建筑工程專業(yè)英語04Brick-Masonry

Unit4

BrickMasonryPartⅠIllustratedWordsandConceptsFigure4-1BasicVocabularyofBricklaying第一頁，共25頁。第一頁，共25頁。Unit4

BrickMasonryPartⅠIllustratedWordsandConceptsFigure4-2TheProcedureforBuildingBrickWallsTheprocedureforbuildingbrickwalls.Thisexampleisasinglewytheofrunningbond.（A）Theconstructionofabrickwallbeginswiththelayingofleads.Theleadsestablishthewallplanesandcourseheights（B）Thebricksbetweentheleadsarelaidtoaline,aheavystringstretchedtautbetweenlineblocksateachlead（C）Whentheentirewallislaidtothelevelofthetopoftheleads,asecondsetofleadsislaid,andtheentireprocessisrepeatedasmanytimesasnecessary第二頁，共25頁。第二頁，共25頁。Unit4

BrickMasonryPartⅠIllustratedWordsandConcepts

Figure4-3AReinforcedBrickLoadbearing

Wall

Areinforcedbrickloadbearingwallisbuiltbyinstallingsteelreinforcingbarsinathickenedcollarjoint,thenfillingthejointwithPortlandcementgrout.Thecleanoutholesshownhereareusedinthehighliftmethodofgrouting.第三頁，共25頁。第三頁，共25頁。Unit4

BrickMasonryPartⅡ

Passages

PassageABrickMasonryMasonryisthematerialofearth,takenfromtheearthandcomfortablyathomeinfoundations,pavings,andwallsthatgrowdirectlyfromtheearth.Withmoderntechniquesofreinforcing,however,masonrycanrisemanystoriesfromtheearth,andintheformofarchesandvaults,masonrycantakewingandflyacrossspace.第四頁，共25頁。第四頁，共25頁。Unit4

BrickMasonryPartⅡ

Passages

PassageAThemostancientofourbuildingtechniques,masonryremainslaborintensive,requiringthepatientskillsofexperiencedandmeticulous

artisanstoachieveasatisfactoryresult.Ithaskeptpacewiththetimesandremainshighlycompetitivetechnicallyandeconomicallywithothersystemsofstructureandenclosure,themoresobecauseonemasoncanproduceinoneoperationacompletelyfinished,insulated,loadbearingwall,readyforuse.第五頁，共25頁。第五頁，共25頁。Unit4

BrickMasonryPartⅡ

Passages

PassageAMasonryisdurable.Thedesignercanselectmasonrymaterialsthatarescarcelyaffectedbywater,air,orfire,oneswithbrilliantcolorsthatwillnotfade,onesthatwillstanduptoheavywearandabuse,andmakefromthemabuildingthatwilllastforgenerations.第六頁，共25頁。第六頁，共25頁。Unit4

BrickMasonryPartⅡ

Passages

PassageAAmongthemasonrymaterials,brickisspecialintworespects:fireresistanceandsize.Asaproductoffire,itisthemostresistanttobuildingfiresofanymasonryunit.Itssizemayaccountformuchofthelovethatmanypeopleinstinctivelyfeelforbrick:atraditionalbrickisshapedanddimensionedtofitthehumanhand.Handsizedbricksarelesslikelytocrackduringdryingorfiringthanlargerbricks,andtheyareeasyforthemasontomanipulate.Thissmallunitsizemakesbrickworkveryflexibleinadaptingtosmall-scalegeometriesandpatternsandgivesapleasingscaleandtexturetoabrickwallorfloor.第七頁，共25頁。第七頁，共25頁。Unit4

BrickMasonryPartⅡ

Passages

PassageA

LayingBricksFigure41showsthebasicvocabularyofbricklaying.Bricksarelaidinthevariouspositionsforvisualreasons,structuralreasons,orboth.Thesimplestbrickwallisasinglewytheofstretchers.Forwallstwoormorewythesthick,headersareusedtobondthewythestogetherintoastructuralunit.Rowlockcoursesareoftenusedforcapsongardenwallsandforslopingsillsunderwindows,althoughsuchcapsandsillsarenotdurableinsevereclimates.Architectsfrequentlyemploysoldiercoursesforvisualemphasisinsuchlocationsaswindowlintelsortopsofwalls.第八頁，共25頁。第八頁，共25頁。Unit4

BrickMasonryPartⅡ

Passages

PassageA

Theproblemofbondingmultiplewythesofbrickhasbeensolvedinmanywaysindifferentregionsoftheworld,oftenresultinginsurfacepatternsthatareparticularlypleasingtotheeye.Wecanseesomestructuralbondsforbrickwork,amongwhichcommonbond,Flemishbond,andEnglishbondarethemostpopular.Ontheexteriorofbuildingsthecavitywall,withitssingleoutsidewythe,offersthedesignerlittleexcusetouseanythingbutrunningbond.第九頁，共25頁。第九頁，共25頁。Unit4

BrickMasonryPartⅡ

Passages

PassageA

Insideabuilding,safelyoutoftheweather,onemayusesolidbrickwallsinanydesiredbond.Forfireplacesandotherverysmallbrickconstructions,however,itisoftendifficulttocreatealongenoughstretchofunbrokenwalltojustifytheuseofbondedbrickwork.第十頁，共25頁。第十頁，共25頁。Unit4

BrickMasonryPartⅡ

Passages

PassageATheprocessofbricklayingissummarizedasfollows:thefirstcourseofbricksforaleadisbeddedinmortar,followingalinemarkedonthefoundation.Aseachleadisbuilthigher,themasonusesaspiritleveltomakesurethateachcourseislevel,straight,plumb,andinthesameplaneastherestofthelead.Amason’sruleorastorypoleisalsousedtochecktheheightsofthecourses.Aleadisthenfinished.Amasonlaysbricktoalinestretchedbetweentwoleads.Whenlayingtoaline,thereisnoneedtousealevelorrule.第十一頁，共25頁。第十一頁，共25頁。Unit4

BrickMasonryPartⅡ

Passages

PassageAThelayingofleadsisrelativelylaborintensive.Amason’sruleorastorypolethatismarkedwiththecourseheightsisusedtoestablishaccuratecourseheightsintheleads.Theworkischeckedfrequentlywithaspiritleveltoassurethatsurfacesareflatandplumbandcoursesarelevel.Whentheleadshavebeencompleted,amason’sline(aheavystring)isstretchedbetweentheleads,usingLshapedlineblocksateachendtolocatetheendofthelinepreciselyatthetopofeachcourseofbricks.第十二頁，共25頁。第十二頁，共25頁。Unit4

BrickMasonryPartⅡ

Passages

PassageAThelayingoftheinfillbricksbetweentheleadsismuchfasterandeasierbecausethemasonneedsonlyatrowelinonehandandabrickintheothertolaytothelineandcreateaperfectwall.Itfollowsthatleadsareexpensiveascomparedtothewallsurfacesbetween,sothatwhereeconomyisimportantthedesignershouldseektominimizethenumberofcornersinabrickstructure.第十三頁，共25頁。第十三頁，共25頁。Unit4

BrickMasonryPartⅡ

Passages

PassageB

WallTypesWallsconstructedofbrick,stone,concretemasonry,orcombinationsofmasonryunitscanbeusedtosupportroofandfloorstructuresofwoodlightframing,heavytimberframing,steel,sitecastconcrete,precastconcrete,ormasonryvaulting.Becausethesemasonrywalls(usuallycalled,simply,bearingwalls)dodoubledutybyservingalsoasexteriorwallsandinteriorpartitions,theyareoftenaveryeconomicalsystemofconstructionascomparedtosystemsthatcarrytheirstructuralloadsoncolumnsofwood,steel,orconcrete.第十四頁，共25頁。第十四頁，共25頁。Unit4

BrickMasonryPartⅡ

Passages

PassageBWhenusedasexteriorwallsofbuildings,masonrywallsmustbedesignednotonlytosupportstructuralloads,butalsotoresistwaterpenetrationandthetransferofheatbetweenindoorsandoutdoors.第十五頁，共25頁。第十五頁，共25頁。Unit4

BrickMasonryPartⅡ

Passages

PassageB

Amasonryloadbearingwallmaybeclassifiedinthreedifferentways,accordingtohowitisconstructed:Itmaybeeitherreinforcedorunreinforced.Itmaybeconstructedentirelyofonetypeofmasonryunit,oritmaybeacompositewall,madeoftwoormoretypesofunits.Itmaybeeitherasolidmasonrywalloramasonrycavitywall.第十六頁，共25頁。第十六頁，共25頁。Unit4

BrickMasonryPartⅡ

Passages

PassageBReinforcedMasonryWallsItmaybeeitherasolidmasonrywalloramasonrycavitywall.ReinforcedMasonryWallsLoadbearingmasonrywallsmaybebuiltwithorwithoutreinforcing.Unreinforcedwallscannotcarrysuchhighstressesasreinforcedwallsandareunsuitableforuseinregionswithhighseismicrisk,butsuchwallshavebeenusedintheUnitedStatestosupportbuildingsastallas16stories.第十七頁，共25頁。第十七頁，共25頁。Unit4

BrickMasonryPartⅡ

Passages

PassageBInamultistorybuildingofmasonryloadbearingwallconstruction,thetopfloorwallssupportonlytheloadoftheroof.Thewallsonthefloorbelowsupporttheloadsoftheroof,thetopfloor,andthetopfloorwalls.Eachsucceedingstory,countingdownwardfromtoptobottom,supportsagreaterloadthantheoneabove,andanunreinforcedmasonrybearingwallmustthereforegrowprogressivelythickerfromtoptobottom.第十八頁，共25頁。第十八頁，共25頁。Unit4

BrickMasonryPartⅡ

Passages

PassageBWithsteelreinforcing,thisthickeningcanbereducedoreliminatedentirely,withsubstantialsavingsinlaborandmaterials,andmuchtallerbuildingsmaybeconstructed.Thenumber,locations,andsizesofthesteelreinforcingbarsaredeterminedbythestructuralengineerforeachbuilding.第十九頁，共25頁。第十九頁，共25頁。Unit4

BrickMasonryPartⅡ

Passages

PassageBTheengineeringdesignofmasonryloadbearingwallsisgovernedbycodes,astandardestablishedjointlybytheAmericanConcreteInstituteandtheAmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers.Thisdocumentestablishesqualitystandardsformasonryunits,reinforcingmaterials,metaltiesandaccessories,grout,andmasonryconstruction.Italsosetsforththeproceduresbywhichthestrengthsandstiffnessesofmasonrystructuralelementsarecalculated.第二十頁，共25頁。第二十頁，共25頁。Unit4

BrickMasonryPartⅡ

Passages

PassageBReinforcedBrickMasonryReinforcedbrickmasonry(RBM)isanalogoustoreinforcedconcreteconstruction.Thesamedeformedsteelreinforcingbarsusedinconcreteareplacedinthickenedcollarjointstostrengthenabrickwallorlintel.Areinforcedbrickwalliscreatedbyconstructingtwowythesofbrick2to4inches(50100mm)apart,placingthereinforcingsteelinthecavity,andfillingthecavitywithgrout.第二十一頁，共25頁。第二十一頁，共25頁。Unit4

BrickMasonryPartⅡ

Passages

PassageBGroutisamixtureofPortlandcement,aggregate,andwater.ASTMC476specifiestheproportionsandqualitiesofgroutforuseinfillingmasonryloadbearingwalls.Itisimportantthatgroutbefluidenoughthatitwillflowreadilyintothenarrowcavityandfillitcompletely.Theexcesswaterinthegroutthatisrequiredtoachievethisfluidityisquicklyabsorbedbythebricksanddoesnotdetractfromtheeventualstrengthofthegroutasitwouldfromconcretepouredintoformworks.

第二十二頁，共25頁。第二十二頁，共25頁。Unit4

BrickMasonryPartⅡ

Passages

PassageBPosttensionedMasonryWallsPosttensioningisincreasinglyusedinmasonrybuildingsinsteadofordinaryverticalreinforcingbars.Posttensioningutilizesspecialhighstrengthsteelreinforcingelementsthattaketheformofeitherthreadedrodsorflexibletendons.Theseareanchoredintothefoundationandrunverticallythrou