新編英美概況 許魯之(第四版)Unit1-7課后習(xí)題簡(jiǎn)答題答案word版本

Unit1GeographicalFeaturesandNaturalResources

1.HowmanystatesarethereintheUnitedStates?Andwhichtwostatesaregeographicallyseparatedfrom

theothers?(50,Alaska,Hawaii)

2.WhatarethegeneralcharactersoftheRockyMountainsandtheAppalachianMountains.

1)TothewestofAtlanticcoastalplainlietheAppalachianMountainsthatbegininCanadaandreachallthe

waytoGeorgiaandAlabama.Theseareoldmountainswithroundedtopsandwoodedhills,usuallynot

exceeding800minheight.Thehighestpointisonly2000mabovethesea.Mostofthemountainridgesare

lowenoughtobeeasilycrossedbymodernhighways.TheAppalachianshavemuchbeautifulsceneryand

manytouristresorts.TheOhioandtheTennesseeRiversflowdownthewesternslopesoftheAppalachians

tothegreatMississippiRiver,deepintheheartofAmerica.

2)TothewestoftheGreatPlainslietheRockyMountains,“thebackboneofthecontinent”.Thesehigh

mountainsstretchallthewayfromMexicototheArcticandformwhatisknownasContinentalDivide,or

GreatDivide,themostimportantwatershedonthecontinent.TheRockiesaremorethantwiceashighas

theAppalachiansandhighenoughtoreceivemorerainthanthesurroundingplainsandplateaus.

Consequently,theyaremostlyforested.ThestrikingandvariedsceneryoftheRockieshasgivenrisetothe

establishmentofmanynationalparkshere.Theothernaturalwondersincluderoamingherdsofbuffalo,elk,

deer,antelopeandsheep,aswellasthefamousgrizzlybear.

ItmeansthattheUSiscomposedofimmigrantsfromdifferentnationsallovertheworld.

①ThepeopleoftheUSarepredominantlywhite.

②ThesecondmostnumerousminorityintheUSweretheblackpeoplewhoseforefatherscamefrom

Africa.

③AmericanIndiansweretheoriginalinhabitantsonthecontinent.

④Therewereabout50.5millionHispanicsin2010intheUS.TheyaretheSpanish-speakingimmigrants

fromLatinAmericancountries.

⑤TheChineseAmericanhaveprovedtobeindustriousandintelligent.

2.WhatfactorscausetheAmericanstomovefrequentlywithintheUnitedStates?

①Thedesireforeconomicbettermentisgenerallythemostimportantforceinducingmigration.

②Geographicdifferenceineconomicopportunity,asreflectedbysuchfactorsasdifferencesin

employmentopportunitiesandearningpowerforworkersanddifferencesintheavailabilityandthe

priceoflandforfarmers.

③Noneconomicfactors.Suchasclimate,racialattitudes,andfamilytires,influencingmigration.

3.WhydomanyAmericansnowmigratefromcitiestosuburbs?

①Thewidespreadusesofautomobilesandtheconstructionofexpresshighwaysmadeitpossiblefor

peopletolivefartherawayfromtheirjobs.

②Thetelephonereducedtheneedforthemtoworkorliveincloseproximitytooneanother.

③Suburbanareasofferedmorelivingspacethancities,lowercrimerates,lesspollution,andsuperior

schools.Itisgenerallybelievedthattheyarebetterplaceforraisingchildren.

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2.WhydidthediscoveriesofNewWorldbeforeColumbusnotexertgreatinfluenceintheworldatthat

time?

BecauseEuropewasthenpoorandpoliticallyfragmented,Itwasbesetbylocalwarsandcivildisorderand

largelyilliterate.Inshort,EuropewasthenincapableofrespondingtotheNorsediscoveries.

3.WhydidsomanyEnglishpeoplemovetotheNewWorldinthe17thcentury?

numbersrealizedthatthe

NewWorldwastheirbestplacetomaketheirfortunes,andtoworshipandliveaccordingtotheirbeliefs.

3)SomeofthemmightmovetoAmericatoleaveoppressivepoliticalinstitutions,toescapeburdensome

churchduties,toacquirelargelandholdingsormerelytochangetheirgeneralpatternofliving.Ofcourse,

materialgainwasacommonfactor.

②ThebasewasmadeupofrefugeesfromEurope,blackslavesfromAfrica.AndnativeIndians.

5.WhydidnottheAmericanIndiansbecomeslavesduringthecolonialdays?

AsforIndians,theycouldnotputupwithslavery.IfanIndianwasenslaved,hisfellowtribemembers

wouldfighttofreehim.Sothecolonialistssoongaveuptheattempttousethemasslavelabor.Instead

theyseizedthelandoftheIndiansanddrovethemawayorkilledthem.

AclashbetweenAmericancoloniesandBritishsoldierstookplaceinBoston.

①AgroupofunemployedlaborerattackedaBritishsentrystationedattheBostoncustomhouse.

②WhentheBritishsoldiersdispatchedtohelpthesentryarrived,theymetarapidlygrowing,angrycrowd.

③Someonegavethecommandforthesoldierstofire.

④Threecolonieswerekilledandseveralwerewounded,twoofwhomlaterdied.

3.HowdidthecoloniesreacttotheTownshendAct?

Thecolonies,however,stillrejectedtheideathattheParliamentinBritainhadtherighttotaxthem

withoutconsentandreactedtothesenewdutiesbyrefusingtoimportanyofthetaxedgoods.

5.WhatwastheimportanceofthevictoryatSaratoga?

ThevictoryandSaratogawasaturningpointofthewar.ItfurtherheightenedthespiritoftheAmericans,

butmoreimportantlyitcausedactionabroad.ItwasafterthisbattlethattheFrenchagreedtojointhe

waragainstBritain.LaterSpainandHollandjoinedFrancewhilemostoftheotherEuropeanpowers

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Aconfederationisagovernmentinwhichtheconstituentgovernments,calledstatesintheUS,createa

centralgovernmentbyconstitutionalcompactbutdonotgiveitpowertoregulatetheconductof

individuals.

2.ComparethepowersofthegovernmentsundertheArticlesofConfederationandtheConstitution.

3.Whatdoesthe“checkandbalance”mean?

Itmeansthateachbranchofgovernment-executive,legislative,orjudicial-mustexercisedistinctpowers

andbeselectedinadistinctway,andthateachbranchmustbeableto“checkandbalance”theothersif

onebranchgrewtoopowerfulandsoughttodominatetheothers.

Itguaranteedfreedomofspeech,religion,peacefulassembly,andthepress;therighttobeararms;

freedomfromunreasonablesearch;andtherighttotheprotectionofcertainlegalproceduresknownas

thedueprocessoflaw.

5.WhatwerethechiefcausesoftheWarof1812?

①TheBritishwerenotreconciledtothelossoftheirthirteencolonies.UsingCanadaasthebase,they

alwayschallengedtobattlewiththeyoungRepublic.

②Thisangerreachesitspeakin1807whenoneBritishwarshipattachedandboardedinAmericanship,

killingandwounding21menandimpressingfoursailors.

③JeffersonpersuadedCongresstopassanEmbargoAct,whichforbadeallships,exceptforeignones

withoutcharge,toleaveAmericanports.

Theessencewas”AmericaforAmericans”,whichlaterbecameacornerstoneoftheUSforeignpolicy.As

theNewworlddevelopedintheyearsaheadthisDoctrinebecamemoremeaningfulandwasstrengthened

byabroaderinterpretationtomeettheneedsofanenergeticandambitiousUnitedStates.

2.WhatwerethebasiccausesoftheCivilWar?

Twodifferentsocial-economicsystemsexistedsidebysideintheUnitedStates.

IntheSouthslaverywasthefoundationoftheeconomicsystemwhileintheNorthindustryandcommerce

werethemaincharacterofitseconomy.TheswiftlygrowingindustriesintheNorthrequiredtherestriction

ofslaveryaswellasanexpandingterritoryinordertoprovidecapitalistproductionwithrawmaterials,

marketsandabundantlaborsupply.

TheslaveeconomyintheSouthwasanobstacletoindustrialgrowthandexpansion.Thiseconomic

antagonismledtoincreasedconflictsbetweentheNorthandtheSouth.

Thisdoctrinemeansthattheinhabitantsofthenewterritoriescandecidethequestionofslaveryfor

themselves.Inappearance,itseemedfair,butinactualpractice,asfarasslaverywasconcerned,the

doctrinedidnotwork.

TheoutcomeofthewarplacedthenortherncapitalistsinsolidcontrolofthefederalgovernmentoftheUS

capitalism.In1865,theThirteenthAmendmenttotheUSConstitutionwasadopted,whichfreedallslaves

throughouttheUnitedStates.

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Chapter7ReconstructionandtheBirthofUSImperialism

Theplanprovidedthatassoonas10percentofvotersinanystatehadtakentheoathofloyalty,theycould

formtheirowngovernmentandwouldbeentitledtotherecognitionoftheir