初中英語語法知識點提綱 中考英語語法復習提綱

PAGE1頁NUMPAGES31如：Sheknewthattheteacherhadseenthe“thattheteacherhadseenthefilm”做knew的賓語，同時又是由連接詞that引導的從句，所以它叫做賓語從句。如：Heaskedwhosehandwritingwasthebestinourclass.他問我們班如：Iagreewithwhatyousaidjustnow.我同意你剛才說的話。如：IamafraidthatIwillbelate.唯恐我要遲到了。Idontknowif/whetherhestillliveshereaftersomanyyears.我不連接代詞：what，which，who，whom，whose(在賓語從句中做連接副詞：where，when，how，why(Thesmallchildrendontknowwhatisintheirstockings.(what在賓Couldyoutellmewhyyouwerelateforthemeetingthismorning?(why在賓語從句中做緣由狀語)Idontknowwhenhewillcomeback.Hetellsmethathissistercamebackyesterday.他告知我他姐姐昨天回SheaskedmeifIknewwhosepenitwas.她問我是否知道這是誰的鋼Hesaidthathecouldfinishhisworkbeforesupper.他說他會在晚飯Theteachersaidthattheearthgoesroundthesun.老師說過地球圍著代詞冠詞介詞連詞感嘆詞二).句子成分：如：TheboyneedsaSmokingisbadforyou=Tosmokeisbadfor如：Thetrainleavesat6o’clock.Sheisreading.如：HewontheHelikesplaying如：Hewrotemealetter有時可把介詞tofor如：Hewrotealettertome么樣”。一般由名詞或形容詞擔當，置于系動詞或be動詞之后。如：Heisastudent.Wearebefeelsmelltaste,sound,look,appear,seem等。become,get,growturn,goremain,keephold,stay,rest如：Theblackbikeismine.(形容詞)TheboyinblueisJimIhavenothingtodotoday.(當定語修飾不定代詞如：nothinganythingeverything等時，定語要放在其后作后置定語。例如：Itellhimsomething例如：Theboyswhoareintheroomareplayinggames.如：Iamvery如：Inordertocheerhimup,Itoldhimthetruth.TheyarewritingEnglishinthebe動詞、助動詞、情態(tài)動詞之后，動詞之前。如：Weoftenhelphim.Heisalwayslateforclass.7、補語：補充說明賓語怎么樣或干什么,。由n./adj./如：Hemademesad.(Sheasksmetotakeanumbrella.(不定式)Thewarmadehimasoldier.(名詞)Ifindhimathome.(Isawacatrunningalongthewall.(8、同位語：通常緊跟在名詞、代詞后面,進一步說明它的狀況,它可以由名如：Tomourmonitor,isahandsomeboy.Imyselfwilldotheexperiment.Sheistheoldestamongthem一).構詞法：1、合成法：如：spaceship,headache,basketball,playground派生名詞：①動詞+er/or②動詞+ing③動詞+(t)ion④形容詞⑤其他,如：inventor,learner,swimming,congratulation,kindness,carelessness,knowledge派生形容詞：①名詞+y②名詞+ful③動詞+ing/ed⑤dangerous⑥Chinese;Japanese⑦English⑧French⑨German⑩國名+(i)an如：snowysunnyhopeful,beautifulinteresting,follwing,daily(每日的),nervous,delicious派生副詞：①形容詞+ly②其它,如：slowly,angrily,full→fully,good→well,possible→possibly等等。形容詞→動詞,如：dry(干燥的)→dry(弄干),clean(干凈的)→clean(動詞→名詞,如：lookwalk,rest,work,studyswim,go,talk(4)形容詞→副詞,如：early→early,fast→fast等等。一、名詞：一).名詞的數(shù)1、可數(shù)名詞一般是個體名詞，如aboy(一個男孩)，集體名詞afamily(一個家庭)，可數(shù)名詞在句子中必需有頭或是有尾，頭就是a，one，an或物主代詞;尾就是復加-os，sh，ch，xce，se，ze，（d）ge變y為i，再加-esPAGE10頁NUMPAGES31以f或fe結尾的名詞ffev，再加-esfoot-feet,goose-geese,tooth-teeth,man-child-children,ox-fish,sheep,deer,means,Chinese,yuan,jin,用a，one，two等修飾，只能在其前加the表示“全體……”。the 警察(指全體警察)the 英國人(指全體英國人 teachers女 Englishman—Englishmen英國男子 2、不行數(shù)名詞專出名詞：NBA美籃協(xié)會MichaelJackson邁克杰克遜theWest物質名詞：液體：milk teacoffeejuiceoil(油肉類：beefchickenmutton天氣：weatherrainsnowwindlight光其他：news(新聞，消息)bread(面包)抽象名詞：funloveluckdutykindnesshappinesstea—differentkindsofteas不同種類的茶food食品—allkindsoffoods各種各樣的食品fruit水果—allkindsoffruits各種各樣的水果glass玻璃—aglass一個玻璃杯—glasses眼鏡、玻璃杯一).名詞的格①一般在單數(shù)或復數(shù)名詞后加-s。如：Tomschair;thechildrens②以-sthestudentsreading③并列名詞表示各自所屬時，在兩個名詞之后都加s如：TomandMikesfatherTom’sandMike’sfathers如：atTom’s在湯姆家里atthetailors在裁縫店atachemists店如：thecoversofthebook(s)書的封面aphotoofmyfamily：如：theworksofLuXun,LaoSheandMaothefoundingofthePeoplesRepublicofChina中華人民共和國的成立yesterdaysnewspaperfiveminutes’drive③of如：amapoftheworld世界地圖aringofgold金戒指ofs如：teachersoffice老師辦公室childrensbook兒童讀物二、代詞：一).人稱代詞：I通稱如：IoftengoshoppingonSundays.(星期天我常去購物)AretheyfromBrazil?(他們是巴西人嗎?)That’sit.It’she!(是他!)如：WhoteachesyouEnglishthisyear?(今年誰教你們的英語?)Helpme!(Weoftenwriteletterstoher.(我們常給他寫信)3thanas格形式,也可以用賓格形式,口語中大多用賓格。如：–It’sI/me.(是我。)BothheandIareworkingatthatcomputercompany.(我和他都在–Whowillgothere?(Youandme.(你和我)4、人稱代詞it除了可以指人指物之外,還可以表示“時間、天氣、溫度、距如：--What’stheweatherliketoday?(今日天氣怎樣?)—It’sfine.(天氣晴好)/--What’sthetime?(–It’s12：00.(12It’salongwaytogo.(那可要走好長的路)/Ittookhimthreedaystocleanhishouse.Itisveryclearthatthepublicwanttoknowwhenthesemencangointospace.(很明顯,公眾想知道這些人什么時候能進入太空)Wefounditverydifficulttolearnaforeignlanguagewell.(我們發(fā)覺二).物主代詞：hisheritshishersitsIsthatyourumbrella?(那是你的傘嗎?)/IoftengotoseemyauntonSundays.如：ThisisyourcupbutwhereismineYourclassroomisverybig,butoursisrathersmall.(你們教室很大,我3、“of+名詞性物主代詞”稱為雙重全部格,作定語時放在名詞的后面。Afriendofminecametoseemeyesterday.(我的一個摯友昨天來看我了)(指若干摯友中有一個。)[試比較]Myfriendcametoseemeyesterday.(我的摯友昨天來看我三).反身代詞：單數(shù)復數(shù)如：Don’tplaywiththeknife,youmighthurtyourself.(不要玩刀子,如：Thestoryitselfisgood.Onlyhedidn’ttellitwell.(故事本身是好四).不定代詞：常見的有some，any，all，none，both，eithereithereach，other，another，much，many，few，little，one等五).指示代詞：1、指示代詞既可以單獨運用做句子的主語、賓語或表語,也可以作定語修如：What’sthis?(Thatmodelplaneismadeofplastic.(那只模型飛機是塑料做的)(被動句)Remembernevertodosuchthings.(記得恒久不要做這樣的事情)DothesameastheteachertellsyouWhoisitIt’sme如：Thecomputerwasagreatinvention.(計算機是個了不得的獨創(chuàng))Thewaterintheglassisverycold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)集體名詞(如family,classteam,group,rowpoliceschool如：ClassThreeisaverygoodclass.如：ClassThreehaveamapofChinaChinese,Japanese,fish,sheep,people等表示單個時謂語用單數(shù),表如：ThereisasheepintheyardTherearesomesheepintheyard.maths,news等雖然有s結尾,但不是復數(shù),因此謂語仍用單數(shù)：Thenewsisveryexciting.(這個消息令人興奮)glasses,shoes,sockstrousers,gloves復數(shù)。ThetrousersareverycheapandIwanttotakethem.(褲子很便宜,我alotof后跟名詞復數(shù)時謂語用復數(shù)形式,跟不行數(shù)名詞時謂語用單數(shù)形式。如：Alotofstudentsareplayingbaseballnow.(現(xiàn)在有很多學生在打壘球)Alotoftimewaswastedonthatwork.(大量的時間花在了那個工作and連接兩個名詞做主語時,謂語原則上用復數(shù),但是兩個名詞若構成一如：Theteacherandhissonarepickingapplesnow.(老師和他的兒子在摘蘋果)Fishandchipsisveryfamousfood.(魚和薯條是一種出名的食品)therebe句型中be如：Thereisatableandfourchairsintheroom.(房間里有一張桌子和both…andBothyouandIarerequiredtobeheretomorrow.(你和我明天要求withwithAwomanwitha7-year-oldchildwasstandingatthesideoftheroad.(一名婦女帶著一個七歲的孩子(當時)就站在路邊)either…or…或者neither…nor…連接兩個人物做句子主語時,謂語采納如：Eitheryouorheisright.(要么是你對,要么是他對/你和他有一個人是NeitheryounorIamgoingthere.(如：Twomonthsisnotashorttime.(兩個月不是個短時間)Twothousandkilometersisquitealongdistance(距離).(兩千千米是相三、數(shù)詞：11234567891010→one(a)thousand,10100→tenthousand,101000→onehundredthousand,1010000→onemillion,10100000→tenmillion,101000000→onehundredmillion,108→onehundredandeight,146→onehundredandforty-500→fivehundred,1011→onethousandandone,thousandeighthundredandthirteen.百位與十位之間要加and;十萬位和萬位,億位和千萬位之間通常也要加英語用千、百萬等單位計數(shù),大數(shù)字從右向左看,每隔三位劃一逗號,倒數(shù)第一個逗號之前要用thousandmillion,倒數(shù)第三的逗號之前要用billion表示。hundred、thousand、million作數(shù)詞時,不用復數(shù),前面可以加上面可以加上some,many,several等詞。如：fivehundred(五百),hundredsof(成百上千的),tenthousand(一萬),thousandsof(成千上萬的),millions(1)th,(2)-ve結尾的改為-fth,(3)-ty結尾的改為-tieth,1010th→onethousandth,1010000th→one703→these