江蘇高中英語語法總結(jié)

牛津高中英語----模塊一 牛津高中英語----模塊一第一單元定語從句一、定語從句：定語從句的介紹.就像是一個(gè)形容詞或介詞短語修飾名詞一樣，定語從句也可以修飾名詞。定語從句所修飾的名詞稱為先行詞。形容詞：Thegreenteam介詞短語：Theteamingreen定語從句：Theteamwhowerewearinggreen2.定語從句通常由關(guān)系代詞來引導(dǎo)，如which,that,who,whom,whose,或關(guān)系副詞來引導(dǎo)，如when,where,why。關(guān)系代詞可以在定語從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)主語，賓語，表語，定語；關(guān)系副詞可以在定語從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)狀語。如：做主語Thetreeswhichareontheschoolcampushavelosttheirleaves.做賓語Thestudentwhomwesawjustnowisthebestrunnerinourschool.做表語Jackisnolongerthelazyboythatheusedtobe.做定語ShehasabrotherwhosenameIcan'tremember.做狀語TheschoolwherehestudiedisinShenzhen.二、定語從句：關(guān)系代詞：that,which,who,whom,和whose.在定語從句中，that和which用來指代物。如：Thisisthestorythat/whichwewroteforourstorytellingcontest..在定語從句中，who用來指代人。如：IamgoingtoseeafriendwhohasjustcomebackfromtheUK..當(dāng)who在定語從句中做賓語時(shí)，可以用whom來取代，且whom比who更正式。如：Idon'tknowthenameoftheteacherwho/whomIsawinthecomputerroomtheotherday..當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中做賓語時(shí)，who,whom,which和that可以被省略。如：Helikesallthebirthdaypresents(that/which)hisfriendsgavehim..Whose用來表示所屬，它既可指人也可指物。如：IsatnexttoagirlwhosenamewasDiane.TheclubwhosemembersaremusicfansmeetintheschoolgardeneverySaturdayafternoon.第二單元定語從句一、定語從句：介詞提前的定語從句(preposition+which;preposition+whom)當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞(which/whom)做定語從句中介詞的賓語時(shí)，可以把介詞提到關(guān)系代詞的前面。如：Wethoughtyouwereapersonfromwhomwecouldexpectgooddecisions.在非正式英語中，介詞通常放在定語從句的最后。如：ArtisthesubjectwhichIknowlittleabout.如果介詞放在定語從句的最后，which可以被that取代，whom可以被that和who取代。如：Dadisapersonwhom/that/whoIcaneasilytalkto.當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞做定語從句中介詞的賓語，并且介詞又放在定語從句的末尾時(shí)，我們通常省略關(guān)系代牛津高中英語----模塊一詞who和that。如：Thetopic(which)EricisinterestedinisPhysics.Danielistheperson(whom)Iwanttomakefriendswith.當(dāng)先行詞是way時(shí)，我們用inwhich或that來引導(dǎo)定語從句，這種情況下，inwhich或that可以被省略。如：Ididn’tliketheway(that/inwhich)shetalkedtome.二、定語從句：關(guān)系副詞：when，where，why我們通常用關(guān)系副詞when引導(dǎo)先行詞是time，moment，day，season，year等的定語從句。如：Doyourememberthedaywhenweleftyouincharge?IoftenthinkofthemomentwhenIsawtheUFO..我們通常用關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)先行詞是place，house，city，country，city，world等的定語從句。如：Thepolicesearchedthehousewherethethiefhadstayed.Thisisnotafamilywherebadbehaviorgoesunpunished..我們通常用關(guān)系副詞why引導(dǎo)先行詞是reason的定語從句。如：Idon'tknowthereasonwhythehouseissodirty..在更加正式的英語中，where，when和why能夠被介詞+which所替代。如：Thestudyistheplacewhere/inwhichIoftenhavetalkswithmyfather.Thisisthereasonwhy/forwhichmyparentsgothomeearlier.Itrainedthewholedaywhen/onwhichhetraveledwithhisfamily.第三單元定語從句一、定語從句：非限制性定語從句.非限制性定語從句是一個(gè)為主句添加額外信息的從句，在非限制性定語從句前通常有個(gè)逗號。如：Amy,whotookweight-losspills,nowrealizesthathealthisimportant.Mypillsareinthebathroom,whereIalwayskeepthem..當(dāng)先行詞是整個(gè)主句時(shí)，可以用which來引導(dǎo)定語從句。如：Hemissedtheshow,whichwasagreatpity..我們可以用all+whom/which來表示全部數(shù)量，用someof+whom/which來表示部分?jǐn)?shù)量。如：Iamdoingdifferenttypesofexercises,allofwhicharequitehelpfultomyhealth.Manypeople,someofwhomarenotoverweight,aregoingondiet.二、附加疑問句.附加疑問句是放在陳述句后面的短問句。它們通常被用在口語中來引出一段對話，以一個(gè)更加禮貌的方式來詢問信息，溫柔的發(fā)號施令或要求某人做某事。我們用附加疑問句來詢問意見或征求同意。當(dāng)我們用附加疑問句來詢問意見時(shí)，為了期待對方能同意我們的觀點(diǎn)，附加疑問句會(huì)用降調(diào)來表達(dá)。當(dāng)我們用附加疑問句來征求同意時(shí)，我們實(shí)際上是在詢問我們自己也不太能確信的事情，這時(shí)候附加疑問句會(huì)用升調(diào)來表達(dá)。.附加疑問句的構(gòu)成有以下幾種：1)在肯定的陳述句之后，我們會(huì)用否定的附加疑問句。在否定的陳述句之后，我們會(huì)用肯定牛津高中英語----模塊一的附加疑問句。如：Wecanstillbefriends,can’twe?Hedoesn'tlikeicecream,doeshe?當(dāng)主句中有像neither,none,nobody,nothing,few,little,never,hardly或seldom這類詞時(shí)，它們被認(rèn)為是否定的，因此后面會(huì)踉個(gè)肯定的附加疑問句。如：Neitherofyouwillhavecoffee,willyou?NoonehasfoundmyCD,havethey?Nobodyunderstoodhisspeech,didthey?Hissisterseldomargueswithpeople,doesshe?3）人稱代詞如I,we,you,he,she,it或they會(huì)放在附加疑問句中。如：Iwasprettysilly,wasn'tI?Everyonehasadvisesyounottogoonadiet,haven'tyou?4）助動(dòng)詞，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或be動(dòng)詞會(huì)放在附加疑問句中。如：Youliketraveling,don'tyou?Thereissomethingwrong,isn'tthere?Youcan'tspeakItalian,canyou?5）祁使句后用willyou,Let's后用shallwe如：Postaletterforme,willyou?Let'shaveabreak,shallwe?牛津高中英語----模塊二牛津高中英語----模塊二第一單元現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)一、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài).我們用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)來表示在最近的過去發(fā)生的但跟現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系的事情。如：ThedisappearanceofJustinhasmadeKellyveryunhappy..我們也用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)來表示在過去剛開始，并且現(xiàn)在還沒結(jié)束的事情。如：IhavenotseenJustinsincelastFridaynight..當(dāng)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的確切時(shí)間不清楚或不重要時(shí)，我們也用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)。經(jīng)常連用的時(shí)間短語有：alreadyeverforjustlatelyneverrecentlysinceyetalready用語肯定句，yet用語否定句。如：Theboyhasalreadycomehome.Ihaven'theardanythingfromhimyet.for+一段時(shí)間 since+點(diǎn)時(shí)間如：Wehaven'tseenhimfortwoyears.Wehaven'tseenhimsince2002.注：當(dāng)已給定具體的時(shí)間時(shí)，我們往往用一般過去時(shí)態(tài)，而不是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)。.我們用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)來談?wù)搫倓偼瓿傻膭?dòng)作。如：Thepolicehavejustfinishedsearchingthearea..我們也用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)來表示重復(fù)的動(dòng)作。如：SomevillagessaythattheyhaveseenUFOsmanytimes..現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成是：have/has+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞二、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài).我們用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)來表示在過去發(fā)生的并且仍將繼續(xù)的動(dòng)作。如：IhavenotbeensleepingwellsinceIreturnedhome..我們用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)來表示剛剛結(jié)束但以某種方式和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系的動(dòng)作。如：---SorryI'mlate.Haveyoubeenwaitinglong?---Yes,I'vebeenwaitingforanhour..現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成：have/has+been+doing注：for和since和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)連用。如：Ihavebeenwaitingforalongtime.Hehasbeenwaitingsincenineo'clock.三、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)還是現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài).我們用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)來談?wù)搫倓偼瓿傻膭?dòng)作，用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)來表示發(fā)生在過去并且現(xiàn)在仍在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：LiJiahasreadabookaboutStonehenge.(Shefinishedreadingthebook.)LiJiahasbeenreadingabookaboutStonehenge.(Sheisstillreadingthebook.).我們用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)表示重復(fù)的動(dòng)作，用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)來表示不停的動(dòng)作。如：IhavevisitedEgypttwicethismonth.IhavebeentouringEgyptfortwomonths.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)用于回答howmany/much的提問，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)用語回答howlong的提問。如：Howmanytimeshaveyouswuminthelake?Howlonghaveyoubeenswimminginthelake?.狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞都可以用在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)中，但只有動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞可以用在現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)中。如：Ihavehadthiscameraforfiveyears.(狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞)IhavetakenphotosofUFOwiththiscamera.(動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞)牛津高中英語----模塊二IhavebeentakingphotosofUFOwiththiscamera.（動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞）注：動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞表示發(fā)生或變化的動(dòng)作，如go,play。狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示保持不變的動(dòng)作，如like,know,exist.當(dāng)never,yet,already,ever出現(xiàn)在句子中時(shí)，只用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)，而不用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。如：I’venevervisitedParis.I'vealreadybeentoParis.第二單元將來進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)一、將來進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài).我們用將來進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)來：1）談?wù)搶硪欢螘r(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的事情。如：TobywillbeclimbingintheHimalayasallnextweek2）談?wù)搹膶淼哪骋稽c(diǎn)開始并且有可能要持續(xù)一段時(shí)間的事情。如：TobywillnotbeinLondonnextTuesday.HewillbeclimbingintheHimalayas.3）沒有任何意圖的表達(dá)將來的事情。如：TheweatherreportsaysthatitwillberainingwhenwearriveinLondon.在這種情況下表示事情是很自然的發(fā)生的，沒有人為的安排。4）禮貌地詢問有關(guān)其他人將來的計(jì)劃。如：WillyoubevisitingyouruncleinTanzania?.將來進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成：1）陳述句：will（not）+v-ing如：Tobyandhisbrother,Colin,will（not）beflyingtoMorocco.2）疑問句：will提到主語的前面如：WilltheybeflyingtoMoroccoon15thJuly?3）回答：will（not）如：Yes,theywill./No,theywillnot（won't）二、過去將來時(shí)態(tài)1.我們用過去將來時(shí)態(tài)和過去進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)來：1）表示過去的將來某一時(shí)間要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：Theysetoffat9a.m.andwouldreachtheairportanhourlater.2）暗指一個(gè)過去的目的。如：Iwasgoingtoleave,butthenitrained.3）暗指一個(gè)過去的安排。如：ColincalledJennifertosaythathewasseeingherlaterthatafternoon.4）指代實(shí)際已經(jīng)發(fā)生過的將來的動(dòng)作。如：ThejourneythatwastochangeTobyslifestartedinJulythatyear.2.陳述句中過去將來時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成：would+動(dòng)詞原形如：ItoldyouColinandIwouldspendafewweekstraveling.was/weregoingto,was/wereto,was/wereaboutto如：Weweregoingtoseethewildanimals,butthenwedidn'thavetime.Itwashislastdayatschool---hewastoleavethenextmorning.牛津高中英語----模塊二Colinwasabouttogetoffthecamelwhenachildrantowardshim.第三單元過去完成時(shí)態(tài)一、過去完成時(shí)態(tài).我們用一般過去時(shí)態(tài)來談?wù)撘粋€(gè)過去的動(dòng)作。當(dāng)我們想要談?wù)摫冗^去更早的時(shí)間里發(fā)生的事情時(shí)，就用過去完成時(shí)態(tài)。如：Uponenteringthetomb,Carter'sluckypetbird,whichhadledhimtotheplace,waseatenbyasnake..在直接引語中，我們用過去完成時(shí)態(tài)來指代說話的時(shí)候就已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。直接引語中的一般過去時(shí)態(tài)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)在間接引語中改為過去完成時(shí)態(tài)。如：“Weemptiedthetombofeverythingitcontained”saidCarter. Cartersaidthattheyhademptiedthetombofeverythingitcontained..過去完成時(shí)態(tài)只是指在另一個(gè)過去的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，并不是指發(fā)生在一長段時(shí)間以前的動(dòng)作。如：IhaddonemyhomeworkthismorningbeforeIwenttothemuseum..過去完成時(shí)態(tài)經(jīng)常星艮以下引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間短語連用，如when,after,before,assoonas,until,since,by,for,already.如：ThenafewmonthsafterCarterhadopenedthetomb,LordCarnarvonfellillwithafeveranddied..過去完成時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成：had+v-ed如：HowardCarterhadreceivedmoneyfromLordCarnarvonbeforehemadehismostamazingdiscovery.二、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)還是過去完成時(shí)態(tài)當(dāng)我們談?wù)撘粋€(gè)與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)的過去的事情時(shí)，我們用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)。如：HowardCarterisoneofthemostfamousexplorerstheworldhaseverknown.當(dāng)我們在談?wù)撨^去，并要說明一個(gè)更早發(fā)生的動(dòng)作的時(shí)候，我們就要用過去完成時(shí)態(tài)。如：Notlongafterthetombhadbeenopened,peopleinCarter'steambegantofallillanddiestrangly.牛津高中英語----模塊三牛津高中英語■模塊三第一單元名詞性從句：名詞性從句的介紹一、名詞性從句：名詞性從句的介紹名詞性從句在句中的作用和名詞或名詞短語的作用是一樣的。.我們可以用名詞性從句做句子的主語。如：ThatIcanpaybackthehelppeoplegivememakesmehappy.Whetherhe'llbeabletocomeisnotyetknown.Whytheyhavenotleftyetisunclear.我們可以用it來做形式主語。如：Itwasgoodnewsthateveryonegotbacksafely..我們可以用名詞性從句來做動(dòng)詞的賓語。如：shesensedthatshewasbeingwatched.Iwonderif/whetherthat'sagoodidea.Pollydidn'tknowwhichwaysheshouldgo.我們可以用名詞性從句來做介詞的賓語。如：I’minterestedinwhothattallmanis.TherewasadiscussionaboutwhetherPollyhadfoundtheblindman.我們可以用it來做形式賓語。如：weallthoughtitgoodnewsthatthefoghadfinallygone.Theconductorhasmadeitclearthatnobuseswillberunning..我們可以用名詞性從句來做表語。如：thetruthisthatthefogistoothinkforthebustorunthatfar.MyquestioniswhetherPollycanfindherwayhome.TheproblemishowPollyisgoingtofindusinthecrowd..我們可以用名詞性從句來做一個(gè)名詞的同位語。如：thefactthatPollydidn'taskfortheman'snameisapity.Thenewsthattheplanehadcrashedmadeussad.WhatevergaveyoutheideathatIcansing?.我們用that,if/whether或一個(gè)疑問詞來引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。如：IhopethatPollywillbeOK.Nooneknewif/whetherhelosthissightbecauseofanaccident.Shecouldn'timaginehowtheblindmanhadfoundher.二名詞性從句：用that或if/whether引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句.我們用that來引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。1）當(dāng)從句是一個(gè)陳述句時(shí)，我們用that來引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。如：Shesensedthatshewasbeingwatchedbyatallmaninadarkcoat.2）在大多數(shù)情況下，我們不用that來引導(dǎo)介詞后的名詞性從句，但是，可以用that來引導(dǎo)in或except后的賓語從句。如：Theproblemliesinthatthemistmaybecomeathickfog.Ididn'ttellhimanythingexceptthatIwasn'tabletofindmywayback.3）當(dāng)名詞性從句做句子的主語時(shí)，that不能省略。牛津高中英語----模塊三 如：Thatwecouldn'tfindourwayoutwasreallybadnews.4）在非正式英語中，當(dāng)名詞性從句做句子的賓語或表語時(shí)，that可以省略。如：Shewished（that）someonewouldcomealongtohelpher.Thetruthis（that）thebuseswillnotberunning..我們用if或whether來引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。1）當(dāng)從句是個(gè)一般疑問句時(shí)，我們用if或whether來引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。我們把if或whether后面從句的順序改成陳述句的語序。如：Shewondered.Wouldthebusesstillberunning?Shewonderedif/whetherthebuseswouldstillberunning.2）介詞后只能用whether,而不能用if。如：Sheisnotcertainaboutwhethershehasdoneanythingwrong.3）當(dāng)從句做主語放在句子開頭時(shí)，只能用whether,而不能用if。如：Whetheritisgoingtoclearupkeepsmewondering.只能用whetherornot,而不能用ifornot。如：IwanttoknowwhetherornotthetraingoestoKingStreet..如果and或but引導(dǎo)兩個(gè)并列的that或whether/if引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句，后一個(gè)句子的that或whether/if不可省。如：Hesaidthathelikedrainverymuchandthathewouldn'tuseanumbrellawhenitwasraining.Nooneknowswhetheritwillbefinetomorrowandwhetherhewillcometowork.第二單元名詞性從句：由疑問詞引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句一、名詞性從句：由疑問詞引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句我們用以下的疑問詞來引導(dǎo)名詞性從句：what,which,who/whom,whose,when,where,whyandhow。.當(dāng)從句是wh-引導(dǎo)的疑問句時(shí)，我們用疑問詞來引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。從句可以做句子的主語，賓語或表語。如：Whereapersoncomesfromwillaffecttheirstyleofspeech.YoucanbegintoseewhyEnglishhassuchstrangerules.ThatiswhyEnglishisalanguagewithsomanyconfusingrules..我們把疑問詞后面的句式改成陳述句的語序。如：Whatarepeoplefromthenorthsaying?Peoplefromthesouthfinditdifficulttounderstand.Peoplefromthesouthfinditdifficulttounderstandwhatpeoplefromthenortharesaying..在任何情況下，都不可以省略名詞性從句中的疑問引導(dǎo)詞。二、形式主語it在英語中，我們通常把最重要的信息放在句子的末尾用于強(qiáng)調(diào)。這被稱做句末強(qiáng)調(diào)效果。用形式主語it就可以達(dá)到這一效果。It只是語法意義上的主語，真正的主語在句子的后面。.我們通常用it來做形式主語。1）當(dāng)我們用一個(gè)名詞性從句來做句子的主語時(shí)：（更好的）ItiscertainthatwewouldnotbeabletounderstandOldEnglishtoday.（正確的）ThatwewouldnotbeabletounderstandOldEnglishtodayiscertain.2）當(dāng)主語是帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式時(shí)：牛津高中英語一模塊三（更好的）Itishardtomasteraforeignlanguage.（正確的）Tomasteraforeignlanguageishard.3）當(dāng)主語是動(dòng)詞-in形式時(shí)：（更好的）Smokingisdifficulttostop.（正確的）Itisdifficulttostopsmoking..It可以被放在seem,appear,happen,chance,turnout和prove前做句子的形式主語。如：ItseemsthathespeakstwolanguageEeseemstospeaktwolanguages.Ithappensthatmynewneighborcomesfrommyhometown.Mynewneighborhappenstocomefrommyhometown..我們可以用句型五十匕6被強(qiáng)調(diào)的名詞或短語+that或who引導(dǎo)的從句來強(qiáng)調(diào)句子中的主語，賓語或狀語。如：Itwaslastnight（notanyothertime）thatIreadaboutthehistoryofEnglish.如果不強(qiáng)調(diào)任何成分，句子可以是：IreadaboutthehistoryofEnglishlastnight.第三單元賓語補(bǔ)足語一、賓語補(bǔ)足語.賓語補(bǔ)足語為賓語提供更多的信息。如：TheycalledhertheLoulanBeauty..賓語補(bǔ)足語通常以下面形式出現(xiàn)：動(dòng)諭賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語，賓語補(bǔ)足語通?？梢允敲~短語或形容詞。如：TheymadeProfessorZhangchairmanofthesociety.Wefoundtheruinsmostinteresting..有時(shí)侯帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式和不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式可以做賓語補(bǔ)足語。如：Theybelievedhimtobehonest.ProfessorZhangsspeechmadeusalllaugh..賓語補(bǔ)足語可以時(shí)介詞短語。如：Shefoundourselvesinthemiddleofadesert..賓語不足語通常和賓語在數(shù)上是一致的。如：ShemadeJoeherassistant.ShemadeJoeandSueherassistants.二、Either*or?… 和Neither”nor…1.我們用eithefor…來表示選擇性。如：（連接主語）eitherAnnorJaneshouldhavearrivedbynow.連接動(dòng)詞）peopleeithertriedtoescapeorstayedintheirhouses.連接賓語）wecouldchoosetoeateithernoodlesorrice.連接狀語）theyaregoingtothemuseumeithertodayortomorrow.3.我們用neithe”?nor…來連接表示否定的觀點(diǎn)。（both…and…的反義詞）如：neitherthemuseumnorthesiteitselfinterestedher.Theyneithertoldmethelocationnorshowedmethemap.Iateneitherthenoodlesnortherice.Theywentthereneitherbytrainnorbyair.三、主謂一致牛津高中英語----模塊三 主謂一致是指在主語后選擇正確的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。以下幾點(diǎn)幫助我們決定動(dòng)詞是單數(shù)或是復(fù)數(shù)。.動(dòng)詞應(yīng)是單數(shù)，如果主語是：1）單數(shù)的名詞或不可數(shù)名詞如：thecitywasfoundedinthe8thcenturyBC.Thefoodtheyofferedontheplanewasdelicious.2）計(jì)量的短語，標(biāo)題或名字如：twohoursistooshortforthevisit.Littlewomenisagreatnovel.3）一個(gè)短語或從句如：travellingtoPompeiiisexciting.Thatitkeepsrainingworriesthetourists..動(dòng)詞應(yīng)是復(fù)數(shù)，如果主語是：一個(gè)復(fù)數(shù)名詞如：bothcitieswereveryrich.2）由and連接的兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的單詞或短語如：thenoodlesandricetheyofferedontheplanewerequiteplain..當(dāng)主語是allof/mostof/someof/halfof/apartof+名詞/代詞，動(dòng)詞與名詞或代詞保持一致。如：allofushaveattendedthelectureaboutPompeii.Mostofthelecturewasabouthowtheancientcitywasdiscovered..當(dāng)主語是集合名詞，如band,crowd,class,dozen,family,public,team時(shí)，如果名詞指代的是集體，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；如果名詞指代的是個(gè)體，動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如：ourteamisveryimportanttome.OurteamarenowtravelingtoXinjiang..當(dāng)主語是news,physics,mathematics,Aids時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；當(dāng)主語是goods,clothes,congratulations,earnings,remains,belongings時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如：thelatestnewsisthattheLoulanBeautyisbeingdisplayedinShanghai.Alltheirbelongingsweredestroyedintheearthquake..當(dāng)either…or…，neither…nor…，notonly…butalso…，not…but…,連接句子的主語時(shí)，動(dòng)詞采取就近原則。如：eithertheteamleaderortheguidesarelookingafterthestudents.Eithertheguidesortheteamleaderislookingafterthestudents.注：當(dāng)主語是anybody/anyone/anything/everybody/everyone/everything/nobody/noone/nothing/somebody/someone/something/each/eachone/either/neither/one時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。-10-牛津高中英語一模塊四牛津高中英語一模塊四第一單元直接引語和間接引語一、直接引語和間接引語.我們用直接引語來闡述所說的話。如果我們把引語寫下來，這些單詞就會(huì)被放在引號但是，我們通常更愿意用間接引語來闡述所說的話。直接引語：Shesaid,“ChinahasbeenusingPSAstoeducatePeople.間接引語：ShesaidChinahadbeenusingPSAstoeducatepeople..我們可以通過把所說的話改成賓語從句或動(dòng)詞不定式短語的形式來把直接引語變成間接引語。如：Shesaid,Imusedtoad& Shesaidthatshewasusedtoads.Wemustnotfallforthiskind0fhtriaid. Shewarnedusnottofallforthatkindoftrick..除了句型的改變外，還有其它的改變：1）人稱代詞的改變：如：Shesaid,“Ididsomeresearch-. Shesaidthatshehaddonesomeresearch.2）時(shí)態(tài)的改變：如：Shesaid,“ThisasisveryClever--Shesaidthatthatadwasveryclever.下面列舉當(dāng)動(dòng)詞是過去時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)是如何變化的：直接引語間接引語一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般過去時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)一般過去時(shí)過去完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)過去完成時(shí)一般將來時(shí)過去將來時(shí)過去完成時(shí)過去完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)注：當(dāng)陳述一個(gè)不變的事實(shí)時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。如：“l(fā)ighttravelsatgreat”spfeedsaid. Hesaidthatlighttravelsatgreatspeed.3）時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)狀語的變化：如：Tomsaid,“Iamworkingheretoday- Tomsaidhewasworkingtherethatday.下面列舉這種變化的例子：直接引語間接引語todaythatday/yesterday/onWednesday,etc.tomorrowthenextday/thefollowingday/onThursday,etc.yesterdaythedaybefore/thepreviousday/onTudesay,etc.nextmonththemonthafter/thefollowingmonth/inJuly,etc.lastyeartheyearbefore/thepreviousyear,etc.aweekagoaweekbefore/aweekearlier,etc.4）其它的例子：直接引語間接引語thisthatthesethosecomego11-牛津高中英語----模塊四二、間接引語：陳述句，疑問句和祈使句.陳述句1）我們用that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句來陳述一件事。如：Shesaid,“Advertisementsareanimportantpartofourlives” Shesaidthatadvertisementsareanimportantpartofourlives.2）除了say之外，還有其它的動(dòng)詞可以這樣用：tell,advise,agree,explain,insist,promise,remind,suggest,warn如： “PSAsareoftenplacedforfree,”thewritersaid.——ThewriterexplainedthatPSAsareoftenplacedforfree..疑問句1）我們用whether/if引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句來陳述一般疑問句。如：MattaskedAnn,“Areyouthehappiestpersonintheworld?”——MattaskedAnnwhether/ifshewasthehappiestpersonintheworld.2）我們用wh-疑問詞引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句來陳述wh-疑問句。如：Iaskedher,“Howcanthatcouldbe?’——Iaskedherhowthatcouldbetrue..祈使句1）我們用以下結(jié)構(gòu)來陳述祈使句：陳述動(dòng)詞+賓語+（not）+to-動(dòng)詞不定式如：Thewritersaid,“Thinkaboutwhyyoushoulddothethingstheadsuggests”——

Thewritertoldustothinkaboutwhyweshoulddothethingstheadsuggested.“Don'tworry,Mickey”Jensaid. JenaskedMickeynottoworry.2）其它的單詞也有同樣的用法：advise,encourage,invite,remind,warn如：“Don'tbelieveeveryadvertisementyouread”Michellesaidtome.——MichelleadvisedmenottobelieveeveryadvertisementIread.第二單元情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：總體介紹一、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：總體介紹.我們用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞來談?wù)摚?）能力如：Hecanrunthe100msprintin11seconds.2）義務(wù)義務(wù)性由弱到強(qiáng)排列：oughtto/should----haveto——must如：Youmustworkhardtowinthegoldmedal.3）確定確定性由弱到強(qiáng)排列：might----may----could----should——oughtto----will----must如：ShemightwinamedalattheOlympics.4）允許正式性由弱到強(qiáng)排列：can----could----may----might如：Heisinjuredbutmaytakepartinthegames..我們也用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞來：1）提要求：正式性由弱到強(qiáng)排列：will---can----could----would如：Canyouhelpmewithmytraining?3）提意見：如：Shallwedoexercisethismorning?4）提供幫助：如：I'llwashyoursportsjacket.ShallIgetaticketforyou?-12-牛津高中英語----模塊四 5）提建議：如：Youshouldnot/oughtnottoeatalotbeforeswimming.3情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后應(yīng)該接不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式。如：Shecouldwinthegoldmedal.4我們用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)來談?wù)摤F(xiàn)在可能發(fā)生的事情，用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的完成時(shí)來談?wù)撨^去可能發(fā)生的事情。如：Theboysmaybeplayingfootballontheplayground.Heplaysbasketballverywell.Hemusthavepracticeditalot.二、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：can和beableto等Can和beableto1）當(dāng)指能力時(shí)，can和beableto可以互換，但beableto比can更加正式但也不常用。如：Mybrothercan/isabletoplaytabletennisverywell.2）我們用can來談?wù)搶砜赡馨l(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：Let'sgetsomeexercise.Wecangoandjoginthepark.beableto可以用在不同的時(shí)態(tài)中，可以后面直接接動(dòng)詞原形或放在另一個(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后。如：I’msorryIhaven'tbeenabletoplaytenniswithyourecently.It'snicetobeabletoattendthelecture.WangGongmightbeabletowinthechessgame.can的過去式是could,beableto的過去式是was/wereableto如：Hecouldswimacrosstheriverwhenhewasyoung.Mikewasagoodswimmer,sohewasabletotakefirstplaceinthecompetition.shall和will1）我們通常用shall來表達(dá)承諾，用will來表達(dá)決心或決定。如：Don'tworry.Youshallhavetheticketsforthegames.LiuMeiwillgoandbuytheticketsforthegames.2）在疑問句中，shall用于第一人稱或第三人稱提供幫助或提建議，will用于第二人稱和第三人稱詢問意愿。如：Shallwegoswimmingthisweekend?Agroupofstudentsarewaitingtoseeyououtside.Shalltheycomein?Willyougohikingwithmeinthemountain?Willhepayforme?mustn't和needn'tMustn't用來表達(dá)讓某人不做某事，needn't用來表達(dá)做某事沒必要。如：Youmustn'tmissthisfootballmatch.It'sveryimportant.Youneedn'twatchthegameifyoudon'twantto.need和dare當(dāng)用做情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，這兩個(gè)詞常出現(xiàn)在否定句和疑問句中。這兩個(gè)詞還可以當(dāng)做普通動(dòng)詞來用。如：Youneedn't/don'tneedtogotrainingifyoufeeltired.Darehe/Doeshedaretodiveintothewaterfromthebridge?第三單元被動(dòng)語態(tài)一、被動(dòng)語態(tài)-13-牛津高中英語----模塊四 1.主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)在意思上沒有太大區(qū)別，可以互換。在主動(dòng)語態(tài)的句子中，我們用動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者作為句子的主語；在被動(dòng)語態(tài)的句子中，我們用動(dòng)作的承受者作為句子的主語。如：ScientistsdesignedaVRheadset.AVRheadsetwasdesignedbyscientists.2被動(dòng)語態(tài)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是：be+-ed（動(dòng)詞的過去分詞），在不同的時(shí)態(tài)中，be的形式是不一樣的。例如，在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)中，be是is或are；在現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)中，be是is/am/are+being；在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)中，be是have/has+been；在一般將來時(shí)態(tài)中，be是will+be。如：Rightnowthenewproductisbeingdevelopedinthelaboratory.Anagreementhasbeenputforward.3.當(dāng)用被動(dòng)語態(tài)的時(shí)候，以下幾點(diǎn)需要注意：1）我們通常用by來引導(dǎo)動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者，但當(dāng)沒必要提及動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者或動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者不重要，或很難說出動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者是誰時(shí)，動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者可以省略不提。如：hebelievesthatVRfilmswillbeacceptedbyviewers.BoththeheadsetsandtheglovesareconnectedtotheRealCinecomputersystem.2）動(dòng)詞give,lend,offer,send,tell和show后面可以接兩個(gè)賓語，分別指人和物。當(dāng)這些動(dòng)詞用做被動(dòng)語態(tài)的時(shí)候，我們通常把動(dòng)詞后面接的人做為句子的主語；有些時(shí)候，也會(huì)把物作為主語。如：Theyareofferedheadsetsandglovesinthecinema.Headsetsandgloveswereofferedtotheminthecinema.3）在主動(dòng)語態(tài)中，一些動(dòng)詞后面往往接賓語和動(dòng)詞原形。在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中，動(dòng)詞原形前面要接to。如：Isawhimgothere.Hewasseentogothere.4）有時(shí)候，在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中，get可以替換be。如：getchanged,getdressed,gethurt如：Pleasewaitawhile.I'lljustgoandgetchanged.5）有些動(dòng)詞主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)含義。如：ThiskindofcomputersellswellinChina.Yourarticlereadswell.6）狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如：Ihavemanysciencebooks.VRfilmsbelongtothelatestwaveofnewtechnology.4.被動(dòng)語態(tài)的其它特殊形式：1）it+動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)+that從句如：ItissaidthatthetechnologybehindRealCineisvirtualreality.2）主語+動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)+todo如：ThetechnologybehindRealCineissaidtobevirtualreality.類似的動(dòng)詞還有：believe,report,suppose,know,prove等。二、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和被動(dòng)語態(tài).在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞來表達(dá)能力，可能性，責(zé)任，允諾等。如：FirefightercouldbetrainedusingRealCine..情態(tài)動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)語態(tài)的形式是：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞如：Thepositionoftheviewercanbecalculatedatanytime.-14-牛津高中英語----模塊四注意其它情態(tài)動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法:主動(dòng)語態(tài)被動(dòng)語態(tài)CantouchcanbetouchedMayfeelmaybefeltMightnotimpressmightnotbeimpressedCouldusecouldbeusedShoulduseshouldbeusedOughttodevelopoughttobedevelopedMustwearmustbeworn被動(dòng)語態(tài)通常被用在科學(xué)報(bào)告中。三、經(jīng)常被用做被動(dòng)語態(tài)的動(dòng)詞.一些經(jīng)常被用做被動(dòng)語態(tài)的動(dòng)詞可以充當(dāng)形容詞的作用.如：beboredwithbebornin/onbedisappointedat/bybefascinatedbybeimpressedat/by/withbeinterestedinbesetupbybesituatedin/onbesurprisedat/by如：AndywasboredwithlisteningtothesameCDeveryday.wasbornonaWednesday.Mydadwasdisappointedbymytestresults.Peoplehavealwaysbeenfascinatedbynewtechnology.ShewasimpressedatthenumberofpointsIscored.Someofmyfriendsareinterestedinstudyingabroad.ThisnewexhibitionwassetupbytheStudents,Union.Ourschoolissituatedinaquietarea.TheyweresurprisedatthepossibilitiesoftheInternet.這里的be都可以用become來取代。-15-牛津高中英語----模塊五牛津高中英語■模塊五第一單元?jiǎng)釉~不定式：帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式一、動(dòng)詞不定式：帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式帶to-的動(dòng)詞不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)是to+動(dòng)詞原形，如，todo,towork.它可以單獨(dú)使用，也可以組成動(dòng)詞不定式短語。如：Iwasdeterminedtobecheerful.1.帶to-的動(dòng)詞不定式可以做：1）句子的主語如：Tofindabestfriendisdifficult.=Itisdifficulttofindabestfriend.2）句子的賓語如：Ineedtosleepforeighthourseverynight.3）賓語補(bǔ)足語如：Iaskedhimtocomeover.4）定語如：Ihaveaveryimportantmeetingtoattend.5）同位語如：Hisintentionwastocheermeup.6）狀語如：Mydadarrangedsomeswimminglessonstosurpriseme..帶to-的動(dòng)詞不定式有進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)和完成時(shí)態(tài)如：Thingsseemtobegettingbetter.Johnpretendednottohaveseenme.二、動(dòng)詞不定式：不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式.可用于不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式的動(dòng)詞有：letmakehave（有時(shí)候）如：Iletherborrowmybook.Shemademepromisetowriteeveryday.Theteacheroftenhashisstudentsreadaloudinclass.2）感官動(dòng)詞：feelhearseewatch如：Isawhertalktohernewfriends.3）wouldratherhadbetterwhynot如：Iwouldrathergoswimming.Youhadbettertidyyourbedroom.WhynotvisityourcousininJapan?注：感官動(dòng)詞后可以接v-ing如：Isawhertalktohernewfriend.（見證談話的整個(gè)過程）Isawhertalkingtohernewfriend.（見證談話正在發(fā)生，但不一定見證整個(gè)談話過程）.當(dāng)有and,or,except,but,than,ratherthan,連接兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞不定式時(shí)，后一個(gè)不定式往往省略to。如：Shetoldmetobecheerfulandlookonthebrightside.Doyouwanttogoshoppingorwatchafilm?WehadnothingtodobutwatchTV?-16-牛津高中英語----模塊五Idecidedtowriteratherthanphone.三、V-ing作名詞.V-ing可以充當(dāng)名詞用?？梢员挥米觯?）做主語（指一般性的動(dòng)作）如：Swimmingisgoodforyourhealth.2）做賓語（指一般性的動(dòng)作）如：Iloveswimmingintheseaduringthesummer.3）介詞之后如：Ikeepfitbyswimmingeveryday.4）物主代詞之后如：Herswimminghasimprovedsinceshestartedtrainingeveryday.注：如果所談?wù)摰娜吮容^明確，那么物主代詞可以省略。如：Thankyouforcoming.5）組成復(fù)合名詞如：Thereisashoeintheswimmingpool..以下動(dòng)詞后面接v-ingAdmitdislikeimaginedelayconsidermindunderstandavoidenjoypracticemissfinishkeepsuggest3.以下常用詞組后面接v-ingWouldyoumindcannothelplookforwardtofeellikecannotstanditisnouse/goodputoffkeepon如：Wouldyoumindhelpingmewithmyhomework?Icannothelpwonderingwhyshedoesnotlikeme.Ilookforwardtoseeingyouattheparty.Idon,tfeellikedoinganythingnow.Shecannotstandseeingthatboy.Ithinkitisnousecryingaboutyourexamresultsnow.Ihadtoputoffshoppingforawhile.Hekeptonaskingmeformyphonenumber..以下動(dòng)詞后面可以接v-ing或todo,意思上幾乎沒有區(qū)別。Continuepreferbeginhatelikestart.一些動(dòng)詞后面既可以接v-ing,也可以接todo,但意義和用法上有區(qū)別。在使用時(shí)要確保形式的正確。如，forgetregretremembermeantrygoonforget+todo（事情還沒做）如：Heforgottoclosethedoorwhenheleft.Forget+doing（事情已經(jīng)做了）如：I’llneverforgetwinningmyfirstgoldmedal.第二單元V-ing充當(dāng)形容詞或副詞一、V-ing充當(dāng)形容詞或副詞v-ing可作:1）定語-17-牛津高中英語----模塊五v-ing可以放在名詞前，像形容詞一樣修飾名詞。如：Thiswillhavealastingeffect.有時(shí)候會(huì)把一個(gè)副詞放在v-ing前。如：Thatwasanextremelyinterestingspeech.v-ing可以和副詞或名詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合詞。如：Thefast-growingeconomyhascausedenvironmentalproblems.Awood-burningstoveisenvironmentallyfriendly.v-ing可以放在名詞后，像定語從句一樣修飾名詞，v-ing還可以被改成定語從句。如：peoplerunningthesefactoriesareveryconcernedabouttheenvironment.=Peoplewhorunthesefactoriesareveryconcernedabouttheenvironment.2）表語如：Thisdestructionisfrightening.3）賓語補(bǔ)足語如：Weallfoundhisargumentconvincingandinteresting.v-ing可放在stand,sit,lie的后面，表示動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。如：Theystoodtalkingtoeachother.=Theystoodwhentheyweretalkingtoeachother.v-ing有完成時(shí)態(tài)，如，havingworked如：Havingworkedsidebysidewithmanyenvironmentalists,Iknowthatahealthyenvironmentandstableeconomyshouldbepossibleatthesametime.二、V-ing短語v-ing短語可以單獨(dú)使用，后面也可以接賓語或狀語。如：Theysattheresmiling.Theysattheresmilingateachother..v-ing短語可以表示：1）時(shí)間如：Askingaround,Ifindmanypeoplewillingtopayslightlyhigherpricesforthingsthatareenvironmentallyfriendly.=WhenIaskaround,Ifindmanypeoplewillingtopayslightlyhigherpricesforthingsthatareenvironmentallyfriendly.Havingobservedtheproblemformanyyears,heannouncedthatwearenowfacingthebiggestenvironmentalproblemofourtime.=Afterheobservedtheproblemformanyyears,heannouncedthatwearenowfacingthebiggestenvironmentalproblemofourtime.2）原因如：Wearemakingbiggerholesinthenets,hopingtoavoidcatchingfishthatarenotfullygrown.=Wearemakingbiggerholesinthenets,becausewehopetoavoidcatchingfishthatarenotfullygrown.3）結(jié)果如：Thefactorykeepsreleasingsmoke,makingtheairdirty.=Thefactorykeepsreleasingsmoke.Asaresult,theairismadedirty.4）條件如：Preparingfully,wecanachievegreatthings.=Ifwepreparefully,wecanachievegreatthings..連詞+v-ing也可以來表示時(shí)間。常用的連詞有：whenwheneverwhileonceuntil如：Wehavetotakeenvironmentalprotectionintoconsiderationwhendevelopingtheeconomy.-18-牛津高中英語----模塊五 .v-ing從句的邏輯主語通常和主句的主語一致。如：Hetraveledontheplanelikethis,keepingthetortoiseinablanket.=Whenhetraveledontheplanelikethis,hekeptthetortoisehiddeninablanket..否定形式是：not+v-ing如：Hesatthere,notknowingwhattosay.第三單元V-ed形式一、V-ed形式v-ed在句中可以充當(dāng)形容詞和副詞的用法。v-ed可以被用作：1)定語v-ed放在名詞的前面，像形容詞一樣修飾名詞。V-ed可以改成定語從句。如：IfIhadthechance,