2013年考研英語真題及解析

SectionIUseofReadthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Peopleare,onthewhole,pooratconsideringbackgroundinformationwhenmakingindividualdecisions.Atfirstglancethismightseemlikeastrengththat1theabilitytomakejudgmentswhichareunbiasedby2factors.ButDr.UriSimonsohnspeculatedthataninabilitytoconsiderthebig3wasleadingdecision-makerstobebiasedbythedailysamplesofinformationtheywereworkingwith.4,hetheorisedthatajudge5ofappearingtoosoft6crimemightbemorelikelytosendsomeonetoprison7hehadalreadysentencedfiveorsixotherdefendantsonlyto dcommunityserviceonthatTo8thisidea,heturnedtotheuniversity-admissionsprocess.Intheory,the9ofanapplicantshouldnotdependonthefewothers10randomlyforinterviewduringthesameday,butDr.Simonsohoedthetruthwas11.Hestudiedtheresultsof9,323MBAinterviews12by31admissionsofficers.Theinterviewershad13applicantsonascaleofonetofive.Thisscale14numerousfactorsintoconsideration.Thescoreswere15usedinconjunctionwithanapplicant’sscoreontheGraduateManagementAdmissionTest,orGMAT,astandardizedexamwhichis16outof800points,tomakeadecisiononwhethertoaccepthimorher.Dr.Simonsohnfoundifthescoreofthepreviouscandidateinadailyseriesofintervieweeswas0.75pointsormorehigherthanthatoftheone17that,thenthescoreforthenextapplicantwould18byanaverageof0.075points.Thismightsoundsmall,butto19theeffectsofsuchadecreaseacandidatewouldneed30moreGMATpointsthanwouldotherwisehavebeen20.1.[A][B][C][D]2.[A][B][C][D]3.[A][B][C][D]4.[A]Above[B]On[C]In[D]For5.[A][B][C][D]6.[A][B][C][D]7.[A][B][C][D]8.[A][B][C][D]9.[A][B][C][D]10.[A][B][C][D]11.[A][B][C]re[D]12.[A][B][C][D]13.[A][B][C][D]14.[A][B][C][D]15.[A][B][C][D]16.[A][B][C][D]17.[A][B][C][D]18.[A][B][C][D]19.[A][B][C][D]20.[A] [B] [C] [D]PartAReadthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)TextInthe2006filmversionofTheDevilWearsPrada,MirandaPriestly,yedbyMerylStreep,scoldsherunattractiveassistantforimaginingthathighfashiondoesn’taffecther.Priestlyexinshowthedeepbluecoloroftheassistant’ssweaterdescendedovertheyearsfromfashionshowstodepartmentstoresandtothebargainbininwhichthepoorgirldoubtlessfoundhergarment.Thistop-downconceptionofthefashionbusinesscouldn’tbemoreoutofdateoratoddswiththefeverishworlddescribedinOverdressed,ElizabethCline’sthree-yearindictmentof“fastfashion”.Inthelastdecadeorso,advancesintechnologyhaveallowedmass-marketlabelssuchasZara,H&M,andUniqlotoreacttotrendsmorequicklyandanticipatedemandmoreprecisely.Quickerturnaroundsmeanlesswastedinventory,morefrequentreleases,andmoreprofit.Theselabelsencouragestyle-consciousconsumerstoseeclothesasdisposable—meanttolastonlyawashortwo,althoughtheydon’tadvertisethat—andtorenewtheirwardrobeeveryfewweeks.Byofferingon-trenditemsatdirt-cheapprices,Clineargues,thesebrandshavehijackedfashioncycles,shakinganindustrylongaccustomedtoaseasonalpace.Thevictimsofthisrevolution,ofcourse,arenotlimitedtodesigners.ForH&Mtooffera$5.95knitminiskirtinallits2,300-plusstoresaroundtheworld,itmustrelyonlow-wageoverseaslabor,orderinvolumesthatstrainnaturalresources,andusemassiveamountsofharmfulchemicals.Overdressedisthefashionworld’sanswertoconsumer-activistbestsellerslikeMichaelPollan’sTheOmnivore’sDilemma.“Mass-producedclothing,likefastfood,fillsahungerandneed,yetisnon-durableandwasteful,”Clineargues.Americans,shefinds,buyroughly20billiongarmentsayear—about64itemsper —andnomatterhowmuchtheygiveaway,thisexcessleadstowaste.TowardstheendofOverdressed,Clineintroducedherideal,aBrooklynwomannamedSarahKateBeaumont,whosince2008hasmadeallofherownclothes—andbeautifully.ButasClineisthefirsttonote,ittookBeaumontdecadestoperfecthercraft;herexamplecan’tbeknockedoff.Thoughseveralfast-fashioncompanieshavemadeeffortstocurbtheirimpactonlaborandtheenvironment—includingH&M,withitsgreenConsciousCollectionline—Clinebelieveslastingchangecanonlybeeffectedbythecustomer.Sheexhibitstheidealismcommontomanyadvocatesofsustainability,beitinfoodorinenergy.Vanityisaconstant;peoplewillonlystartshopmoresustainablywhentheycan’taffordnotto.Priestlycriticizesherassistantfor lackof [B]poorbargaining[C]obsessionwithhigh [D]insensitivitytoAccordingtoCline,mass-marketlabelsurgeconsumers combatunnecessary [B]shopfortheirgarmentsmore[C]resisttheinfluenceof [D]shutoutthefeverishfashionTheword“indictment”(Line3,Para.2)isclosestinmeaning [B] [C] [D]WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthelastVanityhasmoreoftenbeenfoundin [B]Thefast-fashionindustryignores[C]Pricingisvitaltoenvironment-friendly [D]PeoplearemoreinterestedinunaffordableWhatisthesubjectoftheSatireonanextravagant [B]Challengetoahigh-fashion[C]Criticismofthefast-fashion [D]Exposureofamass-marketTextAnoldsayinghasitthathalfofalladvertisingbudgetsarewasted—thetroubleis,nooneknowswhichhalf.Intheinternetage,atleastintheory,thisfractioncanbemuchreduced.Bywatchingwhatpeoplesearchfor,clickonandsayonline,companiescanaim“behavioral”adsatthosemostlikelytobuy.Inthepastcoupleofweeksaquarrelhasillustratedthevaluetoadvertisersofsuchfine-grainedinformation:Shouldadvertisersassumethatpeoplearehappytobetrackedandsentbehavioralads?Orshouldtheyhaveexplicitpermission?InDecember2010America’sFederalTradeCommission(FTC)proposedaddinga“donottrack”(DNT)optiontointernetbrowsers,sothatuserscouldladvertisersthattheydidnotwanttobefollowed.’sInternetExplorerandApple’sSafaribothofferDNT;’sChromeisduetodosothisyear.InFebruarytheFTCandDigitalAdvertisingAlliance(DAA)agreedthattheindustrywouldgetcrackingonrespondingtoDNTrequests.OnMay31st setofftherow:ItsaidthatInternetExplorer10,theversionduetoappearWindows8,wouldhaveDNTasadefault.Advertisersarehorrified.Humannaturebeingwhatitis,mostpeoplestickwithdefaultsettings.FewswitchDNTonnow,butiftrackingisoffitwillstayoff.BobLiodice,thechiefexecutiveoftheAssociationofNationalAdvertisers,saysconsumerswillbeworseoffiftheindustrycannotcollectinformationabouttheirpreferences.Peoplewillnotgetfewerads,hesays,“they’llgetlessmeaningful,lesstargetedads.”Itisnotyetclearhowadvertiserswillrespond.GettingaDNTsignaldoesnotobligeanyonetostoptracking,althoughsomecompanieshavepromisedtodoso.Unabletolwhethersomeonereallyobjectstobehavioraladsorwhethertheyarestickingwith’sdefault,somemayignoreaDNTsignalandpressonanyway.Alsouncleariswhyhasgoneitalone.Afterall,ithasanadbusinesstoo,whichitsayswillcomplywithDNTrequests,thoughitisstillworkingouthow.Ifitistryingtoupset,whichreliesalmostwhollyonadvertising,ithaschosenanindirectmethod:ThereisnoguaranteethatDNTbydefaultwill ethenorm.DNTdoesnotseemanobviouslyhugesellingpointforWindows8—thoughthefirmhascomparedsomeofitsotherproductsfavorablywith’sonthatcountbefore.BrendonLynch,’schiefprivacyofficer,blogged:“webelieveconsumersshouldhavemorecontrol.”Coulditreallybethatsimple?Itissuggestedinparagraph1that“behavioral”adshelpadvertisers lowertheiroperational [B]easecompetitionamong[C]avoidcomintsfrom [D]providebetteronline“Theindustry”(Line5,Para.3)refers online merce[C]digitalinformation [D]internetbrowserBobLiodiceholdsthatsettingDNTasa goesagainsthuman [B]failstoaffectthead[C]willnotbenefit [D]manycutthenumberofjunkWhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoParagraph[A]Advertisersareobligedtoofferbehavioral [B]DNTmaynotserveitsintended[C]DNTislosingitspopularityamong [D]AdvertisersarewillingtoimplementTheauthor’sattitudetowardswhatBrendonLynchsaidinhisblogisone [B] [C] [D]TextUpuntilafewdecadesago,ourvisionsofthefuturewerelargely—thoughbynomeansuniformly—glowinglyScienceandtechnologywouldcurealltheillsofhumanity,leadingtolivesoffulfillmentandopportunityforNowutopiahasgrownunfashionable,aswehavegainedadeeperappreciationoftherangeofthreatsfacingus,fromasteroidstriketoepidemicflutoclimatechange.Youmightevenbetemptedtoassumethathumanityhaslittlefuturetolookforwardto.Butsuchgloominessismisced.Thefossilrecordshowsthatmanyspecieshaveenduredformillionsofyears—sowhyshouldn’twe?Takeabroaderlookatourspecies’ceintheuniverse,andit esclearthatwehaveanexcellentchanceofsurvivingfortens,ifnothundreds,ofthousandsofyears.LookupHomosapiensinthe“RedList”ofthreatenedspeciesoftheinternationalUnionfortheConcentrationofNature( ),andyouwillread:“ListedasLeastConcernasthespeciesisverywidelydistributed,adaptable,currentlyincreasing,andtherearenomajorthreatsresultinginanoverallpopulationdecline.”Sowhatdoesourdeepfuturehold?Agrowingnumberofresearchersandorganizationsarenowthinkingseriouslyaboutthatquestion.Forexample,theLongNowFoundationhasasitsflagshipprojectamechanicalclockthatisdesignedtostillbemarkingtimethousandsofyearshence.Perhapswillfully,itmaybeeasiertothinkaboutsuchlengthytimescalesthanaboutthemoreimmediatefuture.Thepotentialevolutionoftoday’stechnology,anditssocialconsequences,isdazzlinglycomplicated,andit’sperhapsbestlefttoscience-fictionwritersandfuturologiststoexplorethemanypossibilitieswecanenvisage.That’sonereasonwhywehavelaunchedArc,anewpublicationdedicatedtothenearfuture.Buttakealongerviewandthereisasurprisingamountthatwecansaywithconsiderableassurance.Assooften,thepastholdsthekeytothefuture:wehavenowidentifiedenoughofthelong-termpatternsshathehistoryofthenet,andourspecies,tomakeevidence-basedforecastsaboutthesituationsinwhichourdescendantswillfindthemselves.Thislongmakesthepessimisticviewofourprospectsseemmorelikelytobeapassingfad.Tobesure,thefutureisnotallrosy.Butwearenowknowledgeableenoughtoreducemanyoftherisksthatthreatenedtheexistenceofearlierhumans,andtoimprovethelotofthosetocome.Ourvisionofthefutureusedtobeinspired ourdesireforlivesof [B]ourfaithinscienceand[C]ourawarenessofpotential [D]ourbeliefinequal ’s“RedList”suggeststhathumanbeings amisced [B]asustained[C]theworld’sdominant [D]athreattotheWhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoParagraphTheinterestinsciencefictionisonthe [B]Archelpslimitthescopeoffuturological[C]Technologyofferssolutionstosocial [D]OurimmediatefutureishardtoToensurethefutureofmankind,itiscrucial drawonourexperiencefromthe [B]adoptanoptimisticviewofthe[C]exploreournet’sabundant [D]curbourambitiontoreshapeWhichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitlefortheUncertaintyaboutOur [B]EvolutionoftheHuman[C]TheEver-brightProspectsof [D]Science,TechnologyandTextOnafivetothreevote,theSupremeCourtknockedoutmuchofArizona’simmigrationlawMonday—amodestvictoryfortheObamaAdministration.ButonthemoreimportantmatteroftheConstitution,thedecisionwasan8-0defeatfortheAdministration’sefforttoupsetthebalanceofpowerbetweenthefederalernmentandthestates.InArizonav.UnitedStates,themajorityoverturnedthreeofthefourcontestedprovisionsofArizona’sntohavestateandlocalenfederalimmigrationlaw.TheConstitutionalprinciplesthatWashingtonalonehasthepowerto“establishauniformRuleofNaturalization”andthatfederallawsprecedestatelawsarenoncontroversial.ArizonahadattemptedtofashionstatepoliciesthatranparalleltotheexistingfederalJusticeAnthonyKennedy,joinedbyChiefJusticeJohnRobertsandtheCourt’sliberals,ruledthatthestateflewtooclosetothefederalsun.OntheoverturnedprovisionsthemajorityheldthatCongresshaddeliberay“occupiedthefield”andArizonahasthusintrudedonthefederal’sprivilegedpowers.However,theJusticessaidthatArizonawouldbeallowedtoverifythelegalstatusofpeoplewhocomeincontactwithlawenment.That’sbecauseCongresshasalwaysenvisionedjointfederal-stateimmigrationenmentandexplicitlyencouragesstateofficerstoshareinformationandcooperatewithfederalcolleagues.TwoofthethreeobjectingJustices—SamuelAlitoandClarenceThomas—agreedwiththisConstitutionallogicbutdisagreedaboutwhichArizonarulesedwiththefederalstatute.TheonlymajorobjectioncamefromJusticeAntoninScalia,whoofferedanevenmorerobustdefenseofstateprivilegesgoingbacktotheAlienandSeditionActs.The8-0objectiontoObamaturnsonwhatJusticeSamuelAlitodescribesinhisobjectionas“ashockingassertionoffederalexecutivepower”.TheWhiteHousearguedthatArizona’slawsedwithitsenmentpriorities,evenifstatelawscompliedwithfederalstatutestotheletter.Ineffect,theWhiteHouseclaimedthatitcouldinvalidateanyotherwiselegitimatestatelawthatitdisagreeswith.Somepowersdobelongexclusivelytothefederal ernment,andcontrolofcitizenshipandthebordersisamongthem.ButifCongresswantedtopreventstatesfromusingtheirownresourcestocheckimmigrationstatus,itcould.Itneverdidso.TheAdministrationwasinessenceassertingthatbecauseitdidn’twanttocarryoutCongress’simmigrationwishes,nostateshouldbeallowedtodosoeither.EveryJusticerightlyrejectedthisremarkableclaim.ThreeprovisionsofArizona’snwereoverturnedbecause oversteppedtheauthorityoffederalimmigration [B]disturbedthepowerbalancebetweendifferent[C]deprivedthefederalofConstitutional [D]contradictedboththefederalandstateOnwhichofthefollowingdidtheJusticesagree,accordingtoParagraphStates’independencefromfederalimmigrationFederalofficers’dutytowithholdimmigrants’States’legitimateroleinimmigrationenCongress’sinterventioninimmigrationenItcanbeinferredfromParagraph5thattheAlienandSedition violatedthe [B]stoodinfavorofthe[C]supportedthefederal [D]underminedthestates’TheWhiteHouseclaimsthatitspowerofen outweighsthatheldbythe [B]isestablishedbyfederal[C]isdependentonthestates’ [D]rarelygoesagainststateWhatcanbelearnedfromthelastImmigrationissuesareusuallydecidedbyTheAdministrationisdominantoverimmigrationJusticeswantedtostrengthenitscoordinationwithJusticesintendedtocheckthepowerofthePartBInthefollowingarticle,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Thesocialsciencesareflourishing.Asof2005,therewerealmosthalfamillionprofessionalsocialscientistsfromallfieldsintheworld,workingbothinsideandoutsideacademia.AccordingtotheWorldSocialScienceReport2010,thenumberofsocial-sciencestudentsworldwidehasswollenbyabout11%everyyearsince2000.Yetthisenormousresourceisnotcontributingenoughtotoday’sglobalchallenges,includingclimatechange,security,sustainabledevelopmentandhealth.(41) .Humanityhasthenecessaryagro-technologicaltoolstoeradicatehunger,fromgeneticallyengineeredcropstoartificialfertilizers.Here,too,theproblemsaresocial:theorganizationanddistributionoffood,wealthandprosperity. .Thisisashame—thecommunityshouldbegrastheopportunitytoraiseitsinfluenceintherealworld.ToparaphrasethegreatsocialscientistJosephSchumpeter:thereisnoradicalinnovationwithoutcreativeToday,thesocialsciencesarelargelyfocusedondisciplinaryproblemsandinternalscholarlydebates,ratherthanontopicswithexternalimpact.ysesrevealthatthenumberofpapersincludingthe “environmentalchange”or“climatechange”haveincreasedrapidlysince2004.(43) Whensocialscientistsdotacklepracticalissues,theirscopeisoftenlocal:BelgiumisinterestedmainlyintheeffectsofpovertyonBelgium,forexample.Andwhetherthecommunity’sworkcontributesmuchtoanoverallaccumulationofknowledgeisdoubtful.Theproblemisnotnecessarilytheamountofavailablefunding.(44) .Thisisanadequateamountsolongasitisaimedintherightdirection.Socialscientistswhocominaboutalackoffundingshouldnotexpectmoreintoday’seconomicclimate.Thetrickistodirectthesefundsbetter.TheEuropeanUnionFrameworkfundingprogramshavelonghadacategoryspecificallytargetedatsocialscientists.Thisyear,itwasproposedthatthesystembechanged:Horizon2020,anewprogramtobeenactedin2014,wouldnothavesuchacategory.Thishasresultedinsfromsocialscientists.Buttheintentionisnottoneglectsocialscience;rather,thecompleteopposite.(45) .Thatshouldcreatemorecollaborativeendeavorsandhelptodevelopprojectsaimeddirectlyatsolvingglobalproblems.Itcouldbethatweareevolvingtwocommunitiesofsocialscientists:onethatisdiscipline-orientedandpublishinginhighlyspecializedjournals,andonethatisproblem-orientedandpublishingelsewhere,suchasbriefs.However,thenumbersarestillsmall:in2010,about1,600ofthe100,000social-sciencespaperspublishedgloballyincludedoneofthese Despitethesefactors,manysocialscientistsseemreluctanttotacklesuchproblems.AndinEurope,someareupinarmsoveraproposaltodropaspecificfundingcategoryforsocial-scienceresearchandtointegrateitwithincross-cuttingtopicsofsustainabledevelopment.Duringthelate1990s,nationalspendingonsocialsciencesandthehumanitiesasapercentageofallresearchanddevelopmentfunds—including ernment,highereducation,non-profitandcorporate—variedfromaround4%to25%;inmostEuropeannations,itisabout15%.Theideaistosocialscientiststointegratetheirworkwithothercategories,includinghealthanddemographicchange;foodsecurity;marineresearchandthebio-economy,clean,efficientenergy;andinclusive,innovativeandsecureThesolutionistochangethemindsetoftheacademiccommunity,andwhatitconsiderstobeitsmaingoal.Globalchallengesandsocialinnovationoughttoreceivemuchmoreattentionfromscientists,especiallytheyoungones.Theseissuesallhaverootcausesinhumanbehavior:allrequirebehavioralchangeandsocialinnovations,aswellastechnologicaldevelopment.Stemmingclimatechange,forexample,isasmuchaboutchangingconsumptionpatternsandpromotingtaxacceptanceasitisaboutdevelocleanenergy.PartCReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto writtenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Itisspeculatedthatgardensarisefromabasichumanneedintheindividualswhomadethem:theneedforcreativeexpression.Thereisnodoubtthatgardensevidenceanirrepressibleurgetocreate,express,fashion,andbeautifyandthatself-expressionisabasichumanurge;(46)yetwhenonelooksatthephotographsofthegardencreatedbythehomeless,itstrikesonethat,foralltheirdiversityofstyles,thesegardensspeakofvariousotherfundamentalurges,beyondthatofdecorationandcreativeexpression.Oneoftheseurgeshastodowithcreatingastateofpeaceinthemidstofturbulence,a“stillpointoftheturningworld,”toborrowaphrasefromT.S.Eliot.(47)Asacredceofpeace,howevercrudeitmaybe,isadistinctlyhumanneed,asopposedtoshelter,whichisadistinctlyanimalneed.Thisdistinctionissomuchsothatwherethelatterislacking,asitisfortheseunlikelygardens,theformer esallthemoreurgent.Composureisastateofmindmadepossiblebythestructuringofone’srelationtoone’senvironment.(48)Thegardensofthehomeless,whichareineffecthomelessgardens,introduceformintoanurbanenvironmentwhereiteitherdidn’texistorwasnotdiscernibleassuch.Insongtheygivecomposuretoasegmentoftheinarticulateenvironmentinwhichtheytaketheirstand.Anotherurgeorneedthatthesegardensappeartorespondto,ortoarisefrom,issointrinsicthatwearebarelyeverconsciousofitsabidingclaimsonus.Whenwearedeprivedofgreen,ofnts,oftrees,(49)mostofusgiveintoademoralizationofspiritwhichweusuallyblameonsomepsychologicalconditions,untilonedaywefindourselvesinagardenandfeeltheoppressionvanishasifbymagic.InmostofthehomelessgardensofNewYorkCitytheactualcultivationofntsisunfeasible,yetevensothecompositionsoftenseemtorepresentattemptstocallforththespiritofntandanimallife,ifonlysymbolically,throughaclumplikearrangementofmaterials,anintroductionofcolors,smallpoolsofwater,andafrequentpresenceofpetalsorleavesaswellasofstuffedanimals.Ondisyherearevariousfantasyelementswhosereference,atsomebasiclevel,seemstobethenaturalworld.(50)Itisthisimplicitorexplicitreferencetonaturethatfullyjustifiestheuseofthewordgarden,thoughina“l(fā)iberated”sense,todescribethesesyntheticconstructions.Inthemwecanseebiophilia—ayearningforcontactwithnonhumanlife—assuminguncannyrepresentationalforms.SectionIVPartWriteane-mailofabout100wordstoaforeignteacherinyourcollege,invitinghim/hertobeajudgeforthe Englishspeechcontest.Youshouldincludethedetailsyouthinknecessary.YoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendofthee-mail.Use“LiMing”instead.Donotwritetheaddress.(10points)PartWriteanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoudescribethedrawingexinitsintendedmeaning,giveyourYoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET2.(20SectionIUseof本文選自2012年6月16日TheEconomist《》，原文標(biāo)題是Aquestionofjudgment(《判斷上的一本文對“作決定時(shí)不考慮背景因素是優(yōu)勢”這一傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)提出異議。文章第一段先揚(yáng)后抑，由Dr.UriSimonsohn，這種優(yōu)勢有可能是劣勢。他認(rèn)為不考慮外界因素容易受片面信息影響，無法做出客觀判斷，并通過判案這個(gè)例子來支撐這一觀點(diǎn)。第二段Dr.Simonsohn進(jìn)一步通過大學(xué)招生程序，來驗(yàn)證自己的觀delivers是一種優(yōu)勢”，that引導(dǎo)定語從句，這種優(yōu)勢使人們具有一種能力，即能夠做出不受外界因素影響的不帶偏見的Ddeliver傳遞”ability搭配。A,C,D無論從搭配上還是意思上都不合適。Agrant本身minorexternalcrucialobjective選項(xiàng)minor次要的，B選項(xiàng)external外部的，C選項(xiàng)crucial的，D選項(xiàng)objective客觀的，故答案選B。issuevisionmoment【解析】第三題本句but引起句意轉(zhuǎn)折。“Simonsohn推測不考慮大局會(huì)導(dǎo)致決策者被日常接觸的信息影響而帶有偏見。”the，指代上文信息，即不考慮背景信息、不考慮大環(huán)境。而大局，大環(huán)境的表達(dá)，此處選擇picture是最貼切的。A選項(xiàng)issue問題，B選項(xiàng)vision想象力，美景都不合適，故答案選C。AboveallOnaverageInprincipleForexample【解析】通讀后面的句子，提到了與，這明顯是生活當(dāng)中的一個(gè)具體的實(shí)例，故答案選D。而A選項(xiàng)項(xiàng)inprinciple“大體上，原則上”，后面需要出現(xiàn)的是總結(jié)性的話語，將A,B,C排除。fond【解析】從句意上來看“例如，他們提出理論，認(rèn)為不敢在罪行面前表現(xiàn)得太軟弱，如果當(dāng)天已經(jīng)宣判五六名執(zhí)行緩刑，那么他很有可能將下一個(gè)人送入。A選項(xiàng)fondof喜歡，B選項(xiàng)fearof懼怕，C選項(xiàng)capableof有能力，D選項(xiàng)thoughtlessof考慮不周，故答案選B。inon介詞on，故答案為D。iftestsharepromote文“他們把注意力轉(zhuǎn)向大學(xué)錄取過程”也是上文觀點(diǎn)的例證，目的是對上文的觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)，而不是A選項(xiàng)“促進(jìn)”，B選項(xiàng)“強(qiáng)調(diào)”或C選項(xiàng)“”，故答案選D。decisionstatus【解析】A選項(xiàng)decision“決定”，B選項(xiàng)quality“質(zhì)量，品質(zhì)”，C選項(xiàng)status“地位”，D選項(xiàng)success“成功”。申 不應(yīng)該取決于同一天隨機(jī)選到的其他幾名申請者。接著下文講到面試官面試MBA申請者的結(jié)果results，因此第9題應(yīng)該也有結(jié)果的意思，與下文結(jié)合是達(dá)到正面的結(jié)果，因此答案是即“申請者的成功”。其它選項(xiàng)帶入原文答案，與原義不符合。foundstudiedchosenidentified“otherwisereceable可替換inspiredexpressedconductedsecured擔(dān)保，assignedratedmatchedarranged【解析】本題末尾onetofive（從一到五），前面又有一個(gè)onascale（…的范圍）A分配，D排列語義上說不情合理Cmatch看似與to搭配，但也不符合文意，故正確答案為B.putgottookgaveinsteadtheneverrather【解析】還是承接上文講到的得分，后半句講到的是（平時(shí)學(xué)校等級）考試得分，再結(jié)合中間conjunction與conjunction相，C說不通，故也為錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)。selectedpassedintroduced【解析】本題出在一個(gè)非限定性定語從句上，先行詞為astandardizedexam800分，考試和分?jǐn)?shù)之間首選marked，選項(xiàng)B“通過”具有一定的干擾性，但注意主語是考試，所以正確選項(xiàng)為C。A為無關(guān)選項(xiàng)。belowafterabovebefore【解析】本句屬于，對比的是幾個(gè)面試者的分?jǐn)?shù)，A和C是空間上的上下，而這里缺的時(shí)間上的先后，故排除A和C，B是“之后”，不符合語言先后邏輯，故正確答案為A.jumpfloatdrop【解析】解本題需往下看，to…theeffectsofsuchadecrease,由此可以判斷接下來那個(gè)應(yīng)聘者的分?jǐn)?shù)是出現(xiàn)了下achieveundomaintaindisregardnecessarypossiblehelpful你能夠不受外界因素的影響做出無偏見的判斷。但是Dr.UriSimonsohn推測，沒有能力掌握大局，就會(huì)導(dǎo)致決策者不能客觀地做出判斷，反而被日常生活中所接觸的片面信息所影響。舉個(gè)例子，Dr.Simonsohn認(rèn)為：一位為了驗(yàn)證這法，他把目光對準(zhǔn)大學(xué)招生程序。理論上講，申請人是否能成功，這跟同一天里隨機(jī)選擇的其他面試者是沒有關(guān)系的，但是Dr.Simonsohn覺得，事實(shí)可能相反。級。等級的劃分考慮各種因素。該等級成績，加上面試者的GMAT考試的成績（GMAT即管理入學(xué)考試，這是一種滿分為800的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)考試），決定是否錄用該面試者。DrSimonsohn0.75個(gè)點(diǎn)或是的話，下一個(gè)應(yīng)征者的分?jǐn)?shù)平均要降0.075。聽起來這分值可能很小，但是想要彌補(bǔ)這個(gè)很小的分值，應(yīng)征者在GMAT上的分?jǐn)?shù)就要再多考30分。SectionIIReadingPart寫的Overdressed，介紹了Cline寫的一本當(dāng)下“快時(shí)尚”服裝品牌的書，認(rèn)為H&M、Zara和優(yōu)衣庫等便本文總體結(jié)構(gòu)是屬于問題——解決模式。以TheDevilWearsPrada中Priestly對其助手的批評開頭，引出一種過時(shí)的時(shí)尚理念——top-downconception,然后在第二段引出文章話題中心——當(dāng)下的快速時(shí)尚概念(fastfashion)，并分析了快速時(shí)尚破壞了時(shí)尚周期，動(dòng)搖了時(shí)尚產(chǎn)業(yè)(hijackfashioncycles，shakinganindustrylong21.特利批評助手是因?yàn)槠鋒ighfashiondoesn’taffecther.”(“……批評她沒有的助理，因?yàn)橹碚J(rèn)為高級時(shí)尚對生活影響不大”。)her.”的同義替換。所以D項(xiàng)為正確答案?！窘馕觥扛鶕?jù)題干，首先定位到第二段。由倒數(shù)第二句“theselabelsencouragestyle-consciousconsumerstoseeclothesasdisposableandtorenewtheirwardrobeeveryfewweeks.”(“這些商標(biāo)（暢銷商標(biāo)）促使有時(shí)尚意識garmentsmorefrequently”的意思是“更加頻繁地服裝”，正好是“renewtheirwardrobeeveryfewweeks”的同義替換。A，C，D屬于無中生有項(xiàng)。【解析】題干中需要猜測詞義的單詞出現(xiàn)在第二段的第一句“……thefeverishworlddescribedinOverdressed,ElizabethCline’sthree-yearindictmentof‘fastfashion’”。再結(jié)合選項(xiàng)可知，“indictment”ElizabethCline對“快時(shí)段最后一句“Byofferingon-trenditemsatdirt-cheapprices,Clineargues,thesebrandshavehijackedfashioncycles,shakinganindustrylongaccustomedtoaseasonalpace.”（“Cline說，通過以特別低的價(jià)格銷售潮流物品，這些品牌破壞了潮流周期，動(dòng)搖了這個(gè)長久以來習(xí)慣于季節(jié)周期的產(chǎn)業(yè)”。）由“hijack”和“shaking”可知，Cline對“快時(shí)尚”應(yīng)該是持否定態(tài)度的，所以選項(xiàng)A選項(xiàng)“accusation（譴責(zé)）”是正確答案?！窘馕觥扛鶕?jù)題干，可定位到最后一段。解題關(guān)鍵在于“Vanityisaconstant;peoplewillonlystartshopmore們才會(huì)以更加可持續(xù)的方式去購物?！边@句的是“afford”和“shopmoresustainably”，對應(yīng)于C項(xiàng)中的文中“severalfast-fashioncompanieshavemadeeffortstocurbtheirimpactonlaborandtheenvironment…”（一些時(shí)尚服飾公司已經(jīng)做出努力減少對勞動(dòng)力和環(huán)境）意思相悖。D項(xiàng)文中未提及。文章的“快時(shí)尚”，并它破壞了時(shí)尚周期，動(dòng)搖了時(shí)尚產(chǎn)業(yè)。第三四段“快時(shí)尚”這種的弊端，比如：給自然資源造成壓力、使用大量有害的化學(xué)物質(zhì)、浪費(fèi)現(xiàn)象。最后兩段提到針對“快時(shí)尚”的不良影響，可以采取的解決辦法。由此可知，C項(xiàng)統(tǒng)領(lǐng)全文，為正確答案。A,B,D項(xiàng)都不是文章所論述的中心。Priestlyexinshowthedeepbluecoloroftheassistant’ssweaterdescendedovertheyearsfromfashionshowstodepartmentstoresandtothebargainbininwhichthepoorgirldoubtlessfoundhergarment.how引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中，thedeepbluecolorofthedescended謂語動(dòng)詞，可以翻譯為“了，落伍了”overtheyears時(shí)間狀語，后面from…to…結(jié)構(gòu)中又出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)which引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾先行詞thebargainbin，doubtless是無疑地，確信地，從句的意思是指窮毫無的，無疑，這個(gè)窮的衣服就是在那兒買的。Theselabelsencouragestyle-consciousconsumerstoseeclothesasdisposable—meanttolastonlyawashortwo,althoughtheydon’tadvertisethat—andtorenewtheirwardrobeeveryfewweeks.干是：Theselabelsencourageconsumerstoseeclothesasdisposableandtorenewtheirwardrobe.中間破折號部分是一個(gè)插入語，用來補(bǔ)充說明disposable“的”的意思，這里標(biāo)志語就是“meant”，although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語中，that在這里是代詞，指代前面提到的情況“衣服僅僅洗一兩次就丟掉”，在閱讀中，插入語部分一般不是重Sheexhibitstheidealismcommontomanyadvocatesofsustainability,beitinfoodorinenergy.Vanityisaconstant;peoplewillonlystartshopmoresustainablywhentheycan’taffordnotto.意思是“可持續(xù)性”。beitinfoodorinenergy,if的條件句。Constant本意是“常數(shù)”“恒量”，這beatoddswith與…indictmentn.；譴constantn.數(shù)常數(shù)恒量；不變的狀態(tài)在2006年的《穿達(dá)的女魔頭》中，?斯扮演的?特利指責(zé)她那毫引百貨商店，又廉價(jià)服裝店的，無疑，這個(gè)窮的衣服就是在那兒買的。在著差異。這本書是她長達(dá)三年對“快速時(shí)尚”的。近十年的時(shí)間中，技術(shù)進(jìn)步使得大規(guī)模市場品牌，如ZaraH&M和優(yōu)衣庫等對于潮流趨勢的反應(yīng)更加速度，并且能更精確預(yù)測市場需求?？焖俚霓D(zhuǎn)變意味著浪費(fèi)的是的——也就是只洗一兩次就不要了，盡管這些品牌并未宣傳這一點(diǎn)——并且鼓勵(lì)他們每隔幾周就更新認(rèn)為。她發(fā)現(xiàn)，人每年約200億服裝——平均每人64件——無論有多少衣服被他們送出去，自2008年起，所有衣服都是自己縫制的——并且都很漂亮。但也正如一開始提到的：博蒙特花費(fèi)了10年時(shí)間去完善自己的工藝，案例是無法被打敗的。Text本文選自TheEconomist《》2012年6月9號一篇題為ChangeofTrack的的文章。文章第一二段提到公司通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)追蹤收集用戶數(shù)據(jù)，可以使的投放更加精準(zhǔn)。第三四段提到微軟響應(yīng)貿(mào)易要求在瀏覽器中加入了用戶瀏覽數(shù)據(jù)被追蹤的這一選項(xiàng)。第五、六段商對此舉的及其反應(yīng)。最后一段作者所持有的懷疑態(tài)度?！窘馕鯿ompaniescanaim“behavioral”adsatthosemostlikelytobuy.這段案B“l(fā)owertheiroperationalcosts”是同意替換，故選答案BA、CD選項(xiàng)文中并未提及，屬于無中生有，商【解析】根據(jù)題干，首先回文定位到第三段第六行的“theFTCandDigitalAdvertisingAlliance(DAA)agreedthattheindustrywouldgetcrackingonrespondingtoDNTrequests”，industrythe，說明它在語篇中指代前面句子中提到的內(nèi)容，而前面出現(xiàn)的InternetExplorer，Apple’sSafair和’sChrome都是互聯(lián)網(wǎng)瀏覽器的開發(fā)商，D選項(xiàng)中的“Internetbrowserdevelopers”B和C選項(xiàng)文中并未提及，屬于無中生有。A選項(xiàng)盡管在文中提到過，但是其并非本段中談?wù)摰摹eworseoffiftheindustrycannotcollectinformationabouttheirpreferences”，這句話的意思是“當(dāng)瀏覽器開發(fā)者不能收集消費(fèi)者網(wǎng)上購物傾向時(shí)，消費(fèi)者并不能從中受益”。由此可以判斷A項(xiàng)正確。B、CD選項(xiàng)在文中并完成其應(yīng)用的功能。所以A項(xiàng)符合題意。B、C和D作者對于BrendonLynch在其中說的內(nèi)容所持態(tài)度是【解析】根據(jù)題干，