英語畢業(yè)論文On-the-Cultural-Difference-of-Animal-Vocabulary-Existing-between-Chinese-and-English

PAGEPAGE中英語言中動物詞匯存在的文化差異OntheCulturalDifferenceofAnimalVocabularyExistingbetweenChineseandEnglishContentsAbstract………….………….1KeyWords……….………….1I.Introduction…………………….………...21.Theimportanceoflanguage………………22.Vocabularyanditsmeaning………………33.Theconceptionofculture……...…………44.Therelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture……………5II.TheComparisonsofAnimalVocabularybetweenChineseandEnglish…………………...51.Sameanimalvocabularyandsameculturalconnotations………...………...62.Sameanimalvocabularyanddifferentculturalconnotations……………….71)SomeanimalvocabularywithcommendatorymeaninginChinese,butwithderogatorymeaninginEnglish………...……..…………72)SomeanimalvocabularywithcommendatorymeaninginEnglish,butwithderogatorymeaninginChinese………………..……..93.SameanimalvocabularywithoutcorrespondingvocabularyinChineseandinEnglish………….…….91)SomeanimalvocabularywithvariedculturalconnotationsinChinese,butwithnoculturalconceptionsinEnglish……………….………..……..102)SomeanimalvocabularywithvariedculturalconnotationsinEnglish,butwithnoculturalconceptionsinChinese……...…….….104.Differentanimalvocabularywithsimilarculturalconnotations…….…..11III.Conclusion………..…...12References……...…………...13OntheCulturalDifferenceofAnimalVocabularyExistingbetweenChineseandEnglish第14頁共13頁OntheCulturalDifferenceofAnimalVocabularyExistingbetweenChineseandEnglishAbstract:Languageisthecarrierofculture.Thankstodifferentlanguages,culturehasbeensocolorful.Words,astheunitoflanguage,playanimportantroleinculture.Differentlivingenvironmentsandculturalconventionshaveagreateffectontheculturalconnotationsofvocabulary.Animalsarefriendsofhuman-beings.Languagesofallnationscontainalotofwordsdenotinganimals,andsodoChineseandEnglish.AlthoughanimalvocabulariesexistinbothChineseandEnglish,sometimestheirmeaningsdifferfromeachother.InordertogetabetterunderstandingoftheEnglishcultureandamorevividandeasefulwayofcommunication,weoughttohavesomeideaofanimalvocabulary.Ifnot,wemayhavedifficultiesinunderstandingtheinsidemeaningortheintentionofthespeaker.Keywords:animalvocabulary;culture;language;connotation摘要：語言是文化的載體。由于語言的不同，文化變化多種多樣。詞作為語言的基本單位，在語言中起著重要的作用。不同的生活環(huán)境和文化傳統(tǒng)對詞匯的含義有很大的影響，動物是人類的朋友，包括英語和漢語在內的所有語言中都有很多表示動物的詞匯。雖然動物詞匯在漢語和英語中都存在，但是有時他們所包含的意義卻不一樣。為了更好的了解英國文化，更生動和更輕松的交流，我們應該對動物詞匯有一些了解。如果不這樣的話，我們將會在了解說話者的深層意思和意圖的時候遇到困難。關鍵詞：動物詞匯；文化；語言；涵義I.Introduction1.Theimportanceoflanguage Whatislanguage?Thisquestionmayfirstlysoundslikeasimplequestion.Thoughthisextremelyfamiliar,commonphenomenon,itisdifficulttogiveasatisfactorydefinition.Somepeopleprobablywillsay“l(fā)anguageisatoolforhumancommunication”.Farfromadefinition,thisonlytellsuswhatlanguagedoes,orwhatitisusedfor,i.e.itsfunction.Modernlinguistshavehadvariousdefinitionoflanguage,butthemostgenerallyaccepteddefinitionis:“l(fā)anguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication”.Shortasitis,thisdefinitionhashatchedthemainfeaturesoflanguage.Firstofall,languageisasystem,elementsoflanguageiscombinedbyrules.Thisexplainswhy“iblk”isnotapossiblesoundcombinationinEnglish,andalsowhy“Beenhewoundedhas”isnotarightsentenceinEnglish.Secondly,languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenalinguisticsymbolsstandsfor,forinstance,betweentheword“pen”andthethingwewritewith.Thefactthatdifferentlanguageshavedifferentvocabulariesforthesameobjectisagoodillustrationofthearbitrarynatureoflanguage.Thisalsoexplainsthesymbolicnatureoflanguage:vocabulariesarejustsymbols;theyareassociatedwithobjects,actions,ideas,etc.byconvention.ThisconventionalnatureoflanguageiswellillustratedbyafamousquotationfromShakespeare’splay“RomeoandJuliet”:“Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet.”Thirdly,languageisvocalbecausetheprimarymediumforalllanguagesissound.Allevidencepointstothefactthatwritingsystemcameintobeingmuchlaterthanthespokenformsandthattheyareonlyattemptstocatchsoundsandmeaningonpaper.Thefactthatchildrenacquirespokenlanguagebeforetheycanreadorwritealsoindicatesthatlanguageisprimarilyvocal.ForthelinguistEdwardSapir,languageisnotonlyavehiclefortheexpressionofthoughts,perceptions,sentiments,andvaluescharacteristicofacommunity;italsorepresentsafundamentalexpressionofsocialidentity.Language,ofcourse,isknowledge,andinourworldtodayknowledgeisoneofthekeyfactorsincompetitiveness.Brainsandknowledgearewhatcreatetheprosperityandgrowthwetendtoassume.Inanadvancedindustrialsocietyinanincreasinglymutualityworld,theknowledgeofotherlanguagesbecomesindispensable.JustthinkofhowtheadventoftheInternethaschangedourlives.Forthelastfewyears,millionsofpeopleacrosstheworld,whosharecommoninterests,areabletocommunicatewitheachotherandexchangeideas.Notonlyaretheyabletodothisduetothevarioustechnologicaladvances,butalsobecausetheyshareacommonlanguage.So,languageismostimportanttohumanbeings.Weuselanguageeveryday.Theincreasingofourlivesdependsonfast,applicableandsuccessfuluseoflanguage.2.VocabularyanditsmeaningWhatexactlyisaVocabulary?Allthewordsinalanguagegetwhatisgenerallyknownasitsvocabulary.Theterm“vocabulary”isusedindifferentsenses.Notonlycanitrefertothetotalnumberofthevocabularyinalanguage,butitcanstandforallthevocabularyusedinaparticularhistoricalperiod,e.g.OldEnglishvocabulary,MiddleEnglishvocabularyandModernEnglishvocabulary.Wealsouseittorefertoallthevocabularyofagivendialect,agivenbook,agivendisciplineandthevocabularypossessedbyanindividualperson.Englishisoneoftheworld’shighlydevelopedlanguages.SoChineseis.Naturallythevocabularyisoneofthelargestandrichest.Thegeneralestimateofthevocabularyisoveronemillionwords.Aswemayknowthearbitrarinessoflanguage,thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandwords.Agoodexampleisthefactthatdifferentvocabulariesareusedtorefertothesameobjectindifferentlanguages.Astheconceptualistsagreed,vocabularyandthingsarerelatedthroughthemind.Forexample,thevocabulary“dog”isdirectlyassociatedwithacertainconceptinourmind,i.e.,whata“dog”islike,butitisnotdirectlylinkedtothatparticulardogmentionedinthesentence“Thedogovertherelooksunfriendly”,i.e.,thereferentinthisparticularcase.Thus,thesymboloravocabularysignifies“things”byvirtueoftheconceptassociatedwiththeformofthevocabularyinthemindsofthespeakerofthelanguage;andtheconceptlookedatfromthispointofviewisthemeaningofthevocabulary.Tostudythemeaningofvocabulary,wemust,firstofall,knowitsdefinition.Leech’sexplanationis:“Connotativemeaningisthecommunicativevalueandexpressionhasbyvirtueofwhatitrefersto,overandaboveit’spurelyconceptcontent.”ThedefinitionofconnotationintheLongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish(1993)is“thefeelingsorideasthataresuggestedbyavocabulary,ratherthantheactualmeaningofthevocabulary”.Complicatedasitis,G.Leechinamoremoderatetonerecognizes7typesofmeaningare:Conceptualmeaning,Connotativemeaning,Socialmeaning,Affectivemeaning,Reflectedmeaning,ColocativemeaningandThematicmeaning.3.TheconceptionofcultureThereisconsensusthatcultureisacomplexentitywhichemprisesasetofsymbolicsystems,includingknowledge,norms,values,beliefs,language,artandcustoms,aswellashabits,skillsandbehaviorsofhumanityasmembersofagivensociety.Itistakenforgrantedandpeopleareunconsciousofit.Therefore,ithasastrongappreciationonman,anditdeterminestoagreatextentman’sattitudes,thoughts,feelings,expectationsandideas.Culture,inabroadsense,meansthetotalwayoflifeofapeople,includingthepatternsofbelief,customs,objects,institutions,techniques,andlanguagethatcharacterizesthelifeofthehumancommunity.Ascultureissoinclusive,itpervadesvirtuallyeveryaspectofhumanlifeandinfluencespredominantlypeople’sbehavior,includinglinguisticbehavior.Inanarrowsense,culturemayrefertolocalorspecificpractice,beliefsorcustoms,whichcanbemostlyfoundinfolkculture,enterprisecultureorfoodcultureetc.Generallyspeaking,therearetwotypesofculture:materialandspiritual.Whilematerialculture,asthetermitselfsuggests,isconcrete,substantialandobservable,mostofspiritualculture,theproductsofmind(ideologies,beliefs,valuesandconceptsoftimeandspace,forexample),isabstract,ambiguous,andhidden.Incontrastwithnatureinthesenseofwhatisbornandgrows,culturereferstowhathasbeengrownandbroughtupwith,inothervocabulary,whatcanbenurtured.Culture,especiallymaterialculture,isreproducedandpreservedthroughthemaintainingofbeliefs,traditions,educationandotherinstitutionmechanisms,meanwhile,itchangesslowlywiththedevelopmentofthesociety.Acommonviewofcultureisthatofsomethinglearned,transmitted,passeddownfromonegenerationtothenext,throughhumanactions,oftenintheformofface-to-faceinteraction,and,ofcourse,throughlinguisticcommunication.Thisviewofcultureismeanttoexplainwhyanyhumanchild,regardlessofhisgeneticheritagewillgrowuptofollowtheculturalpatternsofthepeoplewhoraisedhim.Achildseparatedfromhisbloodrelativesandbroughtupinsocietydifferentfromtheoneinwhichhewasbornwillgrowuptobeamemberoftheculturehisadoptiveparents.Largelythroughlanguagesocialization,hewillacquirethecultureofthepeopleheliveswith.Inanthropologyacultureisthelearnedandsharedbehaviorpatternscharacteristicofagroupofpeople.Yourcultureislearnedfromrelativesandothermembersofyourcommunityaswellasfromvariousmaterialformssuchasbooksandtelevisionprograms.Youarenotbornwithculture,butwiththeabilitytoacquireitbysuchmeansasobservation,imitation,andtrialanderror.So,cultureisnotamaterialphenomenon,itdoesnotconsistofthings,people,behavior,oremotions.Itisratheranorganizationofthesethings.Itistheformsofthingsthatpeoplehaveinmind,theirmodelsforperceiving,relating,andotherwiseinterpretingthem.Fromthis,wecansaythatcultureiscommunication.4.TherelationshipbetweenlanguageandcultureLanguagequalifiesasanelementorsubsystemofculture;itisaunitofculture.Itisanimportantexpressionofculture.Withitsampleconnotation,itconveysgreatdealofculturalinformation.Sothedevelopmentandthespreadofculturemusthavegotthesupportfromlanguage.Withoutlanguage,theymaintainthatculturewouldnotbepossible.Ontheotherhand,languageisinfluencedandshapedbyculture,itisalsotheoutcomeofculture,anditreflectsculture.Everylanguagecanbeconsideredassymbolicsystemtoreflectaspecificcultureandanexpressionofsubjectiveworldoftheculture.Culturecanonlybepreservedbymeansoflanguagehandeddownfromgenerationtogeneration,solanguageisthecornerstoneofculture.Languagedirectlyreflectstherealityofculture.Thechangesoflanguageareoftencausedbysomeculturalfactors.Theyinfluenceeachother.Thedevelopmentofculturemusthaveenrichedlanguage.Afterlanguagecameintobeing,thecontentofculturebecamemoreandmorecomplicated.Althoughlanguageplaysanimportantroleinculture,languageisnotaculturefreewithcode,distinctfromthewaypeoplethinkandact.Differentpeoplehavedifferentculturalpatterns.Suchdifferencescausedifferencesinlanguage.Languageisjustlikeaskyscraper,andvocabularyareitsbuildingmaterials.Ifthereisnobuildingmaterial,thisskyscraperisonlyadrawing.Sovocabulariesoccupyanimportantpositioninwholelanguage.Ontheotherhand,itssignificancealsoshowsitsvariousdifferences.Andculturalmeaningsofvocabularyareoneofthereasons.ItisalsoabarriertounderstandthemeaningsforEnglishlearners.Duetothedifferentcultureandsocialbackground,someoftheanimalvocabulariesdifferinChineseandEnglish.InordertogetafurtherknowledgeofEnglishvocabularyandabetterwayofcommunicationweoughttoknowwhatthedifferencereallyisinChineseandEnglish.Soit’sverynecessarytodiscusstheculturaldifferenceofanimalvocabularyexistingbetweenChineseandEnglish.II.TheComparisonsofAnimalVocabularybetweenChineseandEnglishAsthisarticlementionedbefore,someanimalvocabularieshavethesamemeaninginbothEnglishandChinese,whilesomedonot.AndsomeevendonothavecorrespondingvocabularyinChineseandinEnglish.However,somedifferentanimalvocabulariessharethesimilarculturalconceptionsinsomewayoranother.Inordertohaveacomprehensiveunderstandingofthisseeminglystrangephenomenon,thisthesiswillanalyzeeachofthem.1.SameanimalvocabularyandsameculturalconnotationsWolfisonekindofcruelanimalswhicheatsheepoftheshepherdspecially.So,peopleinChineseandEnglishcountriesdon’tlikewolfextremely.BothChineseandEnglishuse“wolf”(狼)tostandfor“cruel”or“greedy”.InChinese,ifwewanttodescribeapersonwhoisviciousandungrateful,weoftenuse“狼心狗肺”；ifwesaysomebodyis“有狼子野心”,wemeanheisasungratefulaswolf.WecaneasilyfindsimilarusesinEnglish.Forexample:A.He’smadthattrustsinthetamenessofawolf,aboy’slove.（人發(fā)了瘋才相信豹狼的溫順，孩童的愛情。）B.Itismadnessforasheeptotreatofpeacewithawolf.（羊和狼講和平，是羊發(fā)了瘋。）C.Thewolfmaylosehisteeth,butneverhisnature.（豺狼老掉牙，本性改不了。）InChinese,wehave“如餓狼撲食”，“狼吞虎咽”andthingslikethattodescribehowfastandviolentapersoniswhenheiseating,justlikeawolf.SodoesEnglish.D.Yououghttoseehimwolfitdown.（你應該看著他狼吞虎咽地把它吃下去。）E.Pamelacutherselfapieceofsteakandateit,nottakingheeyesoffVictorHenryashewolfedthefood.（帕米拉切了一塊牛排吃，在維克多.亨利狼吞虎咽的時候，眼睛一刻也沒離開他。）InEnglish,sometimes,theword“wolf”meanshungry.Forexample,“keepthewolffromthedoor”itmeans“不再挨餓”.“IhopetheselittlebitsofgoldI’vebroughtdownfromtheskywillhelptokeepthewolffromthedoor.（我希望我從天上帶回來的這些金幣，能使咱們不再挨餓。）InChinese,“色狼”isstandforcrazysatyr.InEnglish,wolfmeansayoungmanormanwhohabituallypursueswomenoraseducer.“Hehasthefameofthewolfintown.”（他在城里有色狼之稱。）Anotherwordis“fox”.InChinese“fox”isoftenusedasasynonymofcunning,soapersonwhoiscunningiscalledoldfox(老狐貍).“狐貍再狡猾，也要露出尾巴”,and“狐貍尾巴藏不了”meanthatcunningasfoxis,hecannothidethetruthandsomeday,thetruthwillbefoundout.Sotherecomesanotherphrase“狐貍再狡猾，也逃不過獵人的眼睛”。Themostfamousfable,aBullywithaCoward'sHeart(狐假虎威),tellsusastoryaboutfox:Oneday,atigercaughtafoxandwasgoingtoeatit,whilethecunningfoxliedtothetigerandtoldhimthatheissentbygodtobethekingoftheanimals,andaskedthetigertogowithhim.Astheywalkedintheforest,alltheanimalsrunawayimmediatelyfromthem,whichmadethetigerbelievewhatthefoxsaid.Thatisthestoryallabout.Althoughabullywithacoward’sheartmeanstobrowbeatbyusingother’spower,thisfableintendstoexposethenatureofthefox.Also,foxhasthemeaningoftreacherousinEnglish.Forexample:F.He’sasslyasafox.You’vegottowatchhim.（他狡猾如狐貍，你可要小心點。）F.Whenthefoxpreaches,andthentakecareofyourgeese.（狐貍說教，當心鵝只被盜。）G.Don’ttrustthatman.He’sanoldfox.（不要相信那個人。他是只狡猾的老狐貍。）H.Thefoxisknownbyhisbrush.（看尾巴就知道是狐貍。）“Cunning”and“Treacherous”arecloselyrelatedtoeachother,therefore,theword,fox,containsthemeaningof“因性詐而欺騙”.Forexample,“youcanneverfoxme（你決騙不了我）”Theadjective,foxy,doeshavethemeaningofcunning.SothesentenceHe’sfoxyequalstheoneHe’sassly,orcunningasafox.Morevocabularyherecanfurthersupportthemeaningofthispart.Beeisusedtosymbolize“industriousandhardworking”,e.g.:“asbusyasabee（像蜜蜂一樣忙碌）”.Pigeon（鴿子）canbeusedtosymbolize“peace”.Ass（驢子）isemployedtorefertosuchapersonwhoisfoolishandsimple,forinstance,“makeanassofoneself（使自己出洋相，干蠢事）”.Pig（豬）hassuchcharacteristics:dirty,greedy,lazy,andugly,forexample,“eatlikeapig（像豬一樣貪吃）”;“makeapigofoneself（大吃大喝）”.Forexample:I.“Hehasbeenapigaboutmoney（他對錢貪得無厭）”.So,wecanseethattherearemanyvocabularies,suchaswolf,fox,bee,pigeon,pigandsoon,sharethesamemeaningsbothinChineseandEnglish.2.SameanimalvocabularyanddifferentculturalconnotationsAlthoughtherearesomeanimalvocabulariessharethesamemeaning,therearealsomanyvocabularieswithdifferentmeaningsinChineseandEnglish.SomemayhavecommendatorymeaninginChinesebutderogatoryinEnglish,viceversa.1)SameanimalvocabularywithcommendatorymeaninginChinese,butwithderogatorymeaninginEnglishTheword,dragon,isaverytypicalexampleofthedifferenceofmeanings.InChina,dragonisconsideredtobethesymbolofking.Sincethekingisthedragon,everythingthatbelongstothekingiscalledthedragon’s,suchas“龍顏”，andeventheoffspringofthekingiscalled“龍種”or“龍子鳳孫”.Dragoncanalsobeusedtosymbolizeagiftedpersonoraoutstandingone,whichwecanseefrom“望子成龍”，whichmeanstohopehissontobeagreatperson.Anotherexampleis“龍游淺水遭蝦戲”，whichmeansonceapersonistrapped,nomatterhowmightyheis,hecandonothingbutbebeaten.Sincedragonissomuchabe-lovedwordinChinesewhichsymbolizeeitherkingsorgreatpersons,weChineseisproudofbeing“theoffspringofthedragon”.WhilethedragonwhichisaderogatoryterminEnglish.Itissaidthatthedragon,aratherstrongthree-headbeastwiththeabilityofshootingflame,isthewealth-keeperofSatan.IntheancientEnglishepic,Beowulf,theheroBeowulfiskilledbytheinfamousdragon.So,thedragoninEnglish,whichstandsfortheevils,doeshaveatotallydifferentmeaningfromthatinChinese.ThedragonortheolddragonisSatan.Forexample:A.Hermotherisarealdragon.（她母親真是一條惡龍）（意為：她母親、兇神惡煞地看管她。）B.Iwillstarvehimtodeath,thesonofadragon.（我要餓死他，這惡魔的兒子。）InEnglish-speakingcountries,thehatetosnakecomesfromtheBible.AccordingtotheBible,thesnakeisevilorintheothervocabularyisSatan.IntheGardenofEden,thegodcreatesthefirsthuman-beingAdamwithmud.AndthenHecreatesEvewithoneofAdam’sribs.Thegodwantedthemtoaccompanyhimandlivewithhimforever.However,theemergenceofthesnakechangesall.ThecunningsnakeslureEvetoeattheforbiddenfruitintheknowledgetree,whichwasobviouslyforbiddenbygod.EveeatsitandgivesonetoAdam.Afterthat,death,greedanddegenerationcomeintobeing.SothesnakewasheavilypunishedbythegodtowalkonitsbellybecauseofitsluringtoEve.Sincethen,peoplestartedrevilingit.Therefore,everythingthatrelatedtosnakeisofthederogatorysense.Forexample:C.Thatsnakeinthegrassreportedmetotheboss.（那個口蜜腹劍的家伙到老板那里告了我了一狀。）AlthoughtheimageofsnakeisvariousinChineselegends,manyofthemarekindandhumane.ThemosttypicaloneisLadyWhiteSnakeorinChinese“白蛇傳”.Thislegendintendstopraisethewhitesnake’sdesireforthefreedomoflovewhichhastouchedtheChinesefromgenerationtogeneration.TheChinesestartedtoworshipsnakesinceprimitivetimes.ItissaidthattheforefatherPanGuwhoseparatedtheearthandtheskyisofdragonheadandsnakebody.InChineseTwelveEarthly,thedragoniscloselyfollowedbythesnake,orsometimes,wecallsnakethelittledragon.Thesnakeisthesymbolofwisdomwhichinmystery.2)SameanimalvocabularywithcommendatorymeaninginEnglish,butwithderogatorymeaninginChineseInChinese,“owl（貓頭鷹）”isconsideredtobeanunfortunatebirdwhosecryismiserable.Sothesuperstitiouspeoplealwaysrelatedittodeath,consideringthatwhomeettheowlwillbeunfortunate.AstheChineseoldsayinggoes“夜貓子進宅，好事不來”；“夜貓子抖摟翅，大小有點事”.Itissaidthatwhentheowlisgrownup,itwillbiteandleaveitsmum.Therefore,theChineseuseowltostandforthepeoplewhoisingratitudeandcruel.InEnglish,owlisthesymbolofwisdom.InGreekandRomanlegends,owlalwaysaccompaniesthegoddessofwisdom,PallasMinerva.Asthesayinggoes“Onetakesthebehaviorofone'scompany”,sotheowliswise.Andtherecomesthephrase“aswiseasanowl”.Ifwedescribesomeoneas“owlish”,wemeanheisclever.Theconflictsamongtheanimalsarejudgedbytheowl.Andowlisalwaystheonlytohandleemergencies.DeeplyintheChinesehearts,“dog”isconsideredtobeadegradinganimal,whichisoftenusedtosymbolizethedespicablepeople.Theword,dog,alwaysgivespeoplethebadimagesuchasdegrading.Forinstance,“狗眼看人低”isusedtodescribesnobwhoalwayslookdownuponothers;“狗嘴里吐不出象牙”meansthatabadmancan’tsayanythinggood;“狗腿子”,“走狗”isusedtostandfortheaccomplices.Sodotheotherphraseshavethesamederogatorysensesuchas“狗膽包天”，“狗仗人勢”Butinthewest,peoplehavealongtraditionofkeepingpets.Ofthem,domesticanimalssuchasdogsandcatsaredearandvaluedcompanions.Thewesternersevenconsiderdogaspartofthefamilyandnameit.IntheGreeklegend,dog,thekeeperofthegateofafterlifeisalwaysloyalandalert.Therefore,inEnglish,thephrasethatcontainsdogisoftenagoodone,suchas:“l(fā)oveme,lovemydog”（愛屋及烏）;“aluckydog（幸運兒）”;“gaydog（快樂的人）”;“topdog（勝利者）”;“asleepingdog（惹不起的人）”;“olddog（老手）”.Thedifferentculturegivesdifferentmeaningstoanimalvocabulary.Taketheword“cricket”forexample.TheancientChinesepoetsuse“cricket”toexpressthefeelingsofbeinglonelyanddesolate.Incontrast,inthewesternliteraryworks,theword“cricket”alwaysgivesthereaderthefeelingofjoysuchas“aslivelyasacricket”(快樂如蟋蟀).Fromtheabovedescription,itcanbeseenthatbecauseoftheculturaldifference,manyanimalvocabulariesaregivendifferentmeanings.3.SameanimalvocabularywithoutcorrespondingvocabularyinChineseandinEnglishNoteverysingleanimalvocabularymakessenseinbothChineseandEnglish.SomehavemeaningsinChinese,butsomehavenot,viceversa.1)SameanimalvocabularywithvariedculturalconnotationsinChinese,butwithnoculturalconnotationsinEnglish“鴛鴦”(mandarinduck)isakindofbirdthatlivesinwaterandisalwaysaccompaniedbyitsspouse.Happilyastheyare,theChinesealwaysuseittostandforcoupleswholoveeachotherdeeply，sotherecomesthephraseslike“鴛鴦配”and“鴛鴦戲水”.Sometimes,mandarinduckisusedtodescribethingsthatalwaysappearwithitscompanion.MandarinduckisusedtosymbolizefinelovewhileitdoesnotmakeanysenseinEnglish.“鶴”(crane)issaidtoberiddenbyimmortal,whichgainsthenameof“仙鶴”.Immortalcanliveforever,sodoesthecranes.Therefore,theChineseusecranetosymbolizelonglife.Inthebirthpartyofelderpeople,peoplealsopresentsomethingthatrelatestocraneasgift.Towesternpeople,craneisnomorethanawaterbirdthathaslongneck,longlegsandlongmouth.Weallknowthat蠶(silkworm)originatesinChina.TheproductswithsilkproducedbysilkwormsareverypopularinothercountriesespeciallyinEurope.“Thesilkroad”iswellknowntotheworld.AlltheseindicatethatChinahasalonghistorywithrichsilkwormculture.ThepoembyLiShangyininancientChina,“春蠶到死絲方盡，蠟炬成灰淚始干(Thesilkwormtillitsspinssilkfromlove-silkheart;thecandleonlywhenburnthasnotearstoshed)”impressestheChinesepeoplefromgenerationtogeneration.However,toEnglishpeople,silkwormisonlyawormwithoutanyculturalconnotations.“龜”(tortoise)isalsoasymboloflonglifeinChina.Therearesomestone-madetortoisesinfrontofthepalaceortemple.However,ontheothersideofthecoin,itcanbeusedtostandforthemanwhosewifehasadulterywithothers,therefore,itisastronglyderogatoryword,andalwaysusedtoinsultpeople.2)SameanimalvocabularywithvariedculturalconnotationsinEnglish,butwithnoculturalconnotationsinChinese“goat（山羊）”isconsideredtoberelatedwiththeideaofsinandassociatedwithdevil-lore.Thelegendthatthedevilcreatedthegoatmaybeduetoitsdestructiveness,andthedevilwasfrequentlydepictedasagoat.Andalso,goathasthemeaningof“sacrifice”and“色鬼”.Itisatypeoflustandlechery.Inaddition,thereisonesentenceintheBible:AllgatherinfrontofHim,andHedistinguishesthemonebyone,justliketheshepherddistinguishessheepandgoat,whichgivesitthemeaningof“inferiorpeople”and“inferiorthing”.Forinstance,“makehimthegoat”（拿什么當替罪羊）,“oldgoat”（好色之徒）,“separatethesheepfromthegoats”（把好人和壞人或好或壞區(qū)分開）.Incontrast,goatisnomorethanakindofanimaltotheChinese.Cat,inEnglish,hasrichandvariedculturalconnotations.Itcanbeusedtorefertopersonswithdifferentconnotationsandcolors:“acoolcat(性格內向的人)”;“afatcat(有財是勢的人)”;“acopycat(抄襲別人的人)”.But,itisverydifficultforChinesepeopletounderstandtheseEnglishexpressions.InEnglish,manyidiomswithcat,suchas“bellthecat(做冒險事)”;“l(fā)etthecatoutofthebag(泄密)”;“turncatinthepan(見利思遷，變節(jié))”;“l(fā)ikeacatonhotbricks(像熱鍋上的螞蟻)”.Forexample:A.Heisamanwhoturnscatinthepan.(他是個見利思遷的人).B.Iwaslikeacatonhotbricksbeforehisdrivingtest.(我面臨駕駛考試，緊張得像熱鍋上的螞蟻).C.Sheisaperfectcat.(她是個十足的長舌婦).InEnglishtherearemanyothervocabulariesinthisgroup.Forinstance,“whiteelephant(白象)”standsforthingthat’sclumsy,biganduseless.“Tobuffalo”meanstomakesomeonewoulddonothingorconfused,andthenextendtomaketraporthreaten.However,noneofthesemakessenseinChinese.4.DifferentanimalvocabularywithsimilarculturalconnotationsDespitetheculturaldifferent,someofthedifferenta