參考教程講稿jennifer outsider

CH5---Coy’srelationswithUnders127(2),a withacommonsealmayexecuteabyaffixingitscommonsealtoaandthefixingofthesealiswitnessbytheappropriateofficers.Theseare1)towdirofthe adiranda secretary;3)foraproprietary thathasasoledirwhoisalsothesoleUnders127(1)a mayalsoexecuteawithoutusingacommonsealif2diror1dirandasecretarysingtheContractsmadeby s126allows tocontractthroughanHely-HutchinsonvBrayhead,anagentwhoisappointedtomanageabusinesshasimpliedauthoritytomakeallthosecontractsthatamanagerinsuchaposition.Lawofagencyasitappliestocompanies(ruleinTurquand’sRoyalBritishBankvTurquand,even sdealingwith aretakentohavenoticeofthe ’spublic s,theyneednottogofurthertoensurethattheinternalproceedingsofthe havebeenproperlycarriedoutandcanassumethattheseproceedingswereproperlycarriedExceptionstoTurquand’scase,inNorthsideDevelopmentsPtyvRegistrar-General,BarclayscannotrelyonTurquand’srule,asthecircumstanceputBuponinquirywasthatthemortgagesecuredNorthside’smajorasset,itsunusualtransactions.SoBitoughttohaveedanirregularity.step1:s128(1)outsider(xx)isentitledtomakecertainassumptions.Step2:s129assumptions:Step3:s128(4)Stepone:whichassumptioncanbereliedbytheS128(1)-----A dealingwitha isentitledtomakecertainassumptionsofregularityinrelationtothosedealings.The isnotabletoassertthatanyoftheassumptionsareincorrect.Theassumptionsaresetoutins129.Eachofthes129assumptionsisseparateanddiscrete(BrickandPipeIndustriesvOccidentalLifeNomineesPty.).Moreover,theseassumptionscanoverlapandoutsidercanrelyuponmorethanoneofthem(BNZvFiberiPty).6sectionsaboutassumption—1、compliancewithconsandrr-------Unders129(1),a consandanyapplicablerrhavebeencomplied---BankofNZvFiberi(assumethesealofthecoyisusedincompliancewithcoy’sconstitutionwhileitisnottrueinfact.)2、namedasdirsinlodgeddoc------Unders129(2),ifcoyslodgedwithASICname sasdirectorsorsecretary,outsidercanassumethatthedirectororsecretaryhasbeendulyappointedandhavecustomarypowersandauthorityofsuchandirectororsecretaryofasimilarcoy3、“holdout”-------Unders129(3),a dealingwithacoycanassumethatanyonewhoisheldoutbythecoytobeanofficeroranagentofthecoyhasbeendulyappointedandhascustomarypowers/authorityofsuchanofficeroragentofasimilarcoy。Inordertoapplys129(3),theoutsidermustprovetwosteps:1)aholdingoutbythecoythata isanofficeroragent;2)thepowerexercisedbythe iswithinthescopeofthepowercustomarilyexercisedorperformedbyanofficeroragentofasimilarcoy.StepThecoymayholdsomebodyoutexpresslyorimpliedlyby AustraliaandNewZealandGroup(expresslyholdoutbynamedsomeoneintheofthecoy)andReMadiPty(expressholdingoutbylodgmentwithASIC)Theonly whocanholdsomebodyoutshouldhaveactualauthoritytomanagethe business(boardofdirectors)ortomakethecontractinquestion.Adominantdirectoractswiththeacquiescenceoftheboard.Themindandwillofthedirectorisattributedtothecoy.TherepresentationaboutholdingoutismadebytheBoardwhohastheauthoritytomanagethewholebusiness,althoughtheboardmadenoformaldecision(man&Lockyer’svBuckhurstParkArepresentationmaynotbesufficientifitismadebytheapparentdirectorwhohasnoactualauthority.(Crabtree-Vickers’sPtyvAustraliancase)(反例：hasnoauthoritytoholdout,sinehehasneitherauthoritytomanagebusinessnortomakecontractinsuchcircumstance)AnagentwhomerelyhasapparentauthorityisnotcapabletomakerepresentationfortheStepThepowerexercisedbythe iswithinthescopeofthepowercustomarilyexercisedorperformedbyanofficeroragentofasimilarcoy.---SingleNormally,singledirectorhasdutieswitnessthefixingofcoy’scommonsignnegotiable(inlargecoyhavingmanydirectors,normallysingledirectorcannotenterintolargecontractonbehalfofcoy,usuallyboardofdirectorstogethercanenterintosubstantialcontract—ifoutsidersignedacontractasingledirectoronbehalfofcoyinalargecoy,thecoynormallyisnotButinsmallcoy,normallyasingledirectorcanenterintocontractonbehalfofNorthsideDevelopmentsPtyvRegistrar-General:asingledirectorcanonlyactcollectivelyasaboardandthefunctionofanindividualdirectoristoparticipateindecisionofboard.Butdoesnotgenerallyhascustomaryauthoritytobindthecoyincontractwithoutsiders.Themanagingdirectorhasthecustomaryauthoritytodoallthosethingsrelatingtothemanagementoftheordinarybusinessofthecoythattheboardcando.Normally,managingdirectorcanenterintolargecontractonbehalfofcoy)有權(quán)：borrowmoneyonbehalfofcoy:BritishThomson-HoustonvEuropean stodoworkforthecoyman&LockyervBuckhurstPark但無(wú)權(quán)：enterintocontractnotintheordinarybusinessofacoy;notforbenefitofacoy:ReTummonInvestmentsPty無(wú)權(quán)can’tpurporttosaleofentirebusinessof無(wú)權(quán)：can’tmakecriticaldecisiononwindingupthecoyReQintex---Doesnothavethecustomaryauthoritytocontracton pany一般要根據(jù)circumstances:如：typeofcoynatureofThesecretaryhascustomarypowertomakecontractrelatedtoadministrativeaffairs,suchasemploystaff,hirecars(PanoramaDevelopments(Guildford)vFidelisFurnishingFabrics)4、fiduciaryduty-------UnderS129(4), dealingwithacoycanassumethatofficersandagentsofproperlyperformtheirdutiestotheEg:Johnisnotdirectorofacoy,butholdoutasadirectorandenteredintoacontractintheinterestofhimselfnotcoy.Outsidercanrelyons129(3)&s129(4)---這個(gè)assumption經(jīng)常和其它的assumption一起用Dutiesmayfiduciary&statutoryadministrativeorstatutorytaskdelegatedbycoy’sconstorothertasksdelegatedbythe5、signedwithoutcommonseal---------Unders129(5),theoutsidermayassumethata hasbeendulyexecutedbythe ifitappearstohavebeensignedinaccordancewiths127(1).Alsocanassumethatanyonewhosignstheandstatesnexttotheirsignaturethattheyarethesoledirectorandsecretaryofthecoy,occupiesbothoffices.s127(1)-------acoymayexecuteawithoutusingacommonsealifthedocissignedby(a)2Dsofthecoy;or(b)aD&ASecretary;(c).pty:asoleDwho’salsoSIf executes inthisway,outsidercanrelyons129(5)evenifitisnot6、signedwithcommonseal-----Unders129(6),theoutsidercanassumethata hasbeendulyexecutedwherethe ’scommonsealappearstohavebeenfixedtothedocanditappearstohavebeenwitnessedinaccordancewiths127(2)s127(2)----------acoymayexecutea withusingacommonsealifthesealisfixedtothedoc&thefixingofthesealiswitnessedby:(a)2Dsofcoy;or(b)aD&aSecretary;(c)pty:asoleDwho’salsoS.statesthatacoyIf executes inthisway,outsidercanrelyons129(6)evenifitisnotMYTcase------Ifthecoysealisaffixedtoacontractbuttheaffixingorwitnessingofthesealisnotcompliancewiththeconstitution,thecontractmaystillbeeffective.Brick&PipeIndustrialcase-----Eveniftheofficerwhosignsorwitnessesa doesnotoccupythedesignatedposition,the appearsandtheoutsidercanassumeitwasdulyexecuted.UnderS129(5)/(6),norequirementtoprovethatthe signingthe orwitnessingthefixingofthesealwasheldoutornamedbythecoyasrelevantofficer.Itissufficientifthe appearsonitsfacetohavebeensigned,orthe sealwitnessedbytherequiredofficer.Buttheyarevoidifs128(4)canbeproved.StepTwo:doesxxxlimittotheassumptionunderS128(4)--------- isnotentitledtomakeanyassumptionsunders129if knoworthattheassumptionwasincorrectatthetimeofthe hasactualknowledge:Brick&Pipe vOccidentalLifeNominees.orthe iswillfullyblindinthefaceoffactswhichobviouslyconcludedthattherehadbeenabreachofdutyorfraudbyofficersofthecoy.2) actualfailtomakereasonableinquires:BankofNZvreasonable wouldinsuchcircumstanceisenough-justdiscussDecidedunderpreviousTheeffectoffraudorforgery:unders128(3),theassumptioncanstillapplyevenifanofficeroragentofthe actsfraudlyorforgesainconnectionwiththedealings.SotryvAdvanceBankAustralia;S128(3)coversthesituationwherea sealorsignaturesattestingitsapplicationarenotgenuinebutareforged.注意：考試時(shí)要discusssuspicionpossibility,不一定要給肯定的答Theeffectoffraudorforgery:a mayrelyontheassumptionsins129evenifanofficeroragentof actsfraudulentlyorforgesa inconnectionwiththedealings:s128(3)Whentheoutsiderisacoy,applyorganicOrganictheory:theboardofdirectorsandthemembersingeneralmeetingaretheorgansofthecoy.Theactsoftheorgansaretheactsof andtheirstateofmindisthestateofmindof.[Inotherword,iftheboardofdirectorsorthemembersingeneralmeetingofoutsiderhaveknowledgethattheassumptionreliedbythemisincorrect,whichmeanthecoyknowsit.]DirectingMindandWill：Theactionsofthedirectingmindandwillofthecoyaretheactionsofitself(Lennard’sCarryingCovAsiaticPetroleumCop104).Itdependsonthecircumstanceastowhoisthedirectingmindandwill.Peoplebehindthecoyareeitheritsbrainoritshandsandfeet.Brainsofacoyarepeoplewhotoldotherpeoplewhattodo.Thehandsarepeoplewhoaretoldwhofollowthedirectionofmanagement.Brains’knowledgeofacoyareknowledgeofacoy,buthandsarenot.Weshouldidentifywhoisthedirectingmindandwillindetail.(HLBoltonvTJGraham&Sons)Usually,Theintentionsofboththegeneralmeet