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Itwasthebestoftimes,itwastheworstoftimes,itwastheageofwisdom,itwastheageoffoolishness,itwastheepochofbelief,itwastheepochofincredulity,itwastheseasonofLight,itwastheseasonofDarkness,itwasthespringofhope,itwasthewinterofdespair,wehadeverythingbeforeus,wehadnothingbeforeus,wewereallgoingdirecttoHeaven,wewereallgoingdirecttheotherway.VictorianEraByGloria&TracyPeriodanderasinEnglishHistoryVictorianEraEventsEconomySocietyCultureOutlineVictorianera
------PERIODSANDERASINENGLISHHISTORYTudorperiod(1485–1603)TudorsElizabethanera
(1558–1603)ElizabethI(Portrait)Stuartperiod(1603–1714)
Jacobeanera(1603–1625)
JamesIofEngland
Carolineera(1625–1642)CarolusGeorgianera(1714–1830)TheCircus,Bath,England.
Victorianera(1837–1901)
QueenVictoria
Edwardianera(1901–1910)Edwardviiengland
Victorianera
------BRIEFINTRODUTIONalongperiodofprosperity
overseasBritishEmpireprofits
industrialimprovementsathomeAtthesametime……theBelleépoqueeraofcontinentalEuropeandtheGildedAgeoftheUnitedStatesalongperiodofpeace
:knownasthePaxBritannica,andeconomic,colonial,andindustrialconsolidationNewImperialismledtoincreasing
colonialconflictsandeventuallytheAnglo-ZanzibarWarandtheBoerWar
PopulationofEnglandIrelandHouseofCommonsKeyWordsWhigsLiberalsToriesConservatives1850sVictorianera
------eVENTS1837
AccessionofQueenVictoriatothethrone1840
NewZealandbecomesaBritishcolony,throughtheTreatyofWaitangi.1840QueenVictoriamarriesPrinceAlbert
1840
BirthoftheQueen'sfirstchildVictoria,PrincessRoyal
;OpiumWar1841BirthofPrinceAlbertEdward
1842TheMinesActof1842bannedwomen/childrenfromworkingincoal,iron,leadandtin
mining.TheIllustratedLondonNewswasfirstpublished.Events1851
TheGreatExhibition(thefirstWorld'sFair)washeldattheCrystalPalace,withgreatsuccessandinternationalattention.TheVictoriangoldrush.IntenyearstheAustralianpopulationnearlytripled.1854CrimeanWar:TheUnitedKingdomdeclaredwaronRussia.1857TheIndianMutiny,awidespreadrevoltinIndiaagainsttheruleoftheBritishEastIndiaCompany,wassparkedbysepoys(nativeIndiansoldiers)intheCompany'sarmy.Therebellion,involvingnotjustsepoysbutmanysectorsoftheIndianpopulationaswell,waslargelyquashedwithinayear.Inresponsetothemutiny,theEastIndiaCompanywasabolishedinAugust1858andIndiacameunderthedirectruleoftheBritishcrown,beginningtheperiodoftheBritishRaj.1859CharlesDarwinpublishedOntheOriginofSpecies,whichledtovariousreactions.1861DeathofPrinceAlbert;QueenVictoriarefusedtogooutinpublicformanyyears,andwhenshedidsheworeawidow'sbonnetinsteadofthecrown.1867TheConstitutionAct,1867passesandBritishNorthAmericabecomesDominionofCanada.1875
BritainpurchasedEgypt'ssharesintheSuezCanal.astheAfricannationwasforcedtoraisemoneytopayoffitsdebts.1878TreatyofBerlin(1878).CyprusbecomesaCrowncolony.1882BritishtroopsbegantheoccupationofEgyptbytakingtheSuezCanal,inordertosecurethevitaltraderouteandpassagetoIndia,andthecountrybecameaprotectorate1888
TheserialkillerknownasJacktheRippermurderedandmutilatedfive(andpossiblymore)prostitutesonthestreetsofLondon.1870-1891UndertheElementaryEducationAct1870,basicStateEducationbecamefreeforeverychildundertheageof10.1901
Thedeathofthemuch-lovedVictoriasawtheendofthisera,andtheascensionofhereldestson,Edward,begantheEdwardianera,anothertimeofgreatchange.Victorianera
------economy
ColonialExpansionThemostpowerfuloftheBritishEmpireatthetimeofterritoryacross5continentswithatotalareaofupto33,500,000squarekilometers,theUnitedKingdomis137timesthatofthetotalglobalareaof1/4;itscolonywithapopulationofabout400,000,000,ofthetotalpopulationofthecolony75%.FromtheEarthneartheCanadianArctic,theAntarctictothevicinityofArgentina,fromtheCongoRiverinAfrica,Asia,South-EastAsiahaverangedfromthesizeoftheBritishcolony.WorldFactoryTothemid-19thcentury,theUnitedKingdomtobecometheworld'sfirstindustrializedcountries,whichexportalargenumberofmanufacturedgoods,importsofrawmaterialsandalargenumberofagriculturalandsidelineproducts.Britainbecometheworld'sfactory,theeconomiccenter.In1851,thenumberofBritishmerchantaccountfornearlyhalfofworldmerchantshipping,industrialproductsoccupied50%oftheworldmarket,productionofpigironaccountedfor53%oftheworld'scoaloutputaccountedfor50%oftheworld.Thesunneversets“RussiaandtheNorthAmericanplainsisourcorn,ChicagoandOdessaisourgranary,CanadaandtheBalticSeaisourforests,ourAustraliansheepfarms,ArgentinaandNorthAmericanprairietothewestofourcattlegrazing,andsentPeruviansilver,goldsentAustraliaandSouthAfrica,IndiaandChinahasprovideduswithtea,EastIndiestoprovideuswithcoffee,sugarandspices."------SOCIETYVictorianeraIndustrialRevolutionMiningThestatusofthepoorGeorgianandVictorianerasTheBritishclasssystem:
thenewandoldrich,theskilledandunskilled,theruralandurbanandmanymore.Britain'sagriculturaldepression(1873~1896)substantialaid
rentsweretoohigh,wagestoolow,andthehourslaborerswererequiredtoworkweretoolongfortheirincomeJaneAustenCharlesDickens
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