Legal-and-Moral-Implications-of-Cloning-克隆在法律與道德上的影響(中英互譯)

LegalandMoralImplicationsofCloning克隆在法律與道德上的影響Atfirstitwasjustplainsurprising.Wordthatscientistssucceededincloninganadultmammal—anachievementlongthoughtimpossible—caughttheimaginationofeveryone.ThelaboratoryprocessthatproducedDolly,anunremarkable-lookingsheep,theoreticallywouldworkforhumansaswell.Aworldwithhumancloneswassuddenlywithinreach.Itwassciencefictioncomingtolife.起初，這對(duì)人們絕對(duì)是個(gè)震驚。有消息稱科學(xué)家已經(jīng)成功克隆了一只成年哺乳動(dòng)物，一項(xiàng)長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)被認(rèn)為是不可能的成就。這一傳聞引發(fā)了每個(gè)人的想象?？寺《嗬颍ㄒ恢幌嗝矡o(wú)奇的綿羊）的實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程，從理論上說(shuō)也同樣適用于克隆人類。一個(gè)克隆人的世界突然間近在咫尺，科幻小說(shuō)變成了現(xiàn)實(shí)。Inthewakeofthisannouncement,governmentshurriedtodraftguidelinesfortheunknown,afuturefilledwithincrediblepossibilities.PresidentClintonorderedanationalcommissiontostudythelegalandmoralimplicationsofcloning.LeadersinEurope,wheremostnationsalreadyprohibithumancloning,beganexaminingthemoralimplicationsofcloningotherspecies.此消息宣布之后，為了一個(gè)未知世界，一個(gè)充滿各種不可思議的可能性的未來(lái)，各國(guó)政府立即起草指導(dǎo)方針?？肆诸D總統(tǒng)命令一個(gè)全國(guó)委員會(huì)研究克隆在法律和道德上的含義。在歐洲，大多數(shù)國(guó)家都已禁止克隆人類，各國(guó)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)此時(shí)也開始研究克隆其他物種的道德含義。LiketheTheoryofRelativity,thesplittingoftheatom,andthefirstspaceflight,Dolly'sappearancehasgeneratedalonglistofdifficultpuzzlesforscientists,politicians,andphilosophers.Andwildquestionsonthetopicofcloningcontinuetomount.就像相對(duì)論、原子裂變和第一次太空飛行一樣，多莉的出現(xiàn)給科學(xué)家、政治家和哲學(xué)家們提出了一長(zhǎng)串難以解答的難題。關(guān)于克隆的奇怪問(wèn)題不斷涌現(xiàn)。Whywouldanyonewanttocloneahumanbeinginthefirstplace?首先，為什么有人想克隆人類?Thehumancloningsituationsthatexpertsconsidermostfrequentlyfallintotwobroadcategories:1)parentswhowanttocloneachild,eithertoprovidetransplantsforadyingchildortoreplacethatchild,and2)adultswhoforavarietyofreasonsmightwanttoclonethemselves.專家們考慮得最多的關(guān)于克隆人類的情形可以分為兩大類：1)父母想要克隆孩子，要么是想為面臨死亡威脅的孩子提供移植器官，要么是想代替那個(gè)孩子；2)成年人出于各種各樣的原因想要克隆自己。Willitbepossibletoclonethedead?是否可能克隆死去的人?Perhaps,ifthebodyisfresh,saysoneexpert.ThecloningmethodusedrequirescombininganeggcellwiththenucleusofacellcontainingtheDNAofthepersontobecloned.(DNAisaverylong,ribbon-likemoleculethatcontainsourgeneticinformation.)Andthatmeansthatthenucleusmustbeintact.Cellsdieandthecellnucleusbeginstobreakapartafterdeath.But,yes,intheoryatleastitmightbepossible.有位專家說(shuō)，如果是剛死去不久，也許就可能。所使用的克隆方法要求將一個(gè)卵細(xì)胞和一個(gè)含有被克隆人的DNA的細(xì)胞核相結(jié)合。(DNA是一種含有我們的基因信息的狹長(zhǎng)帶狀分子。)這就意味著細(xì)胞核必須保持完整。而人死之后，細(xì)胞死亡，細(xì)胞核就開始分裂。但是，的確，至少?gòu)睦碚撋险f(shuō)克隆死去的人是可能的。Wouldaclonedhumanbeidenticaltotheoriginal?克隆的人會(huì)和母本一模一樣嗎?Identicalgenesdon'tproduceidenticalpeople,asanyonewhoknowsasetofidenticaltwinscantellyou.Infact,twinsaremorealikethancloneswouldbe,sincetheyhaveatleastsharedthesameenvironmentwithinthemother,are姐”撰寫的著作里建議這樣稱呼：“尊敬的先生/夫人”。為什么呢?“不論他們用什么方式將你帶到這個(gè)世界，”她說(shuō)，“人總得尊敬自己的祖先?！盩hatstillleavessomeconfusionovervocabulary.Theeditorialdirectorofonedictionarysaysthatthenoun"clonee"maysoundlikeagoodterm,butit'snotclearenough.Instead,heprefers"original"and"copy".這樣做還是留下了一些詞匯上的難題。一本詞典的主編說(shuō)，名詞“被克隆者”聽起來(lái)不錯(cuò)，但卻不夠明晰。他更愿意用“母本”和“副本”。Whataretheotherimplicationsofcloningforsociety?克隆對(duì)社會(huì)還有什么其他含義?Thegravestconcernisn'treallycloningitself,butgeneticengineering—thedeliberatealteringofgenestocreatehumanbeingsaccordingtocertainrequirements.Specifically,someexpertsareconcernedaboutthecreationofanew(anddisrespected)socialclass:"theclones".Oneexpertbelievesthesituationcouldbecomparabletowhatoccurredinthe16thcentury,whenEuropeanspuzzledoverhowtoclassifytheunfamiliarinhabitantsoftheAmericas,andendlesslydebatedwhetherornottheywerehumans.最讓人擔(dān)心的不是克隆本身，而是基因工程──即根據(jù)特定的要求故意改變基因來(lái)創(chuàng)造人類。具體地說(shuō)，有些專家擔(dān)心會(huì)出現(xiàn)一個(gè)新的（和不被尊重的）社會(huì)階層，即“克隆階層”。有位專家相信，這一情形類似于16世紀(jì)時(shí)的一種情況，當(dāng)時(shí)的歐洲人對(duì)如何對(duì)美洲的陌生居民進(jìn)行歸類感到困惑，并無(wú)休止地爭(zhēng)論他們究竟是不是人類。Thelistofqu