文稿成果ielts課時reading session

Session12:Matchingsentence

1SummarySummarySession12:MatchingsentenceQuestionType14:Matchingsentence

1QuestionQuestionCompleteeachsentencewiththecorrectending,A-G,below.Thisquestionasksyoutofindthecorrectendingforasentence.Thisquestiontestsyourabilityofunderstandingthelogicalconnectioninthesentence.Session12:MatchingsentenceMatchingsentenceendings:Action

1StepStep

IdentifyStepinStep

MatchthesentencewithStepStep Session12:MatchingsentenceMatchingsentenceendings:Sample

1Cambridge8,Test1,PassageQuestions27-

epathyagreeCompleteeachsentencewiththecorrectending,A-G,

Recentautoganzfeldtrialssuggestthatsuccessrateswillimprovewith

thediscoveryofamechanism

theneedtocreateasuitableenvironmenttheirclaimsofahighsuccess

asolutiontotheproblemposedbyrandomthesignificanceoftheganzfeldamorecarefulselectionofaneedtokeepalteringSession12:MatchingsentenceMatchingsentenceendings:Sample

1

parapsychologistsbelievethefieldisonthebrinkofcollapse,havingtriedtoproducedefinitivescientificproofandfailed.Scepticsandadvocatesalikedoconcurononeissue,however:thatthemostimpressiveevidencesofarhascomefromtheso-called‘ganzfeld’experiments,aGermantermthatmeans‘wholefield’.Reportsof

epathyactivity.Inthiscase,suchsignalsmightbemoreeasilydetectedbythoseexperiencingmeditation-liketranquillityinarelaxing’wholefield’oflight,soundandwarmth.

Varioustheorieshavebeenputforward,manyfocusingonesotericideasfromtheoreticalphysics.Theyinclude‘quantumentanglement’,inwhicheventsaffectingonegroupofatomsinstantlyaffectanothergroup,nomatterhowfaraparttheymaybe.Whilephysicistshavedemonstratedentanglementwithspeciallypreparedatoms,no-oneknowsifitalsoexistsbetweenatomsmakinguphumanminds.Answeringsuchquestionswouldtransformparapsychology.Thishaspromptedsomeresearcherstoarguethatthefutureliesnotincollectingmoreevidence peopledomuchbetterthanaverage:inonestudyattheUniversityofEdinburgh,musiciansachievedahit-rateof56percent.Perhapsmoretestslikethesewilleventuallygivetheresearcherstheevidencetheyareseekingandstrengthenthecasefortheexistence Session12:MatchingsentenceMatchingsentenceendings:Sample

1 n–StepUsethetrackingcluesandmainideatolocate.

運(yùn)用題干中的定位詞來定位運(yùn)用段落大意來定位Researcherswithdifferingattitudes epathyagreeReportsofexperiencesduringmeditationAttitudestoparapsychologywouldalterdrasticallyRecentautoganzfeldtrialssuggestthatsuccessrateswillimproveSession12:MatchingsentenceMatchingsentenceendings:Sample

1n–Step分析選項，挑 Identify 以名詞、邏輯關(guān)聯(lián)詞、否定詞等為主the 分析選項時注意如果兩個選項名詞部分意思接近，那起碼有一個項會被選中，如以下的B和GthediscoveryofamechanismfortheneedtocreateasuitableenvironmentfortheirclaimsofahighsuccessasolutiontotheproblemposedbyrandomthesignificanceoftheganzfeldamorecarefulselectionofaneedtokeepalteringSession12:MatchingsentenceMatchingsentenceendings:Sample

1 n–StepMatchthesentencewithcorrect

配對時首先考 是否和文中的意思接近::: Session12:MatchingsentenceMatchingsentenceendings:SkillpracticeCambridge5,Test2,Passage

1Questions24-CompleteeachsentencewiththecorrectendingA-GTestPayattentionto rintheanswerIfyouarehardtolocatethesentence,youcansolvethelastquestionatfirst.

Oneofthebrain'smostdifficulttasksisBecauseofthelanguagetheyhavedeveloped,IndividualresponsestoPeterDerksbelievesthatreacttotheirownhelpedcreatelanguageinrespondinstantlytowhateveris mayprovidevaluableinformationabouttheoperationofthebrain.copewithdifficultrelateto 'ssubjectiveledourancestorsto andthen Matchingsentenceendings:SkillpracticeWhat’sSoJohnMcCronereviewsrecentresearchonThejokecomesovertheheadphones:‘Whichsideofadoghasthemosthair?Theleft.’No,notfunny.Tryagain.‘Whichsideofadoghasthemosthair?Theoutside.’Hah!Thepunchlineissillyyetfitting,a writerArthurKoestlerdubbedittheluxuryreflex:‘uniqueinthatitservesnoapparentbiological toexpressedtheideathathumourissimplydelightedfeelingofsuperiorityoverothers.KantandFreudfeltthatjoke- lingreliesonbuildingupapsychictensionwhichissafelypuncturedbytheludicrousnessofthepunchline.ButmostmodernhumourtheoristshavesettledonsomeversionofAristotle'sbeliefthatjokesarebasedonareactiontoorresolutionofincongruity,whenthepunchlineiseitheranonsenseor,thoughappearingsilly,hasacleversecondmeaning.GraemeRitchie,acomputationallinguistinEdinburgh,studiesthelinguisticstructureofjokesinordertounderstandnotonlyhumourbutlanguageunderstandingandreasoninginmachines.Hesaysthatwhilethereisnosingleformatforjokes,manyrevolvearoundasuddenandsurprisingconceptualshift.Acomedianwillpresentasituationfollowedbyanunexpectedinterpretationthatisalsoapt.Session12:MatchingsentenceMatchingsentenceendings:SkillpracticeWhat’sSo

1However,thereisanothertypeoflaughter,thelaughterofsocialappeasementanditisimportantunderstandthis

yisacrucialpartofdevelopmentinmostyoung

ls.Ratsultrasonicsqueakstopreventtheirscufflesturningnasty.Chimpanzeeshavea y-face’—aexpressionpaniedbyapanting‘a(chǎn)h,ah’noise.Inhumans,thesesignalshavemutatedinto laughs.Researchersbelievesocialsituations,ratherthancognitiveeventssuchasjokes,trigger yorappeasement.Peoplelaughonfairgroundridesorwhentickledtoflag situation,whethertheyfeelamusedorBothsocialandcognitivetypesoflaughtertapintothesameexpressivemachineryinourbrains,emotionandmotorcircuitsthatproduce andexcitedvocalisations.However,ifcognitivelaughtertheproductofmoregeneralthoughtprocesses,itshouldresultfrommoreexpansivebrainPsychologistVinodGoelinvestigatedhumourusingthenewtechniqueof‘singleevent’functionalmagneticresonanceimaging(fMRI).AnMRIscannerusesmagneticfieldsandradiowavestotrackthechangesinoxygenatedbloodthatpanymentalactivity.Untilrecently,MRIscannersneededseveralminutesofactivityandsocouldnotbeusedtotrackrapidthoughtprocessessuchascomprehendingajoke.Newdevelopmentsnowallowhalf-second‘snapshots’ofallsortsofreasoningandproblem-solvingSession12:MatchingsentenceMatchingsentenceendings:SkillpracticeWhat’sSo

1AlthoughGoelfeltbeinginsideabrainscannerwashardlythe ceforappreciatingajoke,heevidencethatunderstandingajokeinvolvesawidespreadmentalshift.Hisscansshowedthatatthebeginningofajokethelistener’sprefrontalcortexlitup,particularlytherightprefrontalbelievedtobecriticalforproblemsolving.Buttherewasalsoactivityinthetemporallobesatthesideofthehead{consistentwithattemptstorousestoredknowledge)andinmanyotherbrainareas.Thenwhenthepunchlinearrived,anewareasprangtolife-theorbitalprefrontalcortex.Thispatchofbraintuckedbehindtheorbitsoftheeyesisassociatedwithevaluatinginformation.Makingarapidemotionalassessmentoftheeventsofthemomentisanextremelydemandingjobforthebrain,animalorhuman.Energyandarousallevelsmayneedtoberetunedintheblinkofaneye.Theseabruptchangeswillproduceeitherpositiveornegativefeelings.Theorbitalcortex,theregionthatesactiveinGoel’sexperiment,seemsthebestcandidateforthesitethatfeedssuchfeelingsintohigher-levelthoughtprocesses,withitscloseconnectionstothebrain’ssub-corticalarousalapparatusandcentresofmetaboliccontrol.Session12:MatchingsentenceMatchingsentenceendings:SkillpracticeWhat’sSo

1Allwarm-bloodedanimalsmakeconstanttinyadjustmentsinarousalinresponsetoexternalevents,buthumans,whohavedevelopedamuchmorecomplicatedinternallifeasaresultoflanguage,respondemotionallynotonlytotheirsurroundings,buttotheirownthoughts.Wheneverasought-foranswersnaps ce,thereisashudderofpleasedrecognition.Creativediscoverybeingpleasurable,havelearnedtofindwaysofmilkingthisnaturalresponse.Thefactthatjokestapintoourevaluativemachinery inswhythelinebetweenfunnyanddisgusting,orfunnyandfrightening,besofine.Whetherajokegivespleasureorpaindependson 'sHumourmaybealuxury,butthemechanismbehinditisnoevolutionaryaccident.AsPeterDerks,apsychologistatWilliamandMaryCollegeinVirginia,says:‘Iliketothinkofhumourasthedistortedmirrorofthemind.It’screative, yticalandlingual.Ifwecanfigureouthowthemindhumour,thenwe'llhaveaprettygoodhandleonhowitworksinSession12:MatchingsentenceMatchingsentenceendings:Skillpractice

1n–3UsethetrackingandmainideatoIdentifyintheMatchthewithcorrectSession12:MatchingsentenceMatchingsentenceendings:Skillpractice

1Cambridge8,Test4,PassageQuestions22-CompleteeachsentencewiththecorrectendingA-ITestbepresentedinthesameorderasrelevantinformationintheYouareeasytolocatethesesentenceswhenusingtrackingclues.

NeodumetiasangawaniLeaf-mininghispidesAnArgentinianweevilmaybesuccessfulin Salvinia ricecoconutfruitwaterBrazilian Session12:MatchingsentenceMatchingsentenceendings:SkillpracticeBiologicalControlof

1Thecontinuousandrecklessuseofsyntheticchemicalsforthecontrolofpestswhichposeathreattoagriculturalcropsandhumanhealthisprovingtobecounter-productive.Apartfromengenderingwidespreadecologicaldisorders,pesticideshavecontributedtotheemergenceofanewbreedofchemical-resistant,highlylethalsuperbugs.AccordingtoarecentstudybytheFoodandAgricultureOrganisation(FAO),morethan300speciesagriculturalpestshave toawiderangeofpotentchemicals.Nottobeleftbehindthedisease-spreadingpests,about100speciesofwhichhaveeimmunetoavarietyofinsecticidesnowinOneglaringdisadvantageofpesticides’applicationisthat,whiledestroyingharmfulpests,theyalsowipeoutmanyusefulnon-targetedorganisms,whichkeepthegrowthofthepestpopulationincheck.Thisresultsinwhatagroecologistscallthe‘treadmillsyndrome’.Becauseoftheirtremendousbreedingpotentialandgeneticdiversity,manypestsareknowntowithstandsyntheticchemicalsandbearoffspringwithabuilt- toSession12:MatchingsentenceMatchingsentenceendings:SkillpracticeBiologicalControlof

1Thehavocthatthe‘treadmillsyndrome’canbringaboutiswellillustratedbywhathappenedtocottonfarmersinCentralAmerica.Intheearly1940s,baskinginthegloryofchemical-basedintensiveagriculture,thefarmersavidlytooktopesticidesasasuremeasuretoboostcropyield.Theinsecticidewasappliedeighttimesayearinthemid-1940s,risingto28inaseasoninthemid-1950s,followingthesuddenproliferationofthreenewvarietiesofchemical-resistantpests.Bythemid-1960s,thesituationtookanalarmingturnwiththeoutbreakoffourmorenewpests,necessitatingpesticidesprayingtosuchanextentthat50%ofthefinancialoutlayoncottonproductionwasaccountedforbypesticides.Intheearly1970s,thesprayingfrequentlyreached70timesaseasonasthefarmerswerepushedtothewallbytheinvasionofgeneticallystrongerinsectspecies.Mostofthepesticidesinthemarkettodayremain ytestedforpropertiesthatcausecancermutationsaswellasforotheradverseeffectsonhealth,saysastudybyUnitedStatesenvironmentalagencies.TheUnitedStatesNationalResourceDefenseCouncilhasfoundthatDDTwasthemostpopularofalonglistofdangerouschemicalsinuse.Session12:MatchingsentenceMatchingsentenceendings:Skillpractice

1BiologicalControlofInthefaceoftheescalatingperilsfromindiscriminateapplicationsofpesticides,amoreeffectiveandecologicallysoundstrategyofbiologicalcontrol,involvingtheselectiveuseofnaturalenemiesofthepestpopulation,isfastgainingpopularity—though,asyet,itisanewfieldwithlimitedpotential.Theadvantageofbiologicalcontrolincontrasttoothermethodsisthatitprovidesarelativelylow-cost,perpetualcontrolsystemwithaminimumofdetrimentalside-effects.Whenhandledbyexperts,bio-controlissafe,non-pollutingandself-dispersing.TheCommonwealthInstituteofBiologicalControl(CIBC)inBangalore,withitsglobalnetworkofresearchlaboratoriesandfieldstations,isoneofthemostactive,mercialresearchagenciesengagedinpestcontrolbysettingnaturalpredatorsagainstparasites.CIBCalsoservesasaclearing-housefortheexportandimportofbiologicalagentsforpestcontrolworld-Session12:MatchingsentenceMatchingsentenceendings:SkillpracticeBiologicalControlof

1CIBCsuccessfullyusedaseed-feedingweevil,nativetoMexico,tocontroltheobnoxiouspartheniumknowntoexertdeviousinfluenceonagricultureandhumanhealthin andAustralia.SimilarlyHyderabad-basedRegionalResearchLaboratory(RRL),supportedbyCIBC,isnowtryingoutanweevilfortheeradicationofwaterhyacinth,anotherdangerousweed,whichhaseanuisanceinpartsoftheworld.AccordingtoMrsKaiserJamilofRRL,‘TheArgentinianweevildoesnotattackanyotherntandapairofadultbugscoulddestroytheweedin4-5days.’CIBCisalsoperfectingthetechniquebreedingparasitesthatpreyon‘disapenescale’insects—notoriousdefoliantsoffruittreesintheUS.Howeffectivelybiologicalcontrolcanbepressedintoserviceisprovedbythefollowingexamples.Inlate1960s,whenSriLanka’sflourishingcoconutgroves dbyleaf-mininghispides,aparasiteimportedfromSingaporebroughtthepestundercontrol.Anaturalpredatorindigenous Neodumetiasangawani,wasfoundusefulincontrollingtheRhodesgrass-scaleinsectthatwasdevouringforagegrassinmanypartsoftheUS.ByusingNeochetinabruci,abeetlenativetoBrazil,scientistsatKeralaAgricultural

da12-kilometre-long

fromtheclutchesoftheweedSalviniapopularlycalled‘AfricanPayal’inKerala.About30,000hectaresofricefieldsinKeralaareinfestedbythisSession12:MatchingsentenceMatchingsentenceendings:Skillpractice

1n–3UsethetrackingandmainideatoIdentifyintheMatchthewithcorrectSession12:MatchingsentenceMatchingsentenceendings:Skillpractice

1Questions21-CompleteeachsentencewiththecorrectendingA-K

Cambridge7,Test4,PassageInAlaska,biologistskeepacheckonadultBiologistshavetheIn-SeasonAbundance-BasedManagementhasallowedtheAlaskasalmonfisheriesAsaresultofthecollapseofthesalmonrunsin1999,thestateTestSolvequestion26atIdentifyintheanswerchoices

torecognisefisheriesthatcareforthetobetostopfishfromtosetupenvironmentalprotectiontostoppeoplefishingfortolabeltheirproductsusingtheMSCtoensurethatfishnumbersaresufficienttopermittoassistthesubsistencecommunitiesinthe zeahugenumberofsalmontodenycertificationtotheAlaskatoclosedownall Session12:MatchingsentenceMatchingsentenceendings:SkillpracticeEndless

1Morethantwohundredyearsago,RussianexplorersandfurhunterslandedontheAleutianIslands,avolcanicarchipelagointheNorthPacific,andlearnedofalandmassthatlayfarthertothenorth.Theislands’nativeinhabitantscalledthislandmassAleyska,the‘GreatLand’;today,weknowitasAlaska.Theforty-ninthstatetojointheUnitedStatesofAmerica(in1959),Alaskaisfullyone-fifththesizeofthe48statescombined.Itshares,withCanada,thesecondlongestriversysteminNorthAmericaandhasoverhalfthecoastlineoftheUnitedStates.TheriversfeedintotheBeringSeaandGulfofAlaska—cold,nutrient-richwaterswhichsupporttensofmillionsofseabirds,andover400speciesoffish,s crustaceans,andmolluscs.Takingadvantageofthisrichbounty,Alaska’scommercialfisherieshavedevelopedintosomeofthelargestintheworld.Session12:MatchingsentenceMatchingsentenceendings:SkillpracticeEndless

1AccordingtotheAlaskaDepartmentofFishandGame(ADF&G),Alaska‘scommercialfisherieslandedhundredsofthousandsoftonnesofs fishandherring,andwelloveramilliontonnesofgroundfish(cod,sole,perchandpollock)in2000.ThetrueculturalheartandsoulofAlaska’sfisheries,however,issalmon.‘Salmon,’noteswriterSusanEwinginTheGreatAlaskaNatureFactbook,‘pumpthroughAlaskalikebloodthroughaheart,bringingrhythmic,circulatingnourishmenttoland,animalsandpeople.’The‘predictableabundanceofsalmonallowedsomenativeculturestoflourish,’and‘dyingspawnersfeedbears,eagles,otheranimals,and ythesoilitself.’Allfivespeciesofsalmon—chinook,orking;chum,ordog;coho,orsilver;sockeye,orred;andpink,orhumpback—spawninAlaskanwaters,and90%ofallPacificsalmoncommerciallycaughtinNorthAmericaareproducedthere.Indeed,ifAlaskawasanindependentnation,itwouldbethelargestproducerofwildsalmonintheworld.During2000,commercialcatchesofPacificsalmoninAlaskaexceeded320,000tonnes,withanex-vesselvalueofover$US260million.Catcheshavenotalwaysbeensohealthy.Between1940and1959,overfishingledtocrashesinsalmonpopulationssoseverethatin1953Alaskawasdeclaredafederaldisasterarea.Withtheonsetofstatehood,however,theStateofAlaskatookovermanagementofitsownfisheries,guidedbyastateconstitutionwhichmandatesthatAlaska’snaturalresourcesbemanagedonasustainablebasis.Atthattime,statewideharveststotalledaround25millionsalmon.Overthenextfewdecadesaveragecatchessteadilyincreasedasaresultof ofsustainablemanagement,duringthe1990s,annualharvestswerewellinexcessof100million,andonseveraloccasionsover200millionSession12:MatchingsentenceMatchingsentenceendings:SkillpracticeEndless

1Theprimaryreasonforsuchincreasesiswhatisknownas'In-SeasonAbundance-BasedManagement'.Therearebiologiststhroughoutthestateconstandymonitoringadultfishastheyshowuptospawn.The nes,andtalktofishermen.salmonseasoninAlaskaisnotpre-set.Thefishermenknowtheapproximatetimeofyearwhentheywillbeallowedtofish,butonanygivenday,oneormorefieldbiologistsinaparticularareacanputahalttofishing.Evensportfishingcanbebroughttoahalt.ItisthismanagementmechanismthathasallowedAlaskasalmonstocks—and,accordingly,Alaskasalmonfisheries—toprosper,evenassalmonpopulationsintherestoftheUnitedStatesareincreasinglyconsideredthreatenedorevenendangered.In1999,theMarineStewardshipCouncil(MSQcommissionedareviewoftheAlaskasalmonfishery.TheCouncil,whichwasfoundedin1996,certifiesfisheriesthatmeethighenvironmentalstandards,enablingthemtousealabelthatrecognisestheirenvironmentalresponsibility.TheMSChasestablishedasetofcriteriabywhichcommercialfisheriescanbejudged.Recognisingthepotentialbenefitsofbeingidentifiedasenvironmentallyresponsible,fisheriesapproachtheCouncilrequestingtoundergothecertificationprocess.TheMSCthenappointsacertificationcommittee,composedofapaneloffisheriesexperts,whichgathersinformationandopinionsfromfishermen, ernmentofficials,industry ernmentalorganisationsandSession12:MatchingsentenceMatchingsentenceendings:SkillpracticeEndless

1SomeobserversthoughttheAlaskasalmonfisherieswouldnothaveanychanceofcertificationwhen,inthemonthsleadinguptoMSC’sfinaldecision,salmonrunsthroughoutwesternAlaskacomple ycollapsed.IntheYukonandKuskokwimrivers,chinookandchumrunswereprobablythepoorestsincestatehood;subsistencecommunitiesthroughouttheregion,whonormallyhavepriorityovercommercialfishing,wereThecrisiswas yunexpected,butresearchersbelieveithadnothingtodowithimpactsofRather,theycontend,itwasalmostcertainlytheresultofclimaticshifts,promptedinpartbycumulativeeffectsoftheelni?o/laninaphenomenononPacificOceantemperatures,culminatinginaharshwinterinwhichhugenumbersofsalmoneggswerefrozen.Itcouldhavemeanttheendasfarasthecertificationprocesswasconcerned.However,thestatereactedquickly,closingdownallfisheries,eventhosenecessaryforsubsistencepurposes.

ygrantedpermissionto

ytheMSClogoonproducts.Certificationisforaninitialperiodoffiveyears,withanannualreviewtoensurethatthefisheryiscontinuingtomeettherequiredstandards.Session12:MatchingsentenceMatchingsentenceendings:Skillpractice

1n–3UsethetrackingandmainideatoIdentifyintheMatchthewithcorrectSession12:MatchingsentenceMatchingsentenceendings:Skillpractice

1Cambridge9,Test2,PassageQuestions38-CompleteeachsentencewiththecorrectendingA-E

TheconceptofthesocialbrainisusefultoiconoclastsbecauseIconoclastsaregenerallyanassetbecausetheirwayofTest

requiresbothperceptualandsocial

ligenceYoumustusemainPayattentiontologicalconnectioninanswer

focusesonhowgroupsdecideonan worksinmanyfields, icandDleavesoneopentocriticismand involvesunderstandinghoworganizationsmanage Session12:MatchingsentenceMatchingsentenceendings:SkillpracticeAneuroscientistrevealshowtothink

1Inthelastdecadearevolutionhasoccurredinthewaythatscientiststhinkaboutthebrain.Wenowknowthatthedecisionshumansmakecanbetracedtothefiringpatternsofneuronsinspecificpartsofthebrain.Thesediscoverieshaveledtothefieldknownasneuroeconomics,whichstudiesthebrain’ssecretstosuccessinaneconomicenvironmentthatdemandsinnovationandbeingabletodothingsdifferentlyfromcompetitors.Abrainthatcandothisisaniconoclasticone.Briefly,aniconoclastisacan’tbedone.

whodoessomethingthatothers ligence.Eachoftheseinanoriginal,evenrevolutionary,wayismoreamatter alitythanbrainfunction.Butthefieldneuroeconomicswasbornoutoftherealizationthatthephysicalworkingsofthe celimitationsonwaywemakedecisions.Byunderstandingtheseconstraints,webegintounderstandwhysomepeoplemarchtoadifferentdrumbeat.Session12:MatchingsentenceMatchingsentenceendings:SkillpracticeAneuroscientistrevealshowtothink

1Thefirstthingtorealizeisthatthebrainsuffersfromlimitedresources.Ithasafixedenergybudget,aboutthesameasa40wattlightbulb,soithasevolvedtoworkasefficientlyaspossible.Thisiswheremostpeopleareimpededfrombeinganiconoclast.Forexample,whenconfrontedwithinformationstreamingfromtheeyes,thebrainwillinterpretthisinformationinthequickestwaypossible.Thusitwilldrawonbothpastexperienceandanyothersourceofinformation,suchaswhatotherpeoplesay,tomakesenseofwhatitisseeing.Thishappensallthetime.Thebraintakesshortcutsthatworksowellwearehardlyeverawareofthem.Wethinkourperceptionsoftheworldarereal,buttheyareonlybiologicalandelectricalrumblings.Perceptionisnotsimplyaproductofwhatyoureyesorearstransmittoyourbrain.Morethanthephysicalrealityofphotonsorsoundwaves,perceptionisaproductofthebrain.Perceptioniscentraltoiconoclasm.Iconoclastsseethingsdifferentlytootherpeople.Theirbrainsdonotfallefficiencypitfallsasmuchasthe ’sbrain.Iconoclasts,eitherbecausetheywerebornthatwayorlearning,havefoundwaystoworkaroundtheperceptualshortcuts mostpeople.Perceptionissomethingthatishardwiredintothebrain.Itisalearnedprocess,whichisbothacurseandanopportunityforchange.Thebrainfacesthefundamentalproblemofinterpretingphysicalstimulifromthesenses.Everythingthebrainsees,hears,ortoucheshasmultipleinterpretations.Theonethatis ychosenissimplythebrain’sbesttheory.technicalterms,theseconjectureshavetheirbasisinthestatisticallikelihoodofoneinterpretationoveranotherandareheavilyinfluencedbypastexperienceand,impo