儀表等級飛行員理論培訓

IFRFlightConsiderationsIFRFlightPlanning第一頁，共五十一頁。FlightOverviewAIM:5-1-1to5-1-13Beforeplanningtheflightdetails…takeabroadlookatyourobjective.Compare:DistancewithfuelWeatherwithrouteTerrainwithaircraftperformanceGoalandyourproficiencyIsthistripreallynecessary?第二頁，共五十一頁。第三頁，共五十一頁。.§

91.103

Preflightaction.Eachpilotincommandshall,beforebeginningaflight,becomefamiliarwithallavailableinformationconcerningthatflight.Thisinformationmustinclude–(a)ForaflightunderIFRoraflightnotinthevicinityofanairport,weatherreportsandforecasts,fuelrequirements,alternativesavailableiftheplannedflightcannotbecompleted,andanyknowntrafficdelaysofwhichthepilotincommandhasbeenadvisedbyATC;(b)Foranyflight,runwaylengthsatairportsofintendeduse,andthefollowingtakeoffandlandingdistanceinformation:“NWKRAFT”第四頁，共五十一頁。14CFR91.103PreflightAction:NWKRAFT(a)ForaflightunderIFR,pilotshouldknow:N-Notams(allavailableinfoconcerningflight)W-weatherreportsandforecastsK-knowntrafficdelaysR–runwaylengthsA-alternativesavailableF-fuelrequirementsT–TakeOff/LandingDistanceinfo,Section(b)第五頁，共五十一頁。.§91.167FuelrequirementsforflightinIFRconditions(a)NopersonmayoperateacivilaircraftinIFRconditionsunlessitcarriesenoughfuel(consideringweatherreportsandforecastsandweatherconditions)to–(1)Completetheflighttothefirstairportofintendedlanding;(2)Exceptasprovidedinparagraph(b)ofthissection,flyfromthatairporttothealternateairport;and(3)Flyafterthatfor45minutesatnormalcruisingspeed.(b)Paragraph(a)(2)ofthissectiondoesnotapplyif:(1)Part97ofthischapterprescribesastandardinstrumentapproachprocedureto,oraspecialinstrumentapproachprocedurehasbeenissuedbytheadministratortotheoperatorfor,thefirstairportofintendedlanding;and(2)Appropriateweatherreportsorweatherforecasts,oracombinationofthem,indicatethefollowing:(i)Foratleast1hourbeforeandfor1houraftertheestimatedtimeofarrival,theceilingwillbeatleast2,000feetabovetheairportelevationandthevisibilitywillbeatleast3statutemiles.第六頁，共五十一頁。14CFR91.167FuelRequirementsforFlightinIFRConditions:tofirstairportofintendedlandingtoalternateairport(ifrequired)45minutesatnormalcruisingspeedAlternateisNOTneededwhen:firstairporthasIAPAND1-2-3ruleforecastwx+/-1hourETAAtleast2,000’ceilingAtleast3SMvisibility第七頁，共五十一頁。.§

91.169

IFRflightplan:Informationrequired.(a)Informationrequired.UnlessotherwiseauthorizedbyATC,eachpersonfilinganIFRflightplanmustincludeinitthefollowinginformation:(1)Informationrequiredunder§

91.153(a)ofthispart;(2)Exceptasprovidedinparagraph(b)ofthissection,analternateairport.(b)Paragraph(a)(2)ofthissectiondoesnotapplyif:(1)Part97ofthischapterprescribesastandardinstrumentapproachprocedureto,oraspecialinstrumentapproachprocedurehasbeenissuedbytheAdministratortotheoperatorfor,thefirstairportofintendedlanding;and(2)Appropriateweatherreportsorweatherforecasts,oracombinationofthem,indicatethefollowing:(i)Foraircraftotherthanhelicopters.Foratleast1hourbeforeandfor1houraftertheestimatedtimeofarrival,theceilingwillbeatleast2,000feetabovetheairportelevationandthevisibilitywillbeatleast3statutemiles.第八頁，共五十一頁。14CFR91.169IFRFlightPlan:InformationRequiredSection(c)IFRalternateairportstandardminimums600’ceiling/2smforprecision800’ceiling/2smfornonprecisionatETAatalternateforecastWXmustallowdescentfromMEAtoairportunderbasicVFR(checkVFRminimumsforallairspaceyouwilltransit!)WITHIAPNOIAP:第九頁，共五十一頁。(c)IFRalternateairportweatherminima.

UnlessotherwiseauthorizedbytheAdministrator,nopersonmayincludeanalternateairportinanIFRflightplanunlessappropriateweatherreportsorweatherforecasts,oracombinationofthem,indicatethat,attheestimatedtimeofarrivalatthealternateairport,theceilingandvisibilityatthatairportwillbeatorabovethefollowingweatherminima:(1)Ifaninstrumentapproachprocedurehasbeenpublishedinpart97ofthischapter,oraspecialinstrumentapproachprocedurehasbeenissuedbytheAdministratortotheoperator,forthatairport,thefollowingminima:(i)Foraircraftotherthanhelicopters:Thealternateairportminimaspecifiedinthatprocedure,orifnonearespecifiedthefollowingstandardapproachminima:(A)Foraprecisionapproachprocedure.Ceiling600feetandvisibility2statutemiles.(B)Foranonprecisionapproachprocedure.Ceiling800feetandvisibility2statutemiles.(2)Ifnoinstrumentapproachprocedurehasbeenpublishedinpart97ofthischapterandnospecialinstrumentapproachprocedurehasbeenissuedbytheAdministratortotheoperator,forthealternateairport,theceilingandvisibilityminimaarethoseallowingdescentfromtheMEA,approach,andlandingunderbasicVFR..第十頁，共五十一頁?！?1.173ATCclearanceandflightplanrequired.NopersonmayoperateanaircraftincontrolledairspaceunderIFRunlessthatpersonhas–(a)FiledanIFRflightplan;and(b)ReceivedanappropriateATCclearance.第十一頁，共五十一頁。RouteRouteSelection:AircraftPerformanceFuelEconomyAvailabilityofRouteAlternativesTerrainAircraftEquipment(IFR-certifiedGPS)PreferredIFRroutesAirport\FacilityDirectoryEnroutesectionofJeppesenAirwayManualIfstartingwithafix,thenexpectroutingbywayofODP/SID,orradarvectors.第十二頁，共五十一頁。.§91.181Coursetobeflown.UnlessotherwiseauthorizedbyATC,nopersonmayoperateanaircraftwithincontrolledairspaceunderIFRexceptasfollows:(a)Onafederalairway,alongthecenterlineofthatairway.(b)Onanyotherroute,alongthedirectcoursebetweenthenavigationaidsorfixesdefiningtheroute.第十三頁，共五十一頁。AlongtheRouteCheckMEAsGenerallyalongairwaysunlessGPSisIFRcertifiedCheckforODPs/SIDsandSTARsAlternateairports?Farenoughawaytoavoiddestination’sadverseweather…closeenoughtomakeit.Recommendedinstrumentapproach第十四頁，共五十一頁。FlightInformationPublicationsFlightPublicationsPublishedDeparturesandApproachesSuitabilityandfamiliarityAlternatesuitabilityNOTAMsChartNOTAMssectionofJeppsNoticestoAirmenAirplane’sFlightManualSupplementIFRequipmentcertificationrequirements第十五頁，共五十一頁。NOTAM(D)InformationisdisseminatedforallnavigationalfacilitiesthatarepartoftheNAS,allpublicuseairports,seaplanebases,andheliportslistedintheA/FD.Thecompletelistofall(D)informationismaintainedinacomputerdatabase.MaybeobtainedfromFSSforthedurationofthe(D)unlessitispublished.第十六頁，共五十一頁。NOTAM(L)

Taxiwayclosures,personnelandequipmentnearorcrossingrunways,andairportlightingaidsthatdonotaffectinstrumentapproachcriteria,suchasVASI.Distributedlocallyonlyandisnotattachedtothehourlyweatherreports.Aseparate(L)ismaintainedateachFSSforfacilitiesintheirareaonly.第十七頁，共五十一頁。FDCNOTAMs

AmendmentstopublishedIAPsandothercurrentaeronauticalcharts.Theyarealsousedtoadvertisetemporaryflightrestrictionscausedbysuchthingsasnaturaldisastersorlarge-scalepubliceventsthatmaygenerateacongestionofairtrafficoverasite.FSSwillgivethepilotthoseFDCNOTAMs,thatarewithin400milesoftheirfacilityandareunpublished.Thoseoutside400milesaregivenifspecificallyrequestedbythepilot.第十八頁，共五十一頁。NOTAMSAnintegralpartoftheNOTAMsystemistheNoticestoAirmenPublicationpublishedeveryfourweeks.Oncepublished,theseNOTAMsarenotgiventopilotsinweatherbriefingsunlessspecificallyrequestedbythepilot.---“RemembertoaskforpublishedNOTAMS”---第十九頁，共五十一頁。FlightInformationPublicationsAIMForreviewofcurrentproceduresandchangesNavigationLogHaveaflowAircraftlogbooksFortransponder,pitot/static,altimeter,andVORcheckcurrencyUseLatestIssueofAeronauticalChartsIFREnrouteCharts:56daysIFRApproachCharts:56daycycle第二十頁，共五十一頁。WeatherConsiderationsBythetimeyouarereadytoreceiveastandardbriefingfromFlightService,youshouldalreadyhavesomeideaabouttheweatherhazardsalongyourrouteofflightandconditionsatyourdestination.第二十一頁，共五十一頁。Pre-FlightBriefingPre-flightBriefingObjective:“…communicatea“picture”ofmeteorologicalandaeronauticalinformationnecessaryfortheconductofasafeandefficientflight.”PreflightBriefingrequestshouldinclude…Typeofflightplanned(IFRorVFR)NameoraircraftnumberAircrafttypeDepartureAirportArrivalAirport第二十二頁，共五十一頁。WeatherChartsGoodstartisWeatherDepictionBird’seyeviewofcategoricaloutlooksSurfaceAnalysisFrontalmovementsRadarandSatelliteimagesAreaForecastsIcingLevel第二十三頁，共五十一頁。AltitudeSelectionBasedon:MEAATCassignedlowestavailableIFRaltitudeHighestaltitudewithoutoxygenWinds,turbulence,andice第二十四頁，共五十一頁。第二十五頁，共五十一頁。.§91.177MinimumaltitudesforIFRoperations(a)Operationofaircraftatminimumaltitudes.Exceptwhennecessaryfortakeofforlanding,nopersonmayoperateanaircraftunderIFRbelow–(1)Theapplicableminimumaltitudesprescribedinparts95and97ofthischapter;or(2)Ifnoapplicableminimumaltitudeisprescribedinthoseparts–(i)Inthecaseofoperationsoveranareadesignatedasamountainousareainpart95,analtitudeof2,000feetabovethehighestobstaclewithinahorizontaldistanceof4nauticalmilesfromthecoursetobeflown;or(ii)Inanyothercase,analtitudeof1,000feetabovethehighestobstaclewithinahorizontaldistanceof4nauticalmilesfromthecoursetobeflown.第二十六頁，共五十一頁。14CFR91.177MinimumAltitudesforIFROperationsApplicableminimumsMountainous(2000’AGL/4nm)Other(1000’AGL/4nm)MEA/MOCA/22nmClimbtohigherminimumimmediately,orMCAdesignated(we’llcoverthisinmoredetailinEnrouteoperations)第二十七頁，共五十一頁。.§

91.179IFRcruisingaltitudeorflightlevel(a)Incontrolledairspace.EachpersonoperatinganaircraftunderIFRinlevelcruisingflightincontrolledairspaceshallmaintainthealtitudeorflightlevelassignedthataircraftbyATC.However,iftheATCclearanceassigns“VFRconditionsontop”thatpersonshallmaintainanaltitudeorflightlevelasprescribedby§91.159.(b)Inuncontrolledairspace.Exceptwhileinaholdingpatternof2minutesorlessorwhileturning,eachpersonoperatinganaircraftunderIFRinlevelcruisingflightinuncontrolledairspaceshallmaintainanappropriatealtitudeasfollows:(1)Whenoperatingbelow18,000feetMSL–(i)onamagneticcourseofzerodegreesthrough179degrees,anyoddthousandfootMSLaltitude(ii)onamagneticcourseof180degreesthrough359degrees,anyeventhousandfootMSLaltitude.第二十八頁，共五十一頁。CompletingtheNavLogHelpstoorganizeyourflightConcisetextualdescriptionMonitoryourprogressforsubsequentchangeETE/ATE:ETA/ATASeeexamplesinchapter10CofyourJeppesenTestGuideComparewhatisontheFAAflightplanformtotheFlightLogexamplesgiven.Getsomeone-on-oneinstructionfromyourflightinstructorwhenyoustartyourIFRcross-countryflying.第二十九頁，共五十一頁。FlightPlanExample(Note:thereshouldnotbe“K”infrontofVORidentifiersinroutesection.That’samisprint!)第三十頁，共五十一頁。FlightPlanning第三十一頁，共五十一頁。FilingtheFlightPlanPilotsshouldplanatleast30minutespriortoestimatedtimeofdeparturetoprecludepossibledelayinreceivingATCclearance.第三十二頁，共五十一頁。Block3:Aircraftequipmentsuffixcode:CheckAIMparagraph5-1-7,Table5-1-2forappropriatecode.NoteEquipmentHeadingsonlegend.第三十三頁，共五十一頁。FilingAltitude:initialcruisingaltitude.Withmultiplecruisingaltitudes,listAltitudeforfirstlegonly.第三十四頁，共五十一頁。Filingyourroute:

Itisimportantthattherouteofflightbeaccuratelyandcompletelydescribedintheflightplan.Ifflightistobeconductedviadesignatedairways,describetheroutebyindicatingthetypeandnumberdesignatorsoftheairwayrequested.Ifmorethanoneairwayistobeused,clearlyindicatepointsoftransition.Ifthetransitionistobemadeatanunnamedintersection,showthenextsucceedingNAVAIDornamedintersectionontheintendedrouteandthecompleteroutefromthatpoint.Transferfromflightlogtoflightplan第三十五頁，共五十一頁。FilingtheFlightPlanRouteofFlightUseAirwaysorJetroutes–usingtypeandnumberdesignators“V433”forVictorAirway433“J14”forJetRoute14Clearlyindicaterouterequestedwith:Airways/RoutedesignatorsandNavigationalAids(VOR,VORTAC,NDB,etc.)ListNavAidsonlyatroutechangepoints.FAADataBaseWaypoints(GPS,etc.)第三十六頁，共五十一頁。FlightPlanningFilingyourrouteExample:DraketoWinslowviaFERERwouldbefiled:DRKV562FERERV567INWEstimatedtimeenrouteTheestimatedflyingtimefromdeparturepointtodestination(lift-offtotouchdown)FuelOnBoardTotalfuelonboardinhours&minutes第三十七頁，共五十一頁。FlightPlan–IFRFlightsRouteofFlight(continued)Filea“PreferredRoute”wheneverappropriate.(SeeA/FD)DPs,SIDsandSTARsMaybeissuedbyATCaspartofyourclearance unless:Youwrite“NODP”,“NOSID”or“NOSTAR”inRemarkssection,asappropriate.第三十八頁，共五十一頁。FilingDP’sandSTAR’sHowtofileaDPorSTARDeparturename:ROCKIONEDEPARTUREDeparturecode:(ROCKI1.ROCKI)Forfilingatransition:Transitionname:MILISTransitioncode:(ROCKI1.MILIS)Arrivalname:MOORPARKFOURARRIVALArrivalcode:(FIM.MOOR4)Forfilingatransition:Transitionname:FRESNOTransitioncode:(FAT.MOOR4)第三十九頁，共五十一頁。FlightPlan–IFRFlightsDirectFlightsMustbeinradarenvironment.Thepilotisresponsibleforobstructionclearancerequirements.CheckOROCAs.Definedbyradiofixes:Allfixes/waypointsbecome“compulsoryreportingpoints”MusthaveminimumofonewaypointineachARTCC.Shouldbeguidedby…StandardServiceVolume:AIM,par.1-1-8BelowFL180:Navaidsshouldnotbeover80NMapart(L).14,500’MSLtoFL180:Navaidsnotover200NMapart(H).FL180to450:Navaidsnotover260NMapart(H).第四十頁，共五十一頁。StandardServiceVolumes第四十一頁，共五十一頁。AircraftperformanceClimbperformanceUsethemaximumrate-of-climbchartinPOHtodetermineiftheC172performancewillbeadequateforanygivenDP.第四十二頁，共五十一頁。FlightPlan–ChangesChangeinFlightPlanChangeofaltitudeorflightlevelChangeofdestinationChangeofrouteAVERAGETASATCRUISE…AdviseATCifchanges5%OR10kts,whicheverisgreater.ChangeInETD(“proposeddeparturetime”)1hourafterETD–yourFPmaydropoutofsystem.Thus,ifdelayedover1hour:AdviseFSS/ARTCC第四十三頁，共五十一頁。AirborneFilingPriortoenteringcontrolledairspacewhenweatherisbelowVFR…Submit(file)acompleteIFRflightplanusuallytoFSSReceiveanATCclearancefromARTCCAirFilingtoenterB,C,D,andEairspace“Pop-up”IFRTrafficpermitting,otherwise:Mayrequirea30mindelay第四十四頁，共五十一頁。CompositeFlightPlansVFRforoneportion/IFRforanotherportionofflightIfVFRisfirst:ReportdeparturetimetoFSSRequestATCclearanceatappropriatepointRequestclosureofVFRflightplan(toFSS,center,ortower)第四十五頁，共五十一頁。CompositeFli