife.Thesymmetricalpatterncomposedoftwocharacters“you”(hasthemeaningofowning)meanssurplusinbothclockwiseandanticlockwiseorder.IntheChinesecountry,peopleoftenstickthispatternonthewarewhichforstoringgrain.Itindicatesgoodharvestandprosperous.Thepattern“Baiji”(hundredluckythings)alsocalled“PanChang”(auspiciousknot).Withoutheadortail,beginningandend,thispatternimpliescountlessknots.Ithasthesamepronounceas“Baiji”,whichsymbolizesgoodluckineverything,alsounlimitedhappinessandlongevity.“Wufupengshou”:Thepatternofthecharacter“l(fā)ongevity”surroundedbyfivebats,whichindicatesfivehappylots—alonglife,richesandhonor,goodhealthyandstability,goodmoralsandahappyending.“Siheruyi”(Jadescepter):Fourjadescepterslinkwitheachotherfromfoursides,thispatternsymbolizes”mayallgowellwithyou’..

小孩兒滿月與抓周在中國(guó)，小孩兒的滿月酒和抓周儀式獨(dú)具特色。在孩子的成長(zhǎng)過(guò)程中，這兩個(gè)儀式有里程碑式的紀(jì)念意義。小孩兒出生滿一個(gè)月的那天，孩子的家人一般要招呼親朋摯友，邀請(qǐng)他們一起來(lái)慶祝孩子滿月。按照中國(guó)的傳統(tǒng)，這一天，家里會(huì)充滿了喜慶和節(jié)日的氛圍，滿月酒要辦得熱熱鬧鬧才行。不過(guò)最近這些年，這個(gè)習(xí)俗在城市尤其是年輕夫婦中有逐漸被淡化的趨勢(shì)。但是，小孩兒滿月對(duì)于每個(gè)家庭來(lái)說(shuō)，任然都是一個(gè)非常值得紀(jì)念的高興的日子?！白ブ軆骸敝械脑凇爸堋笔切『簼M一周歲的意思。關(guān)于：“抓周兒”，最早記載于北齊。“抓周兒”也就是在小孩兒滿周歲那天，吃中午的長(zhǎng)壽面之前，擺上經(jīng)書(shū)、筆、墨、紙、硯、算盤(pán)、錢(qián)幣、賬冊(cè)、首飾、花朵、胭脂、吃食、玩具等，如果是女孩兒則要加擺鏟子、勺子（炊具）、剪子、尺子（縫紉用具）、繡線、花樣子（刺繡用具），再由大人將小孩抱來(lái)，令其端坐，父母及他人不給予任何的引導(dǎo)或暗示，任孩子隨意挑選，看他先抓什么，后抓什么，并以此為依據(jù)來(lái)預(yù)測(cè)孩子可能存在的志趣和將從事的職業(yè)以及前途。One-Month-OldFeastandOne-Year-OldCatch(zhuazhou)ofbabiesInChina,One-Month-OldFeastandOne-Year-OldCatchofababyhaveuniquecharacteristics.Thesetwoceremonieshavesignificanceasmilestoneinthegrowingprocessofababy.Onthedaywhenababyisonemonthold,thefamilyofthebabywillinvitetheirfriendsandrelativestoaceremonytocelebratetheoccasiontogether.InatraditionalOne-Month-OldCeremony,therewillbearejoicingandfestiveatmosphereinthefamilyandthefeastissupposedtobelivelyandjoyful.However,inrecentyearsthiscustomhasbeengraduallyabandonedinthecities,particularlyamongyoungcouple.Nevertheless,One-Month-OldFeaststillremainsamemorableandhappymomentforeveryfamily.“Zhou”intheword“zhuazhou”meansababyisoneyearold.TheearliesthistoricalrecordaboutzhuazhouappearedduringtheDynastyofNorthernQi.Onthedaywhenababyisoneyearold,thefamilyofthebabywilllayoutsutras,brushpens,inksticks,paper,inkslabs,abacus,coppercoins,accountbooks,jewelries,flowers,rouges,foods,toys,etc.Forgirls,shovels,scoops(cooker),scissors,rulers(sewingkit),needlework,scissor-cutwillbeadded.Theparentsthenputthebabyinfrontofthesethingsandmakeitsitup.Nobodywillgiveaninstructionorcuetothebabysothatitisleftfreetochoosebyitself.Watchingthebabycatchthearticlesitlikesandaccordingthesequencing,thefamilycanthenmakepredictionsaboutitspotentialinterests,futurecareeranddevelopment.文房四寶自古以來(lái)，人們寫(xiě)字作畫(huà)離不開(kāi)紙、墨、筆、硯。這四種文具被稱為“文房四寶”。中國(guó)文房四寶的品種十分豐富。其中最著名的是宣紙，徽墨，湖筆和端硯。紙宣紙是一種名貴的紙張，早在唐代，就已經(jīng)作為貢品獻(xiàn)給皇帝。由于這種紙的產(chǎn)地在安徽省的宣城附近，所以被人們稱為“宣紙”。宣紙潔白、細(xì)密、均勻、柔軟，拉力大，吸水性強(qiáng)，墨色一落到紙上，就能很快滲透，最能表現(xiàn)出中國(guó)書(shū)法和繪畫(huà)的特點(diǎn)。由于宣紙存放很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間都不會(huì)破碎、變色，也不易被蟲(chóng)蛀，所以，很多中國(guó)古代的宣紙字畫(huà)保存了幾百年、上千年，仍然完好無(wú)損。墨歷代的中國(guó)書(shū)畫(huà)家對(duì)用墨都十分講究。安徽徽州生產(chǎn)的徽墨是中國(guó)最好的墨?；漳珡奶瞥_(kāi)始生產(chǎn)，到現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)有1000多年的歷史。由于制作徽墨的原料中加入了名貴的中藥和香料，有的還加入了黃金，所以，這種墨不但色澤黑潤(rùn)，而且香氣濃郁，保存幾十年后仍然可以使用。筆文房四寶中的筆指毛筆。毛筆的生產(chǎn)和使用可以追溯到幾千年以前。毛筆的原料主要是獸毛和竹管。制作一只好的毛筆要經(jīng)過(guò)70多道工序，制筆工人們要從千千萬(wàn)萬(wàn)根羊毛、兔毛、黃鼠狼毛中一根一根地挑選，然后進(jìn)行搭配組合，才能制成優(yōu)質(zhì)的毛筆。中國(guó)最有名的毛筆是浙江湖州生產(chǎn)的湖筆。湖筆有200多種，是中國(guó)文房四寶中的珍品。硯硯是研墨的工具，在中國(guó)已有3000多年的歷史。端硯、歙硯、洮河硯、澄泥硯并稱中國(guó)四大名硯。其中最著名的是端硯，由廣東省肇慶市端溪出產(chǎn)的端石制成。端硯出墨快，墨汁不易干燥結(jié)冰。端硯不但是名貴的工藝品，還是獻(xiàn)給皇帝的貢品。紙、墨、筆、硯對(duì)中國(guó)文化和傳統(tǒng)書(shū)畫(huà)藝術(shù)的發(fā)展起到了非常重要的作用，一直到今天，人們?nèi)苑Q它們?yōu)椤拔姆克膶殹?。TheFourTreasuresofStudyFromancienttimestillnow,peoplerelyonpaper,inks-stick,brushandinkstonewhentheywriteandpaint.Peoplecallthesefourstationeries“theFourTreasuresofStudy’’.TheChinesefourtreasuresofstudyownsnumerousvarieties.ThemostfamoussortsofthemareXuanpaper,Huiink-stick,HubrushandDuaninkstone.Paper:TheXuanpaperisakindofpreciouspapers.AsearlyasinTangDynasty,Xuanpaperhadbeenalreadypresentedastributetotheemperor.BecauseofitssourceareaisnearXuancityintheAnhuiProvince,peoplecallitXuanpaper.ThefeaturesofXuanpaperarepurewhite,fine,uniform,softandstretchy,ithasalsogoodhydroscopicity.AssoonastheinkdropontheXuanpaper,itpermeatethepaperimmediately.ThischaracterLink-stick:Inallages,Chinesecalligraphersandpainterspaylotattentiontotheuseofink-stick.ThebestChineseink-stick,Huiink-stickcomesfromHuizhouinAnhuiBrush:ThepanoftheChinesefourtreasuresofstudyindicatesbrush.Theproduceanduseofbrushcanbetracedbacktothousandsyearsago.Themainmaterialsofbrusharefurandbamboodrain.Peopleneedtogetthroughmorethan70processestoproduceabrushofgoodquality.Theworkers,whoproducebrushes,needtoselectfursfromtensofthousandsfursofsheep,rabbitsandyellowweasels.Afterthattheycollocateandcombinethesefurs,completetheseselectedbrushesfinally.ThemostfamousbushinChinaistheHubrushcomesfromHuzhouinZhejiangInkstone:Inkstoneisusedforgrindinginkandhasmorethan3000yearshistoryinChina.Duaninkstone,Sheinkstone,TaoheinkstoneandChengniinkstoneareregardas“fourfamousinkstones”inChina.ThemostfamousamongthemisDuaninkstone,whichmadebytheDuanstonefromDuanxiinZhaoqingcityinGuangdongPaper,inks-stick,brushandinkstoneplayanimportantroleinthedevelopmentofChinesecultureandtraditionalartofpaintingandcalligraphy,tothisday,they’restillcalledasthefourtreasuresofstudybypeople.絲綢中國(guó)是最早生產(chǎn)絲綢的國(guó)家。傳說(shuō)是黃帝的妻子嫘祖發(fā)明了養(yǎng)蠶、繅絲和織綢的技術(shù)。考古學(xué)家們認(rèn)為，中國(guó)的桑蠶絲織技術(shù)，至少有4000多年的歷史。絲綢很早就成了古代宮廷貴族的主要衣料和對(duì)外貿(mào)易的重要商品。中國(guó)古代絲綢品種豐富多彩。自從2000多年以前，漢代著名的外交家張騫打通了通往歐洲、西亞許多地區(qū)的“絲綢之路”，華美的中國(guó)絲綢就開(kāi)始源源不斷地輸往歐洲和西亞各國(guó)。西方人十分喜愛(ài)中國(guó)絲綢，據(jù)說(shuō)，公元一世紀(jì)，一位古羅馬皇帝曾穿著中國(guó)的絲綢袍去看戲，頓時(shí)轟動(dòng)了整個(gè)劇場(chǎng)。從此，人們都希望能穿上中國(guó)的絲綢衣服，中國(guó)也因此被稱為“絲國(guó)”。絲綢美化了人們的生活，也促進(jìn)了中國(guó)和世界各國(guó)的友好往來(lái)。SilkChinaistheearliestcountrytohaveproducedsilk.Accordingtothelegendary,thewifeofYellowEmperor,LeiZuhadinventedthetechnologyofbreedingsilkworms,spinningandweaving.Archaeologistsbelievethetechnologyofsilkweavinghasatleastahistoryofmorethan4,000years.Silkhadbeenthemainmaterialstomakeclothesforthenoblemenandtheirfamiliesaswellasanimportantcommodityforexportsincelongago.TherearevariouskindsofancientChinesesilk.Morethan2000yearsago,asearlyastheHanDynasty,Zhangqian,afamousdiplomatofthetime,openedupaSilkRoadleadingtoWesternAsiaandEurope.Sincethen,thedelicatesilksarebeingcontinuouslytransportedtothosecountries.WesternerswereveryfondofChinesesilk.ItissaidthatduringthefirstcenturyAD,aRomanemperorwentthetheatrewearingsilk,whichmadeagreatsensationamongtheaudience.Sincethen,peoplewishedtowearclothesmadeofChinesesilk.China,therefore,wascalledthe"SilkCountry".Silkhasbeautifiedpeople'slifeandpromotedfriendlyexchangesbetweenChinaandothercountries.扇子扇子是人們消暑納涼的工具。在炎熱的夏季，它能給人帶來(lái)陣陣清涼。自古以來(lái)，中國(guó)的扇子就帶著藝術(shù)品的風(fēng)韻，具有獨(dú)特的民族風(fēng)格。大約在3000多年前的商周時(shí)期，中國(guó)就有扇子了。中國(guó)扇子的種類非常多，有紙扇、絹扇、葵扇、羽毛扇、竹編扇等。扇子的形狀也有方有圓，還有梅花、海棠、葵花等形狀。在扇面上題詩(shī)作畫(huà)，是中國(guó)扇子的一大特色。從古到今，中國(guó)許多著名的書(shū)法家、畫(huà)家都喜歡“題扇”、“畫(huà)扇”，留下了不少精美的佳作。在中國(guó)最常見(jiàn)的是折扇，拿在手里既方便又瀟灑。中國(guó)生產(chǎn)折扇最有名的地方時(shí)杭州。杭州折扇往往采用名貴的材料做扇骨。著名的黑紙扇、檀香扇、象牙扇，不但是中國(guó)扇子中的佳品，在世界上也很有名。FansPeopleoftenusefanasatooltorelievesummerheatandenjoythecool.Chinesefanshavethecharmofartanduniquenationalfeaturesinceancienttimes.ThehistoryofChinesefancanbedatedtoover3,000yearsago,aroundtheShangDynasty.There’snowagreatvarietyoffansinChina,suchaspaperfan,silkfan,palm-leaffan,featherfan,bamboofanandsoon.Theshapesoffansarealsovarious:quadrate,circular,shapeinplumblossom,crabapple,sunfloweretc.WritingpoemsandpaintingpicturesonthecoveringoffansisalsoakeyfeatureofChinesefan.Inallages,manyChinesecalligraphersandpaintersenjoywritingandpaintingonthefans,theyhaveleftlotsexcellentworks.ThemostcommonfansinChinaarefoldingfan.Takingfoldingfansinthehandisconvenientandmakespeopleelegant.HangzhouisthemostfamousplaceofproducingfoldingfansinChina.TheframeworkoffansinHangzhouisoftenmadebyrarematerial.Thefamousblackpaperfans,sandalwoodfansandivoryfansbelongtothegooditemsamongChinesefans,theyalsoenjoygreatprestigeintheworld.石獅獅子是中國(guó)人心目中的“靈獸”，被譽(yù)為“百獸之王”。在中國(guó)，隨處都可以見(jiàn)到石雕的獅子。由于中國(guó)人把獅子視為吉祥、勇敢、威武的象征，所以人們?cè)谛藿▽m殿、府第、房屋及陵墓時(shí)，總喜歡用石頭雕成各種各樣的獅子，安放在門(mén)口，用來(lái)“驅(qū)魔避邪”，把守大門(mén)。在古代，設(shè)置石獅子是有一定規(guī)矩的，一般門(mén)左邊的是雄獅，雄獅的右腳踩著一只繡球象征威力。門(mén)右邊的是雌獅，雌獅用左腳撫慰小獅子，象征子孫昌盛。在中國(guó)歷史上，北京曾是五個(gè)封建王朝的都城，因此，在北京城內(nèi)外，遺存下許許多多各式各樣的石獅。其中，天安門(mén)前的那對(duì)最大，中山公園社稷壇門(mén)外的那對(duì)最古老。人們常說(shuō)“盧溝橋的獅子—數(shù)不清”，可見(jiàn)盧溝橋的石獅之多。現(xiàn)在人們?cè)诒本┛吹降氖{，大多是明清時(shí)代的工匠們雕刻的，顯得比較溫順。如果要看漢唐時(shí)期強(qiáng)健威猛的石獅，只能到中國(guó)的另一個(gè)古都西安去觀賞了。如今，石獅作為威武和吉祥的象征，又出現(xiàn)在繁華的街市和銀行、商廈、公園的門(mén)前。據(jù)說(shuō)，獅子愛(ài)玩“夜明珠”，所以，石獅的口中多半都含著一顆能活動(dòng)的圓球StoneLionsToChinesepeople,lionsrepresentmythicalbeastandhavefamousreputationfor“Kingofallanimals’’.InChina,thestonelionssculpturescanbeseeneverywhere.Chinesepeopleregardlionsasthesymbolofauspiciousness,