《新編實(shí)用英漢翻譯教程》第一章 翻譯基本知識(shí)與理論概述

新編實(shí)用英漢翻譯教程CompanyLogoContents第一章翻譯基本知識(shí)與理論概述第二章英、漢之間的對(duì)比第三章英漢翻譯中的技巧與方法第四章英漢翻譯中的特殊句型翻譯第五章英漢翻譯中的從句翻譯第六章英漢翻譯中的長(zhǎng)句翻譯第七章英漢翻譯中的習(xí)語(yǔ)翻譯第八章英漢翻譯中的廣告與商標(biāo)翻譯第九章商務(wù)翻譯第十章論文摘要的翻譯第十一章中國(guó)飲食翻譯CompanyLogoUnit1

BasicKnowledge&SkillsofTranslationCompanyLogoUnit1

haveknowledgeof

languagefamilies

learnsomethingaboutequivalenceofsemanticmeaningidentifythedifferencesinpartofspeeches

betweenC-E

graspthepragamaticmeaningofwords

understandthedifferencesinsentencestructureLearningFocusCompanyLogo

DefinitionandNatureofTranslation

MethodsofTranslation

TranslationHistory

PrinciplesorCriteriaofTranslation

ProceduresofTranslationBasicKnowledge&SkillsofTranslationUnit1CompanyLogo

What’stranslation?

Translationisacross-culture

andcross-languagecommunicationofexactlyandcompletelyreproducinginonelanguagetheideaswhichhavebeenexpressedinanotherlanguage,firstintermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofstyle..

翻譯是跨文化、跨語(yǔ)言的交流；準(zhǔn)確、完整地把一種語(yǔ)言所表達(dá)的思想用另一種語(yǔ)言重新表達(dá)出來(lái)；首先是意義，其次是文體。SectionIDefinitionandNatureofTranslation

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What’sthegoodtranslation?

Besurethatapropertranslationhelpstopromotemutualunderstandingbetweenpeopleofdifferentculturalandsocialbackgrounds,whileimproperrenderingormisunderstandingofwordsorexpressionsmayleadtoconfusion.CompanyLogo

What’sthegoodtranslation?

五講四美三熱愛(ài)----fivestresses,fourpointsofbeautyandthreeaspectsoflove.街道婦女----housewivesoftheneighborhood

教師休息室----

teacher’slobby(lounge)拳頭產(chǎn)品----knockoutproducts/competitiveproductscoreproducts紅包——Covertpayment,underthetablepayment,cashgiftCompanyLogo

Wrongcollocations

提高英語(yǔ)水平濃咖啡強(qiáng)硬政策學(xué)習(xí)知識(shí)實(shí)現(xiàn)自給自足違反他的意圖toraisethelevelofEnglishknowledgepowerful

coffeestrongpolicylearnknowledgeachieveself-sufficiencyviolatehisintentiontoimproveone’sEnglish;toincreaseone’sknowledgeofEnglishstrongcoffeetoughpolicyacquireknowledgereachself-sufficiencygoagainsthisintention啊，好票！Ah,goodtickets!Ah,goodseats!CompanyLogo

ascience(theoryandskills)anart(charmsandstyle)askill(aprocess)acraft(aprocess)anoperation(methods)acommunication

(speakers)politicalessaysliteraryworksnewsreportspracticalwritingsscienceandtechnologyarticles

NatureandScopeNatureScopeCompanyLogo

Classificationofthetranslation

Fromdifferentaspectswecanhavedifferentkindsoftranslation.Intermsoflanguages,therearethreekindsoftranslation:Intralingualtranslation-----語(yǔ)內(nèi)翻譯

translationfromancientlanguageintomodernlanguage.translationfromlocallanguageintoanotherlocallanguagewithinacountry.(translationbetweendialects)Interlingualtranslation-----語(yǔ)際翻譯

translationfromChineseintoforeignlanguageandviceversa(nativelanguage→foreignare)CompanyLogo

Generallyspeaking,translationcanbedividedinto,oralinterpretationwrittentranslationandmachinetranslation;

full-texttranslationandabridgedtranslation.Asfarasmethodsareconcerned,thereareliteraltranslation(直譯)andfreetranslation(意譯).Asforculturalorientation,(文化傾向性)thereareothertwomethodsbasednotonlyonthelanguagelevelbutalsoontheculturallevelcalledforeignzingmethodanddomesticatingmethod.(異化和歸化）

ClassificationofthetranslationCompanyLogo

SectionIITranslation

Methods

LiteraltranslationLiteraltranslationmeansnottochangetheoriginalwordsandsentences,andtrytokeepthecontentandstyleoforiginalworks.

ColdwarBirdfluHotlineCrocodile’stearsGentlement’sagreement冷戰(zhàn)禽流感熱線鱷魚(yú)的眼淚君子協(xié)定保住面子半邊天鐵飯碗血濃于水口蹄疫saveone’sfacehalftheskyironricebowlBloodisthickerthanwater.mouthandfeetdiseaseCompanyLogo

SotraditionallypoisonousarerelationsbetweenthetwowomenthatHindusrefertofeignedsorrow------whatinthewestiscalledcrocodiletears-------as“adaughter-in-lawmourningherdeadmother-inlaw”.

由于婆媳之間的關(guān)系歷來(lái)就是這等惡劣，所以印度人常用“兒媳婦哭婆婆”這句話來(lái)比喻假慈悲,等于西方人所說(shuō)的“鄂魚(yú)的眼淚”。

ItwasandisthecustomoftheIndianstogothroughtheceremonyofburyingthetomahawkwhentheymadepeace;whentheywenttowar,theydugitupagain.

印地安人要講和時(shí)，便舉行埋斧子典禮，要開(kāi)始作戰(zhàn)時(shí)再把戰(zhàn)斧拿出來(lái)，這過(guò)去是現(xiàn)在仍然是印地安人的習(xí)俗。

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Freetranslationismainlyusedtoconveythemeaningandspiritoftheoriginalworkwithouttryingtoretainitssentencestructureandfiguresofspeech.

Freetranslationdaystudentmaddoctorhenpartygoosestepbull’seyescovertpayment走讀生精神病醫(yī)生婦女聚會(huì)正步走靶心紅包傍大款喉結(jié)打白條鼾聲如雷炒股探照燈

findasugardaddyadam’sappleissueanIOUdrivingone’spigstomarketstagstockfloodlightCompanyLogo

LastnightIheardhimdrivinghispigstomarket.昨天晚上我聽(tīng)見(jiàn)他鼾聲如雷。WhenJohnwastalkingabouttheaffair,wesmelledarat.約翰說(shuō)這件事時(shí)，我們就感到懷疑。Itisthemanbehindthegunthattells.決定勝敗的是人而不是武器。Henever

callsaspadeaspade.

他從不講實(shí)話。Doyouseeanygreeninmyeye?

你以為我是幼稚可欺的嗎？CompanyLogo

Ingeneral,literaltranslationandfreetranslationonlyarerelativeconcepts.Inthepracticeoftranslation,thereisnoabsolute“l(fā)iteral”,norentirely“free”,andweshouldtrytobeflexibleandcombinethetwoapproachesifnecessary.

Thenovel“TheMakingofaHero”impressedmedeeply.《鋼鐵是怎樣煉成的》這部小說(shuō)給我留下了深刻的印象。

Everyyearwehaveagatheringofoldboys.每年我們都舉行一次老同學(xué)聚會(huì)。

ThereisamixtureofthetigerandtheapeinthecharacterofaFrenchman.虎惡狐狡，兼而有之，這就是法國(guó)人的性格。CompanyLogo

Foreignzingtriestokeeptheculturalfeatureandlanguagestyleintheoriginalwhenweneedtomakesomedifferencesinourtranslating.

Foreignizing

TrumpcardBaptismoffireTowerofivoryElectronicbaby-sitter

SourgrapesSiliconvalley王牌炮火洗禮象牙塔電子保姆（電視）

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Moreexample

AllroadsleadtoRome:條條大道通羅馬Toteachone’sgrandmothertoeateggs:教老祖母吃雞蛋班門(mén)弄斧：Showoffone’sproficiencywiththeaxebeforeLuBan,themastercarpenter.

Gotolawforsheep,youloseacow.為了一只羊打官司，卻損失了一頭牛。Herethecapturedcomradeswerejammedtogetherlikesardines.這兒被俘的同志聚在一起像沙丁魚(yú)一樣擠得滿滿的。

Lord,howshouldGodapprovethatyourobPeter,andgivethisrobberytoPaulinthenameofChrist.哎呀，上帝怎么能允許你搶劫彼得，又以耶穌基督的名義把搶來(lái)的東西給予保羅呢！

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Domesticationalwaysgivesuptheimagesofthefigureofspeechinthesourcelanguage,convertsthemintoformsoftargetlanguageandmaketheversionmorelikenativeone.

Domesticatinggoflatlinegreenboyauser-friendlycameraPandora’sboxanolddogamare’snestaspoorasachurchmouseAmongwolvesonemusthowl.死亡怡紅公子傻瓜相機(jī)禍根年逾花甲子虛烏有一貧如洗入鄉(xiāng)隨俗CompanyLogo

Moreexample

Springuplikemushrooms---------雨后春筍Everybody‘sbusinessisnobody’sbusiness.三個(gè)和尚無(wú)水喝。

Amongtheblindtheone-eyedmanisking.山中無(wú)老虎，猴子稱霸王。Hehadthekindnesstoshowmetheway,butItookitforsomethingelse.他好心為我指路，我卻認(rèn)為他是另有企圖，真是“狗咬呂洞賓不識(shí)好人心”。CompanyLogo

SectionIIITranslationHistory

Ashumancommunicationequalstranslation,translationisasoldaslanguageitself.BoththeEastandtheWestowetheircivilizationstotranslators.Inthewest,translationbeganintheoldRometimes.

China,oneofthefourgreatcountrieswithancientcivilizations,boastsanoverthreethousand-year-oldhistoryoftranslation.TheearliesthistoricaldocumentsrecordingtranslationactivitiesinChinacanbetracedbacktoZhouDynasty(1100B.C.)Thecharacter“譯”appearedasearlyasabout3,000yearsago.ItwasfoundintheBookofRites(禮記).

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FourPeaksinChina1.ThelateEasternHanDynasty(150A.D)Buddhism張騫玄奘

2.ThelateMingandearlyQingDynasty(17thcentury)3.Themid19thcenturytotheMay4thMovement(theOpiumwar)徐光啟李之藻4.May4thmovementto1949

(politics,literature)林則徐李善蘭林紓嚴(yán)復(fù)魯迅矛盾郭沫若瞿秋白林語(yǔ)堂傅雷CompanyLogo

TheprinciplesorcriteriaoftranslationTheso-calledprinciplesandcriteriaoftranslationareactuallythetwosidesofthesamething.Theformerlaysemphasisonthetranslatorwhoshouldfollowthemwhiletranslating.Whilethelatteronthereaderorcriticwhomayusethecriteriatoevaluatetranslationworks.

SectionⅣfaithfulnessexpressiveness

eleganceCompanyLogo

SomeofinfluentialtranslationprinciplesaregivenbyChinesetranslationtheorists.嚴(yán)復(fù)：信達(dá)雅—faithfulness/expressiveness/elegance.The“threecharacterguide”isregardedasaplumb-lineoflongstandingtomeasuretheprofessionalleveloftranslating.傅雷：神似—spiritualconformity,Emphasizingthereproductionofthespiritoftheflavoroftheoriginal.強(qiáng)調(diào)原作神韻再現(xiàn)。錢(qián)鐘書(shū)：化境—sublimedadaptation.Focusonthetranslator’ssmoothandidiomaticChineseversionforthesakeoftheChinesereader.強(qiáng)調(diào)通暢符合漢語(yǔ)讀者的習(xí)慣表達(dá)。劉重德：信、達(dá)、切—faithfulness/expressiveness/closeness.

SectionIVTranslationHistoryCompanyLogo

acompletetranscript/thesamecharacter/theeaseAlexanderFlaser

Tytler

(A.F.Tytler)WesternTheoriesdynamicequivalenceEugene.A.NidaCompanyLogo

WesternTheoriesTranslationshouldgiveacompletetranscriptoftheideaoftheoriginalwork.

譯文應(yīng)保全原作的思想

Thestyleandmannerofwritingshouldbeofthesamecharacterwiththatoftheoriginal.譯作的風(fēng)格和筆調(diào)應(yīng)與原作一致

Thetranslationshouldhavealltheeaseoftheoriginalcomposition.譯作應(yīng)和原作一樣流暢

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SectionVTranslationProcess

languagephenomenon(polysemouswords,grammaticalrelation,hibitualusage)logicalconnectionRepresentationProofreading名著杰作ComprehensionculturalfactorsCompanyLogo

SectionVTranslationProcess

Understandwords

1.你要有所弋獲，則必須在學(xué)習(xí)中不斷深入。2.陳先生是中國(guó)學(xué)界的泰斗，他的那本書(shū)似為漢語(yǔ)修辭學(xué)研究的嚆矢。3.在舊中國(guó)，小人當(dāng)?shù)溃吒坐Q的情形屢見(jiàn)不鮮。4.婚姻不自由是當(dāng)時(shí)勃谿時(shí)起的原因之一。5.那研究生英年好學(xué)，矻矻三載，終使其論文得以付梓。6.那位學(xué)貫中西的我國(guó)學(xué)者和英文大師，年輕時(shí)赴美負(fù)笈哈拂一年，即得碩士。7.不少人認(rèn)為“信達(dá)雅”是嚴(yán)復(fù)的戛戛獨(dú)造并奉之為譯事圭臬。

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SectionVTranslationProcess

1.Ifyouwanttogain

anything,youmustconstantlydeepenyourstudies.2.Mr.Chen,ourrespectedteacher,isarenownedmasterintheacademiccirclesofChina.ThatbookwrittenbyhimseemstobetheearliestoneintheChineserhetoricstudies.3.InoldChina,itwasgeneralcasesthatmeanpersonswereinpowerandtheunworthypeoplewereinfluentialandinhighplaces.4.Nofreedomofmarriageisoneofthecausesoffrequentfamilyquarrels.CompanyLogo

SectionVTranslationProcess

5.Thatgraduatestudentathislife’sfullfloweringwaseagertolearn,workeddiligentlyanduntiringlyfor3years,andfinallyhehadhisthesispublished.6.ThatChinesescholarwhoknowsChinaandthewestquitewellandamasterofEnglishwenttotheUnitedStateswhenhewasyoungandstudiedthereHarvarduniversityforonlyoneyearbeforehegothismaster’sdegree.7.Manypeopleholdthat“faithfulness,expressivenessandelegance”isYanFu’sowngreatoriginalcreationandregarditasthestandardoftranslation.

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1.Comprehension

Languagephenomenon

PolysemouswordsbarThereisastrongbaronthedoor.門(mén)上有一根很結(jié)實(shí)的栓?！猘pieceofwoodormetalacrossthedoorgateHehummedtheopeningbarsofthemusic.他哼著樂(lè)曲開(kāi)頭的幾個(gè)小節(jié)?！猘groupofnotesinmusicHewalkedintothebar.他走進(jìn)酒吧?！猘placewithacounterwheredrinksaresoldCompanyLogo

Polysemousword

SectionVTranslationProcess

kill

Hekilledthebottle。他把酒喝光了。Whilewaitingforthetrainhekilledtimebygivingforawalk.在等火車(chē)的時(shí)候，他以散步來(lái)消磨時(shí)間?！猼omakethefreetimepassbyHerbrightredhatkilledthequietcolorofherdress.她戴一頂紅色的帽子，和她一身的素裝極不相稱?！猲otmatchThatkilledhimaroundhere.那件事讓他在這而威風(fēng)掃地?！猤ivehimabadname,makehimlossfaceHeiskillingme.他讓我把肚皮都笑破——makemelaughingCompanyLogo

SectionVTranslationProcess

TherearestillsomedrystatesintheUnitedStates.誤譯：在美國(guó)還有一些州十分干旱。改譯：在美國(guó)還有一些州禁酒。Thegoodswerehandedoverfordisposalagainstpaymentbythecustomer.誤譯：商品交給顧客，不用付錢(qián)。改譯：商品賣(mài)給顧客，是要付錢(qián)的。Drivecarefullyonthatroadinbadweather，it’sverywinding.誤譯：氣候惡劣的情況下，在那條路上開(kāi)車(chē)要小心，因?yàn)轱L(fēng)太大。改譯：那條路彎彎曲曲的，天氣不好的時(shí)候開(kāi)車(chē)可得小心。Thiswasthelastplacetheexplorerswouldleave,foritlayrichesandnaturalresources.誤譯：這是那些探險(xiǎn)家最后離開(kāi)的地方，因?yàn)槟抢锾N(yùn)藏著財(cái)富和自然資源。改譯：這是那些探險(xiǎn)家最不愿離開(kāi)的地方，因?yàn)槟抢锾N(yùn)藏著財(cái)富和自然資源。

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Grammaticalrelation

SectionVTranslationProcess

Intermsofgrammaticalrelation,differentunderstandingcomesfromdifferentgrammaticalanalysis.Veryoftenonesentencemayhavedifferenttranslation.

Maryshowedherbabypictures.Maryshowedsomepicturestoherbaby.

Maryshowedher(sister)somebabypictures.

Maryshowedherbabypicturestosomebody.

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Grammaticalrelation

SectionVTranslationProcess

Manypeoplearemoonlightingtoputmoneyawayforluxuriesorretirement.誤譯：許多人兼職是為了積存錢(qián)過(guò)奢侈的生活或退休后使用。改譯：許多人兼職是為了積存錢(qián)買(mǎi)高檔消費(fèi)品或者防老。Itwillstrengthenyoutoknowthatyourdistinguishedcareerissowidelyrespectedandappreciated.誤譯：這樣會(huì)使你更加認(rèn)識(shí)到，你杰出的事業(yè)是如此廣泛地受到人們的尊敬和贊賞。改譯：當(dāng)你認(rèn)識(shí)到你的杰出的事業(yè)如此廣泛地受到人們尊敬和贊賞時(shí)，你就會(huì)感到有力量。

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SectionVTranslationProcess

Thejobgiveshimplentyofresponsibility____heisinchargeofseveralthousandworkers___andplentyofcash.誤譯：他擔(dān)任這項(xiàng)工作有很多責(zé)任，他管著幾千名工人和許多現(xiàn)金。改譯：他擔(dān)任此項(xiàng)工作，責(zé)任重大，主管著幾千名工人，不過(guò)報(bào)酬也很豐厚。HelistenedtothestrikingofBigBen,makingeveryquarterofanhourandreckonedouthowlongitlefttillthecitywokeagain.誤譯：他聆聽(tīng)著議院塔上的大鐘的當(dāng)當(dāng)鐘聲,每過(guò)一刻鐘便做個(gè)記號(hào)，心里盤(pán)算著還得呆多久城市才能蘇醒過(guò)來(lái)。改譯：國(guó)會(huì)大廈塔樓上的那座大本鐘每一刻鐘就敲響一次，他聆聽(tīng)著那當(dāng)當(dāng)?shù)溺娐?，盤(pán)算再過(guò)多久這座城市方能蘇醒過(guò)來(lái)。CompanyLogo

SectionVTranslationProcess

DanielisnowwithhisfamilyinBonn;itisalreadyfiveyearssincehewasacook.譯一：丹尼爾現(xiàn)同家人住在波恩，他做廚師已經(jīng)有5年了譯二：丹尼爾現(xiàn)同家人住在波恩，他不做廚師已經(jīng)有5年了。Thetroopsofthetwocountriesaekeptatarm’slength.(表示距離夠不著的地方)譯一：兩國(guó)軍隊(duì)相距很近。（漢語(yǔ)是一臂之遠(yuǎn)）譯二：兩國(guó)軍隊(duì)相距很遠(yuǎn)。（√）Youshouldnotdespisehimbecauseheisbackward.譯一：你們不該看不起他，因?yàn)樗浜?。譯二：不要因?yàn)槟橙寺浜?，你們就看不起他?/p>

HabitualusageCompanyLogo

Logicalconnection

SectionVTranslationProcess

Wemustinsertanewfuseeverytimeafusehasfunctioned.譯一每當(dāng)保險(xiǎn)絲起作用以后，我們得插進(jìn)新的。譯二每當(dāng)保險(xiǎn)絲燒斷我們就得換上新的。Agooddancernevermissedabeat.譯一善于跳舞的人從不漏跳一拍譯二總能跟上節(jié)拍/總能采對(duì)步點(diǎn).

Freshbottleswerebrought,thedeadmenremoved.譯一新的瓶子被帶來(lái)了，死人給抬出去了。譯二又送來(lái)了幾瓶酒，空瓶子給拿走了。CompanyLogo

SectionVTranslationProcess

Beijingwasinvadedbytouristsduringthe2008OlympicGames.原譯：在2008年奧運(yùn)會(huì)期間，北京遭到旅游者的入侵。改譯：在2008年奧運(yùn)會(huì)期間，北京涌入大批游客。Ithinkhewasmarriedandhadalionessathome.原譯：我想他已經(jīng)結(jié)婚了，家中還養(yǎng)了只母老虎。改譯：我想他已經(jīng)結(jié)婚了，太太是個(gè)母老虎。Iamonlyasmallpotatointheoffice.原譯：我只是辦公室的小土豆。改譯：我在辦公室只是個(gè)小人物。我們應(yīng)使校務(wù)委員會(huì)年輕化。原譯：WeshouldmakethemembersoftheCollegeBoardyounger.改譯：WeshouldbringyoungerpeopleintotheCollegeBoard.CompanyLogo

Culturalfactors

SectionVTranslationProcess

Patrickwasonthecarpetforcrashing（撞壞）acompanycarthathehadn’tevenaskedpermissiontouse.譯一帕特里克未經(jīng)允許就使用公司的車(chē)并將車(chē)撞壞了，他因此站在了地毯上。譯二帕特里克未經(jīng)允許就使用公司的車(chē)并將車(chē)裝壞了，他因此受到了訓(xùn)斥。Theteenagersdon’tlikeBobtotheirpartiesbecauseheisawetblanket.這些少年不邀請(qǐng)鮑勃參加他們的聚會(huì)，因?yàn)樗且粋€(gè)令人掃興的人。

Sometimesapersonwhopresentshimselfaskindandgentlecaninprivateturnacttobeadragon,whobreathesfire.

有時(shí)候，一個(gè)在公共場(chǎng)合顯得和藹可親，溫文爾雅的人在私下里卻像一個(gè)兇神惡煞的怪獸。CompanyLogo

SectionVTranslationProcess

Theoldmanalwayseatshismedicine.這個(gè)老人總是忍氣吞聲。Shewasbornwithasilverspooninhermouth.Shethinksshecandowhatshelikes.她生長(zhǎng)在富貴之家，認(rèn)為凡事都可隨心所欲Johncanbereliedon.Heeatsnofishandplaysthegame.約翰為人可靠，他既忠誠(chéng)又正直。我屬雞。我從來(lái)不吃雞。雞年是我的本命年。IwasbornintheyearofRooster.Inevereatchicken.TheyearoftheRoosterwillbringmegoodluckorbadluck.他沒(méi)料到半路上會(huì)殺出一個(gè)程