普通微生物學(xué)演示文稿

普通微生物學(xué)演示文稿當(dāng)前第1頁\共有47頁\編于星期四\18點(diǎn)ScheduleofMicrobiologyAcademicunit：2credithours/week×17weeksPracticalunit：3credithours/twoweeks(oddweek)×6weeks

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Medicalbuilding1206

references：《微生物學(xué)》，沈萍主編，高等教育出版社?Microbiology?fifthedition,Prescott,Harley,KleinWebsite:當(dāng)前第2頁\共有47頁\編于星期四\18點(diǎn)ChapterⅠ:IntroductiontoMicrobiology當(dāng)前第3頁\共有47頁\編于星期四\18點(diǎn)1.microorganismsandMicrobiologyMicroorganisms(微生物)arenotequaltogerms(病菌).WhatisMicroorganism?Microorganisms——verytinylifeforms,mostofthemcannotbeseenwithoutmagnificationMicrobiology(微生物學(xué))——thesciencedealswithmicroorganismsBasicaspectAppliedaspect當(dāng)前第4頁\共有47頁\編于星期四\18點(diǎn)Including:Bacteria(細(xì)菌),Fungi(真菌),Algae(藻類),Protozoa(原生動(dòng)物)andViruses(病毒)Micrometer(m,微米)isalwaysusedtodescribethesizeofmicroorganisms.Microscope(顯微鏡)isalwaysusedtoobserveindividualmicroorganism.當(dāng)前第5頁\共有47頁\編于星期四\18點(diǎn)ThediscoveryofmicroorganismsDiseases-----invisiblelivingcreaturesTheconflictoverspontaneousgeneration(自然發(fā)生學(xué)說）---livingorganismscoulddevelopfromnonlivingmatterItalianphysicianFrancescoRedimeat---maggors？？3containersfinegauze：flieslayeggsonthegauzeuncovered:layeggsonthemeatpaper

當(dāng)前第6頁\共有47頁\編于星期四\18點(diǎn)ThescientificmethodProblemDevelophypothesisSelectinformationneededtotesthypothesisCollectinformationbyobservationorexperimentAnalyzeinformationfalsificationHypothesissupportedHypothesisrejectedConstructnewhypothesisExposetomoretestsEventualfalsificationDevelopnewhypothesisincorporatingstrongpointsofoldhypothesisControlgroup當(dāng)前第7頁\共有47頁\編于星期四\18點(diǎn)2.ImportanceofMicroorganismstoHumankindTheTotalofbacteriainsoil:10034×1012ton；onthesurfaceofmoney：9million；humanskin：100thousand/cm2；mouth：>500kinds；intestines：total1015

當(dāng)前第8頁\共有47頁\編于星期四\18點(diǎn)1）benefits

ofMicroorganismsManymicroorganismsbenefithumans,producingfoodsweeat,removingwastesweproduce,andmakingantibiotics(抗生素)andvaccines(疫苗)foruseinmedicine.Microorganismsareessentialformaintainingthebalanceofnatureandsustaininglifeonearth.Whichotherbenefitsdomicroorganismshave?當(dāng)前第9頁\共有47頁\編于星期四\18點(diǎn)Wineproduction當(dāng)前第10頁\共有47頁\編于星期四\18點(diǎn)Wineandbeerproduction當(dāng)前第11頁\共有47頁\編于星期四\18點(diǎn)Beerfermentation當(dāng)前第12頁\共有47頁\編于星期四\18點(diǎn)Mushroomculture當(dāng)前第13頁\共有47頁\編于星期四\18點(diǎn)Wastewatertreatmentwithmicroorganism當(dāng)前第14頁\共有47頁\編于星期四\18點(diǎn)Methaneproduction當(dāng)前第15頁\共有47頁\編于星期四\18點(diǎn)2）MicroorganismsandDiseaseThereducedimpactonhumankindofdiseasescausedbymicroorganismsisdueinparttoadvancesinourscientificknowledgeofmicroorganismsandtheirinteractionswithhuman.——Vaccines(疫苗)andAntibiotics(抗生素)ThebattlebetweenhumansandmicroorganismswillcontinueEnemiesorfriends?當(dāng)前第16頁\共有47頁\編于星期四\18點(diǎn)Mortalityduetodifferentdiseasesin1900and1990’s當(dāng)前第17頁\共有47頁\編于星期四\18點(diǎn)Chickenpox(水痘)當(dāng)前第18頁\共有47頁\編于星期四\18點(diǎn)Measles(麻疹)當(dāng)前第19頁\共有47頁\編于星期四\18點(diǎn)Smallpox(天花)當(dāng)前第20頁\共有47頁\編于星期四\18點(diǎn)Colorizedmicrographofthehumanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV),thatcauseAIDS,onthesurfaceofacell當(dāng)前第21頁\共有47頁\編于星期四\18點(diǎn)Coronavirus(冠狀病毒)thatcauseSARS當(dāng)前第22頁\共有47頁\編于星期四\18點(diǎn)Avianinfluenzavirus(禽流感病毒)當(dāng)前第23頁\共有47頁\編于星期四\18點(diǎn)Streptococcussuis(豬鏈球菌)thatcancausedeathonbothpigsandhumanbeings當(dāng)前第24頁\共有47頁\編于星期四\18點(diǎn)DistributionofHIV/AIDSpatients當(dāng)前第25頁\共有47頁\編于星期四\18點(diǎn)Spoilageofdairy當(dāng)前第26頁\共有47頁\編于星期四\18點(diǎn)Spoilageoffood當(dāng)前第27頁\共有47頁\編于星期四\18點(diǎn)3.HistoricalPerspective

stageⅠ:DiscoveryofMicroorganismsLeeuwenhoek(列文虎克；呂文虎克)ofHollandinventedthefirstmicroscopeandmadethefirstrecordedobservationofbacteriain1670.當(dāng)前第28頁\共有47頁\編于星期四\18點(diǎn)Leeuwenhoek’smicroscopesandhissketchesofbacteria當(dāng)前第29頁\共有47頁\編于星期四\18點(diǎn)LouisPasteur&RobertKoch

a.Pasteur

LouisPasteur（1822～1895）stageⅡ:experimentalstage當(dāng)前第30頁\共有47頁\編于星期四\18點(diǎn)Spontaneousgenerationofmicroorganisms???當(dāng)前第31頁\共有47頁\編于星期四\18點(diǎn)b.KochRobertKoch（1843～1910）當(dāng)前第32頁\共有47頁\編于星期四\18點(diǎn)

discoveryofantibiotics：1929Fleming:discoveryofpenicillin1940Florey:purificationofpenicillinImmunologicalstudiesPasteur-----chickencholera（霍亂）stageⅢ:development當(dāng)前第33頁\共有47頁\編于星期四\18點(diǎn)MainBranchesofMicrobiologystageⅣ:modernmicrobiology當(dāng)前第34頁\共有47頁\編于星期四\18點(diǎn)4.classificationsandcharacteristics1）classificationsmicroorganismAcellular:virusProkaryotic：Eubacteria(真細(xì)菌）Archaebacteria（古細(xì)菌）Cellular:Eukaryotic：Fungi（真菌）Algae（藻類）Protozoa（原生動(dòng)物）當(dāng)前第35頁\共有47頁\編于星期四\18點(diǎn)當(dāng)前第36頁\共有47頁\編于星期四\18點(diǎn)2）Characteristicssimplestructure,tinysize：measureunit：μmornmaveragelengthofrod：2μm；1500rodbacteria=thelengthofasesametheratioofsurfaceareatovolume(SA/V)ofmicroorganismislargerthanotherorganism.acellular（virus）；unicellular；multicellular當(dāng)前第37頁\共有47頁\編于星期四\18點(diǎn)strongdigestionandtransformation

variouswaystoacquirenutrition

thesourceofthenutritiontomicoorganisms:cellulose,lignose,keratin,oil,methanol,methane,plastic,manyorganiccompounds

當(dāng)前第38頁\共有47頁\編于星期四\18點(diǎn)quicklyreproduce，easilyculture

EachE.Coli:10–12grams，20minutes/generationafter24hours：4.7×1022cells，theweightis4722tonsafter48hours：2.2×1043cells，theweightis2.2×1025tons=4000timesoftheweightoftheGlobe！Manymicroorganismscanbeeasilyculturedinlabs！當(dāng)前第39頁\共有47頁\編于星期四\18點(diǎn)strongresistbadenvironments,highmutationExtremeenvironment：hightemperature,lowT,highpressureHighmutationtosurvive:突變率：10-5

Lotmutationsinshorttime當(dāng)前第40頁\共有47頁\編于星期四\18點(diǎn)ProductionofPenicillin：20U/ml（1943）10000U/mlDosageofPenicillin：最高：105U/day（40s）數(shù)百萬-千萬單位/次當(dāng)前第41頁\共有47頁\編于星期四\18點(diǎn)broaddistribution

Soil,water,air,onthesurfaceofanimalsandplantsandsoon10~20×104specieshavebeenconfirmed,onlyoccupy1%ofthetotalVariousmetabolicproducts；diversityofphysiology(生理）；