2022年河北省保定市大學(xué)英語(yǔ)6級(jí)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)六級(jí)真題一卷(含答案)

2022年河北省保定市大學(xué)英語(yǔ)6級(jí)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)六級(jí)真題一卷(含答案)學(xué)校:________班級(jí):________姓名:________考號(hào):________

一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20題)1.

DrChuntoldtheAssemblythatasDirector-GeneralshewouldfocusonsixkeyissuesforWHO:______.

2.

AccordingtoMaryCzerwinski'sresearch,computerusersareconstantlyshiftingfromwindowtowindow,pausing______ateachone.

3.GiveUpSixWordsandChangeYourLife

AlfredKorzybski,thefatherofgeneralsemantics,observedthathowwetalkaffectshowwehandleproblemsandhowwebehave.Hefoundthatscientists,trainedtobespecific,handledbothpersonalandlaboratoryproblemsbetterthannon-scientists.Non-scientists,thenasnow,usedwordsloadedwithfeelingandprejudgmentandgotintotrouble.

Changingthewayweusecertaineverydaywordscanactuallyshiftthewayweseetheworldandotherpeople,helpschangetheemotion-ladenattitudesbehindthewords,andmakesuslesslikelytomakeinappropriatedemandsonourselvesandothers.

Thereisalsoachangeintheeffectonothers.Teachers,toldthatcertainstudentshavehiddentalents,willhelpthemdevelop,evenifthestudentswereselectedblindlybyresearchers.Peopleactastheythinktheyhavebeendefined,andlikeitornot,ourwordsplayalargepartinexpressingthatdefinition.

Inourwork,wehavefoundsixwordsthatareoftenusedindamagingways:try,always,is,can't,shouldandeverybody.Thesewordsarereally"families"ofwords.Alwayscanbeexpandedtonever,everytime.Shouldisalsooughtto,must,haveto.Weusenobody,noone,all,'thewayweuseeverybody.

Eachofthesewordsislinkedtotheconceptoftime."Everybodydoesit"implieseverypersonalwaysdoesit.Shouldreflectsastandardadoptedinthepast,governinghowwemustalwaysbehave.Isimpliesapermanentcharacteristicofsomethingorsomeone,as"sheisimpossibletodealwith."AlfredKorzybskicalledhumans"timebinders".Facts,opinionsandbehaviorsarelearned,repeatedandpassedon,eventhoughtheymaynotnecessarilyhavebeentrueinthefirstplace.BothKorzybskiandS.I.Hayakawa,whoisarespectedsemanticist,cautionusagainstusingsuch"allness"terms.

Yetwedousethem,asthoughbydoingsowecouldsomehowmanagethepresentandfuture."Withwords,"saysHayakawainLanguageinThoughtandAction,"weinfluenceandtoanenormousextentcontrol.""I'llmeetyouatthreeThursday"isanattempttomakeanotherperson--andourselves--beatacertainplaceatacertaintime.Hayakawawrites,"Thefutureisaspecificallyhumandimension.Toadog,'hamburgertomorrow'ismeaningless.Withwordswe[humans]imposeacertainpredictabilityuponfutureevents."

Similarly,weattempttocontrolpeople'sactionsandevencharacteristicswithcan't,should,everybodyandrelatedwords.Wetrythustocreate"reliable"data,howeverunrelateditistothefacts.

AccordingtoFreud,tosomementalpatientscertainwordsbecomemagical,symbolsofwholetrainsofthoughtcondensed.Seriouslyillneuroticsmaintainsomeofthatmagic:"Everybody'sagainstme"or"Ihavetodothis."Andnearlyallofushavethesamebadhabittoalessintensedegree.

Whenandwheredowebeginthispatternofrestrictivewordsandbeliefs?

AccordingtothelatespeechexpertWendellJohnson,asadultswearestill"usinginformation,attitudes,beliefs,procedures,practices...adaptedtoanearliertime."Ourbeliefs,andthewordsweusetosupportthemandtoprotectourselvesfromchange,comefromearlyinourlives.WillisHarman,Ph.D.,afuturistatSRI(formerlyStanfordResearchInstitute),maintainsthatweareallinawayhypnotizedfrominfancy."Wedonotperceiveourselvesandtheworldaboutusastheyare,butaswehavebeenpersuadedtoperceivethem,"saysDr.Harman.Researchshowsthatobjectsandpeoplewithsomefamiliarcharacteristicstendtobeperceivedbytheinfantasidentical.Thenewborncannotdistinguishbetweenselfandsurrounding.Whenthebabyishungry,everybodyishungry.Later,anymanbecomes"Daddy"andeveryanimal"doggie."

Weusesuchearlybiasestom

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4.

Velcroisprobablythemostfamousandcertainlythemostsuccessfulexampleofbiologicalmimicry,or"biomimetics".

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5.

Riversaremoreeffectivethancoasterosionindeliveringrockdebristothesea.

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6.

Mostpeople,includingthosewhoareagainstcloningresearch,owetheirlivesto______.

7.MoreandmoreJapaneseshopkeepersencourageusingelectroniccashby______

8.

Nonewerefullyawareoftheunsafeconditionsforloadingammunitionuntiltheexplosionoccurred.

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9.

Withmorepeoplecohabitingandevenrearingchildrenoutsidematrimony,______.

10.PartⅡReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)

Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.

GeneticallyModifiedFoods--FeedtheWorld?

Ifyouwanttosparkaheateddebateatadinnerparty,bringupthetopicaboutgeneticallymodifiedfoods.Formanypeople,theconceptofgeneticallyaltered,high-techcropproductionraisesallkindsofenvironmental,health,safetyandethicalquestions.Particularlyincountrieswithlongagrariantraditions--andvocalgreenlobbies--theideaseemsagainstnature.

Infact,geneticallymodifiedfoodsarealreadyyewmuchapartofourlives.AthirdofthecornandmorethanhalfthesoybeansandcottongrownintheUSlastyearweretheproductofbiotechnology,accordingtotheDepartmentofAgriculture.Morethan65millionacresofgeneticallymodifiedcropswillbeplantedintheUSthisyear.Thegeneticisoutofthebottle.

Yetthereareclearlysomeveryrealissuesthat,needtoberesolved,lakeanynewproductenteringthefoodchain,geneticallymodifiedfoodsmustbesubjectedtorigoroustesting.Inwealthycount,des,thedebateaboutbiotechistemperedbythefactthatwehavearicharrayoffoodstochoosefrom--andasupplythatfarexceedsourneeds.Indevelopingcountriesdesperatetofeedfast-growingandunderfedpopulations;theissueissimplerandmuchmoreurgent:Dothebenefitsofbiotechoutweightherisks?

Thestatisticsonpopulationgrowthandhungeraredisturbing.Lastyeartheworld'spopulationreached6billion.Andby2050,theUNestimates,itwillbeprobablynear9billion.Almostallthatgrowthwilloccurindevelopingcountries.Atthesametime,theworld'savailablecultivablelandperpersonisdeclining.Arablelandhasdeclinedsteadilysince1960andwilldecreasebyhalfoverthenext50years,accordingtotheInternationalServicefortheAcquisitionofAgri-BiotechApplications(ISAAA).

Howcanbiotechhelp?

Biotechnologistshavedevelopedgeneticallymodifiedricethatisfortifiedwithbeta-carotene(β-胡蘿卜素)—whichthebodyconvertsintovitaminA--andadditionaliron,midtheyareworkingonotherkindsofnutritionallyimprovedcrops.Biotechcanalsoimprovefarmingproductivityinplaceswherefoodshortagesarecausedbycropdamageattributiontopests,drought,poorsoilandcropviruses,bacteriaorfungi(真菌).

Damagecausedbypestsisincredible.TheEuropeancornborer,forexample,destroys40milliontonsoftheworld'scorncropsannual]y,about7%ofthetotal.Incorporatingpest-resistantgenesintoseedscanhelprestorethebalance.Intrialsofpest-resistantcottoninAfrica,yieldshaveincreasedsignificantly.Sofar,fearsthatgeneticallymodified,pest-resistantcropsmightkillgoodinsectsaswellasbadappearunfounded.

Virusesoftencausemassivefailureinstaplecropsindevelopingcountries.Twoyearsago,Africalostmorethanhalfitscassava(樹(shù)薯)crop---akeysourceofcalories--tothemosaicvirus.Geneticallymodified,virus-resistantcropscanreducethatdamage,ascandrought-tolerantseedsinregionswherewatershortageslimittheamountoflandundercultivation.Biotechcanalsohelpsolvetheproblemofsoilthatcontainsexcessaluminum,whichcandamagerootsandcausemanystaple-cropfailures.Agenethathelpsneutralizealuminumtoxicity(毒性)inricehasbeenidentified.

Manyscientistsbelievebiotechcouldraiseoverallcropproductivityindevelopingcountriesasmuchas25%andhelpprevent

A.geneticallymodifiedcropisbeneficial

B.geneticallymodifiedcropcausesenvironmentalproblems

C.high-techcropisagreatbenefittotheworld

D.geneticallymodifiedfoodsisaheatedtopic

11.

AccordingtoPsychiatristNathanShapira,thepsychiatricdisorderssymptomsoftheInternetaddictsinclude______.

12.

MartinusvanSchalkwyk,theministerofenvironmentalaffairsandtourism,visitedthesouthDurbanbasinearlierthisyearandsaidthereweremeasuresinplaceto______.

13.Whyaresomepeopleunwillingtogetfit?

A.Theexpensesoforganizedclassesaretoogreatforthem.

B.Thereisnoactivitytheycantakewiththeirfriends.

C.Theyareafraidthattheactivitiesarebeyondtheirabilities.

D.Therearefewsportsclubsorgymsavailableinthecommunity.

14.Visawillintroduceanew"waveandpay"cardinLondonforpurchases______.

A.under$25B.under￡10C.abroadD.intraveling

15.Antipollutionlegislationshavebeenenactedthankstothecontinuedpressurefrom______.

A.grass-rootsorganizations

B.individualactivism

C.environmentalists

D.environmentalregulation

16.

Inthe1960SouthAmericatsunami,whenthethirdwavecame,itreachedtheheightof______.

17.

ThecombinationofFord,GMandDaimlerChrysleraimstocompresswastefrom______.

A.health-caresystem

B.managementsystem

C.thehugeprocurementsystem

D.suppliers'products

18.

Afterthemedicaltreatment,apatientmaybeadmittedtothehospital,discharged,ortransferredtoamoreappropriate______.

19.

SeeingthatPaulreturnedhome,Beltfelt______.

20.TheHistoryofCoca-Cola

Today,thecompany'strademarkisworld-famousanditsproductsaverageastaggering400millionservingsperdayinmorethan155countries.It'safarcryfromthehumblebeginningsofahundredyearsagowhensalesduringthefirstyearaveragedamere13drinksperday,andcompanyprofitstotaledapaltry(微不足道的)＄35.

TheproductisCoca-Colaand,accordingtolegend,itbeganinathree-leggedkettleinthebackyardofAtlantapharmacistDr.JohnStythPembertonwhocarriedajugofhisconcoction(調(diào)和物)downthestreettoJacob'spharmacywhereitwassoldatthesodafountainfor5centsaglass.FrankRobinson,Pemberton'spartnerandbookkeeperthoughttwo"Cs"wouldlookgoodinadvertisingandpenned"Coca-Cola"inthefloweringscript.sofamoustoday.

ItissignificantthatPembertonspentalmosttwiceasmuchmoneyonadvertisingduringthefirstyearsofoperationashemadeinprofits,forthegrowthofCoke'spopularityisasmuchduetotheadvertisingandmarketingstrategyasitistothequalityofitsproduct.TheCoca-ColaCo.hasbeenguidedbythewordsofitsformerpresident,RobertWoodruff,whosaidthat"advertisingmustmovewiththetimes."Bycontinuallymonitoringchangesinconsumerattitudesandbehavior,theCoca-ColaCo.hasbecomeawidelyrecognizedleaderinadvertising.

Pembertoncouldnotforeseethegreatfutureawaitinghissoftdrinkandsoldout.Afterasuccessionofowner-shipchangesoverathree-yearperiod,AsaBriggsCandlerboughtthebusinessandorganizedtheCoca-ColaCoaGeorgiacorporation.In1893,beregisteredCoca-Colaasatrademark.

UnderCandler'sleadership,thecompanybegantogrowquickly.Inordertoinstigate(鼓動(dòng))ademandfortheproduct,hespentheavilyonadvertising.Signsdottedthelandscapefromcoasttocoastandappearedoncalendars,servingtraysandothermerchandizingitems,urgingpeopletodrinkCoke.Candler'scampaignpaidoff.

By1898,AmericanswerebuyingCokeeverywhereintheUnitedStatesaswellasinHawaii,CanadaandMexico.

Candlerwasacreativefellowatadvertising,butshowedlittleimaginationinunderstandingthepotential.Coke'ssoldthroughoutmostoftheUnitedStatesfor$1,whichheneverbotheredtocollect.CandlersawCokeprimarilyasasoda-fountaindrink.ButtwofarsightedbusinessmenfromChattanooga,Term,BenjaminFranklinThomasandJosephBrownWhitehead,understoodthepotential,and,fortheunpaiddollar,boughtafranchise(特許權(quán)，經(jīng)銷(xiāo)權(quán))thatbecameworthmillions.

TheiragreementwithCandlerbeganthefranchisingbottlingsy.stemthatstillremainsthefoundationoftheCoca-ColaCo.'ssoftdrinkoperations.ThomasandWhiteheadsoldtherightstobottleCoketofranchisersineverypartofthecountryinreturnforthebottler'sagreementtoinvestinthenecessaryresourcesandefforttomakethefranchiseasuccess.Duringthefollowingdecade,179bottlingplantswentintooperation.

Intheearly20thcentury,Cokeblazed(開(kāi)壁道路)theadvertisingtrail,developinginnovativeconceptsthatbecameacceptedpracticesinthefield.Oneofthemosteffectivewasthedistributionandredemptionofcomplimentarytickets,entitlingtheholdertoaglassofCokefreeatthesodafountainofadispenser.

In1909,thecompanyflewadirigible(飛船)overWashington,D.C.,withahugeCokesignonthesideofit,aforeshadowingofaerialadvertising.Cokealsooriginatedoneofthenation'searliestanimatedsigns.Standing32feethighandlocatedalongthePennsylvaniarailroadlinebetweenPhiladelphiaandNewYork,itshowedayoungmandrawingaglassofCokefromoneofthecrockeryurns(陶罐)thenusedtodispensethebeverage.

ThebillsforCoke'sadvertisingcampaignmounted.In1893,thetotalstoodat$12,395.Itpa

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二、3.ListeningComprehension(20題)21.(26)

A.Someonewhoalwaystalksabouthimself.

B.Themostviolenttypeofco-workers.

C.Someonewhostabsyourback.

D.Themostcommonannoyingtypeofpeople.

22.(13)

A.Hedoesn'tknowwhattoolstobring.

B.Hedoesn'tmindhelpingthewoman.

C.Thewomanwon'thavetocarrytools.

D.Thedonkeyswillcarrythewoman'spersonalitems.

23.

【B10】

24.(28)

A.Anair-hostess.

B.Aphysicsscientist.

C.AchefinaFrenchrestaurant.

D.Atypistinalargecompany.

25.聽(tīng)力原文：EarthHourisaglobaleventorganizedbyWorldWideFundforNature.(29)ItisheldonthelastSaturdayofMarchannually,askinghouseholdsandbusinessestoturnofftheirnon-essentiallightsandotherelectricalappliancesforonehourtoraiseawarenesstowardstheneedtotakeactiononclimatechange.

"EarthHour"beganinSydneyin2007.OnMarch31st,2007,2.2millionresidentsofSydneyparticipatedbyturningoffallnon-essentiallights.Asanaddedbonus,Sydneyresidentsjoiningthemovementsaidtheycouldseemorestarsthaneverduringthatnight.Afterthat,"EarthHour"spreadaroundtheworldatanamazingspeed.In3years,ithasgrownintooneoftheworld'slargestjointactionsdealingwithclimatechange.

EarthHour2009wasfrom8:30p.m.to9:30p.m.localtime,March28,2009.(30)88countriesandmorethan4,000citiesjoinedEarthHour2009,tentimesmorecitiesthanEarthHour2008had.Amongtheparticipantsin2009was,forthefirsttime,theUnitedNationsheadquartersinNewYorkCity.TheU.N.conservativelyestimatesthatitsparticipationwillsave＄102inenergy.

Reportsshowthat(31)thePhilippinestoppedtheEarthHourparticipationas647citiesandtownsorover15millionFilipinoswereestimatedtohavejoinedinthehour-longlights-offat8:30-9:30PMlocaltime.(31)ThiswasfollowedbyGreecewith484citiesandtownsparticipating,andAustraliawith309.

(30)

A.OnthelastSaturdayofMarch.

B.OnthethirdSaturdayofMarch.

C.OnthelastSundayofMarch.

D.OnthethirdSundayofMarch.

26.聽(tīng)力原文：W:Hi,Sam,IhatetobotheryoubutIwonderifIcouldhaveawordwithyou?

M:Soundssoserious.What'sup?

W:Well,thelandlordjustinformedmethathe'sgoingtoincreaseourrentbytwohundred.I'mwonderinghowyoufeelaboutit.

M:HowdoIfeelaboutit?Noway!Intherentalagreement,itsayshewillhavetogiveusanoticethreemonthsinadvanceifhewantstoincreasetherent.

W:Yeah,that'sright!It'sgottabethreemonthslater.Well,Ithinkherealizeshisrentalfeeisbelowthemarketrateandhemustbefeelingabitrippedoffwhenhecouldbechargingacouplehundredextra.Whatdoyouthink,Sam?Shouldweagreetotheraiseorfindsomewhereelse?

M:Goodquestion.I'mnotsureeither.Thelocationwe'reatnowisquiteconvenient,closetothegroceryandnearthesubway.It'llbehardtofindanotherlocationlikethisone.

W:Iwonderwhetherhe'llallowroomfornegotiation,perhapsahundreddollarsinsteadoftwo.Maybehemightbemorewillingtogiveabitifwespeaktohimrightaway.

M:Well,heseemstobeaniceguytotalkto.Butwhatifherefuses?Wouldyougofortwothen?

W:Well,IguessIwould,sinceit'llbehardtofindsuchaconvenientlocation.Besides,it'sclosetomyschoolandIcansleepalittlelaterinthemornings.

M:Ha!Ifiguredthat'swhatyou'dbeconcernedabout.Well,Ihavetogiveitsomeseriousthought.I'mnotsureIcanaffordtocoughupanextrahundredamonthjusttomakesureIcansleepinanextra15minutes.

W:Didn'tyougetyourloanrecently?That'llcoverwhatyouneed.Besides,ifyoucouldjuststopspendingsomuchoncafeteriasnacksyou'dhavelotsofmoneytospare.

M:Yeah,butI'mthinkingofgettinganewlaptop.

W:Well,Itellyou,therearen'talotofapartmentsthatarecheaper,evenwiththisnewincrease.

M:Iknow,sowhendoeshewantustocomebackonthis?

W:Hetoldmetolethimknowthisweekend.

M:Sure,bythenIshouldbeabletomakeupmymind.

Questions23to25arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.

23.Whatisthemainproblemthatthespeakershave?

24.Whatarethetwochoicesthattheyface?

25.Whatistheadvantageofstayingintheapartmentaccordingtothewoman?

(20)

A.Wheretheyshouldmove.

B.Howtonegotiatewiththelandlord.

C.Howtofighttheincrease.

D.Whethertoacceptanincreaseinrentormove.

27.

【B7】

28.

【B11】

29.(32)

A.Becausethemarkethasbothupanddownyears.

B.Becauseyoucangetbiggerguaranteedreturns.

C.Because30%returnscanbeachievedwiththerightstocks.

D.Becauseyouhavetoweatherthestorm.

30.

【B2】

31.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD,anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.

聽(tīng)力原文：M：I'venoticedthatyougetlettersfromCanadafromtimetotime．Wouldyoumindsavingsthestampsforme?Mysistercollectsthem．

W：Myroommatesalreadyaskedforthem.

Q：Whatdoesthewomanimply?

(12)

A.Shewillsavethestampsfortheman'ssister.

B.ShewillnolongergetlettersfromCanada.

C.Shecan'tgivethestampstotheman'ssister.

D.Shehasgiventhestampstotheman'sroommates.

32.(21)

A.Interviews.

B.Televisionads.

C.Playingwithchildren.

D.Speeches.

33.(18)

A.Themanalsowantstogetaticketforthestateballet.

B.Themanissellingtheticketforthestateballet.

C.Theman'ssisterwillgotoseethestateballet.

D.Theman'ssisterwillgivethetickettothewoman.

34.

【B3】

35.聽(tīng)力原文：W:Thenortheastisexperiencingareallyterriblewinter.Fuelsuppliesarerunninglowandalotofpeoplecan'tevenkeeptheirhousesadequatelyheated.

M:Iguessthat'swhyfuelpriceshavegoneupacrossthenation.

Q:Whatdoweknowfromtheconversation?

(16)

A.Fuelcannotbetransportedtothenortheasternstates.

B.Therearetoofewhousesinthenortheast.

C.Peopleinthenortheastareinexperiencedindealingwithsnow.

D.Coldweatherinthenortheasthasincreasedthedemandforfuel.

36.(29)

A.Weshouldn'tjudgepeoplebyreadingtheirfaces.

B.Weshouldn'tsmileinthewrongplace.

C.Weshouldn'tcoverourtruefeelings.

D.Weshouldn'texpressouremotionstooopenly.

37.(14)

A.Becauseshemetaheavytrafficonherway.

B.Becauseaterriblecaraccidenthappenedtoher.

C.Becauseshehadtakenadifferentroad.

D.Becausetheroadwasclosedandshehadtowait.

38.聽(tīng)力原文：IntheUnitedStates,tobaccocompanieshavehadtopaylargeamountsofmoneytopeoplewhodevelopeddeadlydiseasescausedbysmokingcigarettes.Fastfoodcompanieshavebecomethenexttargetoflegalaction.

SomepeoplehavebroughtlegalactionagainstMcDonald'sandotherfastfoodrestaurants.Thepeoplesaidthiskindoffoodmadethemfatandsick.Thelawsuitschargedthatfastfoodcompanieshavenotwarnedpeoplethatthiskindoffoodcouldbeharmful.Thereareaboutone-hundred-seventy-thousandfastfoodrestaurantsinAmerica.Theysellfoodthatishighinfat,sugarandcalories.Thesefoodsincludemeatsandwichescalledhamburgers,potatoescookedinoilandsweetdrinks.

Onemanchargedthatthiskindoffoodcausedhimtohaveheartattacksanddiabetes.Severalfamiliessaidtheirchildrengotfatandalsodevelopeddiabetes.Oneoftheseteenagersweightsone-hundred-eightykilograms.However,afederaljudgeinNewYorkCitylaterdismissedtheteenagers'caseagainstMcDonald's.

SomeexpertssayAmericansarethefattestpeopleintheworld.Twoyearsago,thetopgovernmentdoctorreportedanincreaseinthenumberofAmericanswhoaretoofat.DavidSatchersaidalmostsixtypercentofAmericanadultsweightoomuch.DoctorSatcheralsosaidthirteenpercentofAmericanchildrenaretoofat.Hesaidthefastfoodindustry,schoolandgovernmentagenciesshouldchangetheirpolicies.Hesaidextremeoverweightcouldbecomethenation'sleadingcauseofpreventabledeath.

(30)

A.170,000.00B.117,000.00C.100,070.00D.100,017.00

39.(40)

40.(31)

A.Theworkinghurtaremoreconcentratedinhazardousindustriesoroccupations.

B.Theworkinginjuriesareoftenconnectedwiththegender.

C.Olderworkersaremorelikelytogethurtatwork.

D.Overhalfoftheinjuriesfoundatworkhavesomethingtodowithtoolongworkinghours.

三、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20題)41.Thedesireforachievementisoneoflife'sgreatmysteries.Socialscientistshavedevotedlifetimestostudyingthedrivesthatspurusoutofbedinthemorning,compelustoworkorstudyhardandsparkallmannerofhumanendeavor.Indeed,atextbookactuallydocuments32distincttheoriesofhumanmotivation.

Giventhisdiversityofthought,it'seasytoforgetthatforahalfcentury,Americansocietyhasbeendominatedbythepsychologicalschoolknownasbehaviorism,orSkinnerianpsychology.Althoughbehaviorismanditsfundamentalprincipleof"positivereinforcement"havelongsincelosttheirwayinacademiccircles,theSkinnerianlegacyremainspowerfulineveryfieldofdailylife,fromthehomeandclassroomtotheworkplace.Don'twanttotakethetrashout?Doit,andyoucangotothemoviesonFridaynight.Notinthemoodforwork?Keeppluggingaway,andyoumightgetabonus.Notinterestedincalculus?StriveforanAintheclass,andyou'llmakethehonorroll.Thetheorymaybebankrupt,butincentivesandrewardsaresomuchapartofAmericanculturethatit'shardtoimaginelifewithoutthem.

Yetthat'sexactlywhatagrowinggroupofresearchersareadvocatingagainsttoday.Asteadystreamofresearchhasfoundthatratherthanencouragingmotivationandproductivity,rewardsactuallycanunderminegenuineinterestanddiminishperformance."Oursocietyiscaughtinawhoppingparadox,"assertsAlfieKohn,authorofthenewbookpublishedbyRewards(HoughtonMifflin),whichsurveysrecentresearchintheeffectivenessofrewards."Wecomplainloudlyaboutdecliningproductivity,thecrisisofourschoolandthedistortedvaluesofourchildren.Buttheverystrategyweusetosolvethoseproblems—danglingrewardslikeincentiveplansandgradeandcandybarsinfrontofpeople—ispartlyresponsibleforthefixwe'rein."

It'satoughargumenttomakeinaculturethatcelebratesthespoilsofsuccess.Yetstudyafterstudyshowsthatpeopletendtoperform.worse,togiveupmoreeasilyandtoloseinterestmorequicklywhenarewardisinvolved.Childrenwhoaregiventreatsfordoingartwork,forexample,losetheirinitialloveofartwithinweeks.Teenagerswhoarepromisedarewardfortutoringyoungstersdon'tteachasenthusiasticallyastutorsofferednothing.Andchiefexecutiveofficerswhohavebeenawardedlong-termincentiveplanshaveoftensteeredtheircompaniestowardlowerreturns.

Accordingtobehaviorism,allhumanactions______.

A.areofagreatmystery

B.havenobearingonhumandrives

C.aresupposedtobehighlymotivated

D.arebasedonstimulusandresponse

42.

Accordingtotheauthor,clinicaltrialsofvitaminsupplements______.

A.oftenresultinmisleadingconclusions

B.taketimeandwillnotproduceconclusiveresults

C.shouldbeconductedbyscientistsonalargerscale

D.appeartobeasheerwasteoftimeandresources

43.Onethingthetourbooksdon'ttellyouaboutLondonisthat2,000ofitsresidentsarefoxes.Asnativeastheroyalfamily,theyfledthecityaboutcenturiesagoafterdevelopersandpollutionmovedin.Butnowthattheenvironmentiscleaner,thefoxeshavecomehome,oneofthemanywildanimalsthathavemovedintourbanareasaroundtheworld.

"Thenumberandvarietyofwildanimalsinurbanareasisincreasing,"saysGomerJonas,presidentoftheNationalInstituteforUrbanWildlife,inColumbia,Maryland.AsurveyofthewildlifeinNewYork'sCentralParklastyeartalliedthespeciesofmammals;includingmuskrats,shrewsandflyingsquirrels.Asimilarsurveyconductedinthe1890scountedonlyfivespecies.Oneofthecountry'slargestpopulationsofraccoons(浣熊)nowlivesinWashingtonD.C.,endmoose(駝鹿)areregularlyteenwanderingintoMainetowns.Peregrinefalcons(游隼)divefromthewindowledgesofbuildingsinthelargestU.S.citiestopreyonpigeons.

Severalchangeshavebroughtwildanimalstothecities.Foremostisthatairandwaterqualityinmanycitieshasimprovedasaresultofthe1970s'pollution-controleff