南京大學(xué)2015年博士入學(xué)英語(yǔ)考試真題與答案解析

南京大學(xué)·2015年·博士入學(xué)英語(yǔ)考試真題與答案解析————————————————————————————————————————題型有：1.StructureandVocabulary2.Cloze3.ReadingComprehension4.English-ChineseTranslation5.Chinese-EnglishTranslationStructureandVocabulary1．Shoesofthiskindare______tosliponwetground.A．feasibleB．a(chǎn)pproprateC．a(chǎn)ptD．fitting正確答案：C解析：近義詞辨析。feasible“可行的”；appropriate“適當(dāng)?shù)?，恰?dāng)?shù)摹?；apt“恰當(dāng)?shù)模小瓋A向的”；fitting“適合的，適宜的”。根據(jù)語(yǔ)義“這樣的鞋子在濕地上很容易打滑?！笨芍?，C選項(xiàng)意為“有……傾向的”，符合句意，因此本題選C。2．Iboughtanalarmclockwitha(n)______dialwhichcanbeseenclearlyinthedark.A．supersonicB．luminousC．a(chǎn)udibleD．a(chǎn)mplified正確答案：B解析：形容詞詞義辨析。supersonic“超音速的，超聲波的”；luminous“發(fā)光的，明亮的”；audible“聽得見的”；amplified“放大的，擴(kuò)充的”。根據(jù)空格后部分“在黑夜里也可以看得很清楚”可以判斷空格處應(yīng)填入與光亮相關(guān)的詞，故答案為B。3．Herjewelry______underthespotlightsandshebecamethedominantfigureattheball.A．glaredB．glitteredC．blazedD．glowed正確答案：B解析：近義詞辨析。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都有“發(fā)光”的意思，但glare強(qiáng)調(diào)發(fā)炫光，發(fā)耀眼的強(qiáng)光，通常指光亮平滑的表面發(fā)出的光；glitter指閃閃地發(fā)光，發(fā)光點(diǎn)較小；blaze指猛烈燃燒所發(fā)出強(qiáng)烈的光；glow多指像冶煉鐵和鋼時(shí)發(fā)出的紅光。句中提及珠寶發(fā)出的光亮，只有g(shù)litter符合題意。故答案為B。4．Putondarkglassesorthesunwill______youandyouwon’tbeabletosee.A．discernB．distortC．distractD．dazzle正確答案：D解析：形近詞詞義辨析。discern“辨別，看清楚”；distort“扭曲，曲解”；distract“轉(zhuǎn)移，分心”；dazzle“使……目眩，使……眼花”。句意為：戴上墨鏡，否則太陽(yáng)光會(huì)耀眼，讓你什么也看不見，只有D選項(xiàng)符合題意。故答案為D。5．Inspiteofthe______economicforecasts,manufacturingoutputhasrisenslightly.A．gloomyB．miserableC．shadowyD．obscure正確答案：A解析：近義詞辨析。句中后半部分提及制造業(yè)的產(chǎn)量略有上漲。從句inspiteof表示轉(zhuǎn)折，由此可知，空格處所填的單詞應(yīng)為“蕭條，不景氣”的意思。選項(xiàng)中只有g(shù)loomy“慘淡”符合句意。miserable“悲慘的，痛苦的”；shadowy“模糊的”；obscure“晦澀的，不清楚的”。因此答案選A。6．Thefuelofthecontinentalmissileissupposedtobe______bythisdevice.A．ignitedB．lightedC．firedD．inspired正確答案：A解析：近義詞辨析。根據(jù)句意判斷空格處所填內(nèi)容應(yīng)為引燃洲際導(dǎo)彈的動(dòng)詞，選項(xiàng)ignite，light，fire均有“點(diǎn)燃，著火”之意。ignite多用于科技文，指用火花使易燃物迅速燃燒起來；light指點(diǎn)燃易燃物，使其發(fā)光；fire指將某物點(diǎn)燃，使其燃燒起來；而inspire則強(qiáng)調(diào)靈感的點(diǎn)燃，根據(jù)句意可知ignite為最佳選項(xiàng)。故答案為A。7．Oftensuchargumentshavetheeffectof______ratherthanclarifyingtheissuesinvolved.A．obscuringB．prejudicingC．tacklingD．blocking正確答案：A解析：近義詞辨析。根據(jù)ratherthan判斷空格處所填單詞應(yīng)與clarify(闡明)意義相反。選項(xiàng)中符合語(yǔ)義和語(yǔ)境的只有obscure，意為“使……含糊”。prejudice“使……有偏見”；tackle“阻礙”；block“阻塞”，均與題意不符。故答案為A。8．His______directionsconfusedus;wedidnotknowwhichofthetworoadstotake.A．a(chǎn)mbiguousB．complicatedC．a(chǎn)rbitraryD．intricate正確答案：A解析：形容詞詞義辨析。ambiguous“模糊不清的”；complicated“復(fù)雜的”；arbitrary“任意的，武斷的，專制的”；intricate“復(fù)雜的，錯(cuò)綜的”。分析句意可知，只有ambiguous符合題意，故答案為A。9．Thelawondrinkinganddrivingis______stated.A．extravagantlyB．empiricallyC．exceptionallyD．explicitly正確答案：D解析：形近詞詞義辨析。extravagantly“揮霍無度地”；empirically“以經(jīng)驗(yàn)為主地”；exceptionally“特殊地，例外地”；explicitly“明確地，明白地”。句意：法律對(duì)駕駛和飲酒有明確的規(guī)定。故答案為D。10．Weshallprobablyneverbeableto______theexactnatureofthesesub-atomicparticles.A．a(chǎn)ssertB．impartC．a(chǎn)scertainD．notify正確答案：C解析：動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。句意為：我們可能永遠(yuǎn)都不可能確定這種亞原子粒子的真正本質(zhì)。assert“維護(hù)，主張”；impart“給予，傳授”；ascertain“確定，查明”；notify“通知，公布”。因此，C選項(xiàng)符合題意。11．Asa______actor,hecanperform,sing,danceandplayseveralkindsofmusicalinstruments.A．flexibleB．versatileC．sophisticatedD．productive正確答案：B解析：形容詞詞義辨析。句意為：他是個(gè)多才多藝的演員，他會(huì)演戲，唱歌，跳舞，還會(huì)彈奏幾種樂器。flexible“靈活的，柔韌的”；versatile“多才多藝的”；sophisticated“世故的”；productive“高產(chǎn)的”。故答案為B。12．Mr.Smithbecamevery______whenitwassuggestedthathehadmadeamistake.A．ingeniousB．empiricalC．objectiveD．indignant正確答案：D解析：形容詞詞義辨析。ingenious“有獨(dú)創(chuàng)性的，機(jī)靈的”；empirical“經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義的”；objective“客觀的”；indignant，根據(jù)句意只有indignant“憤憤不平的”符合語(yǔ)境，故答案為D。13．Pleasedonotbe______byhisoffensiveremarkssinceheismerelytryingtoattractattention.A．distractedB．disregardedC．irritatedD．intervened正確答案：A解析：動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。根據(jù)句意可知，空格處所填單詞應(yīng)與attract意義相反。選項(xiàng)中只有distract“轉(zhuǎn)移，分心”符合句意。disintegrate“使分解，使瓦解”；irritate“激怒”；intervene“干涉”，均不符合句意。故答案為A。14．Grainproductionintheworldis______,butstillmillionsgohungry.A．staggeringB．shrinkingC．soaringD．suspending正確答案：C解析：動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。根據(jù)句中but之后內(nèi)容“成百萬的人仍在忍受饑餓”推知，空格處的單詞應(yīng)表達(dá)糧食產(chǎn)量上漲。選項(xiàng)soar“高漲”符合句意。stagger“蹣跚，使交錯(cuò)”；shrink“收縮”；suspend“延緩，推遲”，均不符合題意。故答案為C。15．Competition,theybelieve,______thenationalcharacterthancorruptit.A．enforcesB．confirmsC．intensifiesD．strengthens正確答案：D解析：近義詞辨析。根據(jù)句意判斷，空格處應(yīng)填入“加強(qiáng)，增強(qiáng)”的同義詞。strengthen和intensify都有此意。strengthen強(qiáng)調(diào)力量的增強(qiáng)，鞏固關(guān)系，相當(dāng)于tobecomeensify常指使變得更強(qiáng)烈、劇烈，加劇，相當(dāng)于tobecomemoreintenseorintensive。句中指的是加強(qiáng)民族性，strength更符合句意。enforce“強(qiáng)迫，強(qiáng)制”，confirm“確定”，與句意不符。故答案為D。16．Therepublicationofthepoet’smostrecentworkswillcertainly______hisnationalreputation.A．magnifyB．strengthenC．enlargeD．enhance正確答案：D解析：近義詞辨析。根據(jù)句意可知，答案在選項(xiàng)B和選項(xiàng)D中選擇。enhance多指“價(jià)值、品質(zhì)、吸引力”等的增強(qiáng)，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是價(jià)值內(nèi)在的提高。句中指聲譽(yù)的提高，可知答案D符合語(yǔ)境。17．Themusicarousedan______feelingofhomesicknessinhim.A．intentionalB．intermittentC．intenseD．intrinsic正確答案：C解析：形近詞詞義辨析。四個(gè)單詞均有int一詞綴，但意義不一樣。intentional“故意的”；intermittent“間歇的，斷斷續(xù)續(xù)的”；intense“強(qiáng)烈的”；intrinsic“本質(zhì)的，固有的”。根據(jù)句意可知答案為C，意為“強(qiáng)烈的思鄉(xiāng)之情”。18．Themedicine______hispainbutdidnotcurehisillness.A．a(chǎn)ctivatedB．a(chǎn)lleviatedC．mediatedD．deteriorated正確答案：B解析：動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。根據(jù)句意可知，空格處單詞應(yīng)為“減輕”之意。選項(xiàng)中只有alleviate“減輕，緩和”符合語(yǔ)境。activate“刺激，激活”；mediate“調(diào)?！?；deteriorate“惡化”，均不符合題意。故答案為B。19．Theworkintheofficewas______byaconstantstreamofvisitors.A．confusedB．hamperedC．reversedD．perplexed正確答案：B解析：動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。句意為：辦公室的工作因?yàn)椴粩嗟膩碓L者受到阻礙。confuse“使混亂，使困惑”；hamper“妨礙，束縛”；reverse“顛倒，倒轉(zhuǎn)”；perplex“使……困惑，使……為難”。根據(jù)句意，只有B選項(xiàng)符合語(yǔ)境。故答案為B。20．Avisitortoamuseumtodaywouldnotice______changesinthewaymuseumsareoperated.A．cognitiveB．rigorousC．conspicuousD．exclusive正確答案：C解析：形容詞詞義辨析。句意為：今天到博物館的參觀者將會(huì)注意到博物館運(yùn)營(yíng)模式發(fā)生了顯著變化。cognitive“認(rèn)知的”；rigorous“嚴(yán)格的，嚴(yán)厲的”；conspicuous“顯著的”；exclusive“唯一的，獨(dú)有的”。根據(jù)句意可知答案為C。ClozeAdealofattentionisbeingpaidtodaytotheso-calleddigitaldivide—thedivisionoftheworldintotheinfo(information)richandtheinfopoor.Andthat【C1】______doesexisttoday.MywifeandIlecturedaboutthisloomingdangertwentyyearsago.Whatwaslessinvisiblethen,however,werethenew,positive【C2】______thatworkagainstthedigitaldivide.Actually,therearereasonstobe【C3】______.Therearetechnologicalreasonstohopethedigitaldividewillnarrow.AstheInternetbecomesmoreandmore【C4】______,itisintheinterestofbusinesstouniversalizeaccess—afterall,themorepeopleonline,themorepotential【C5】______thereare.Moreandmoreenterprises,afraidtheircountrieswillbeleft【C6】______,wanttospreadinternetaccess.Withinthenextdecadeortwo,onetotwobillionpeopleontheplanetwillbenettedtogether.Asaresult,Inowbelievethedigitaldividewillnarrowratherthanwidenintheyearsahead.AndthatisverygoodnewsbecausetheInternetmaywellbethemostpowerfultoolfor【C7】______worldpovertythatwe’veeverhad.Ofcourse,theuseoftheInternetisn’ttheonlywaytodefeatpoverty.AndtheInternetisnottheonlytoolwehave,Butithasbigpotential.To【C8】______advantageofthistool,somepoorcountrieswillhavetogetovertheiroutdatedanti-colonialprejudices【C9】______respecttoforeigninvestment.Countriesthatstillthinkforeigninvestmentisaninvasionoftheirsovereigntymightwellstudythehistoryof【C10】______(thebasicstructuralfoundationsofasociety)intheUnitedStates.WhentheUnitedStatesbuiltitsindustrialinfrastructure,itdidn’thavethecapitaltodoso.AndthatiswhyAmerica’sSecondWaveinfrastructure—concerningroads,harbors,highways,portsandsoon—werebuiltwithforeigninvestment.21．【C1】A．divideB．informationC．worldD．lecture正確答案：A解析：上下文語(yǔ)義。從指示代詞that可知此處所填單詞應(yīng)為前面出現(xiàn)的名詞中心詞，而so-calleddigitaldivide中的divide為中心詞，故選項(xiàng)A正確。22．【C2】A．forcesB．obstaclesC．eventsD．surprises正確答案：A解析：上下文語(yǔ)義。從修飾語(yǔ)positive推斷空格處所填單詞應(yīng)是積極意義的名詞，選項(xiàng)B與D可排除，而從語(yǔ)境可知force比events更為合適。故答案為A。23．【C3】A．negativeB．optimisticC．pleasantD．disappointed正確答案：B解析：上下文語(yǔ)義。前文提及有對(duì)抗數(shù)字化鴻溝的積極力量，第二段首句提及技術(shù)因素有望縮小數(shù)字化鴻溝。故可知答案應(yīng)為選項(xiàng)B。24．【C4】A．developedB．centralizedC．realizedD．commercialized正確答案：D解析：上下文語(yǔ)義。從下文中的theinterestofbusiness可知空格處應(yīng)填入“商業(yè)化”之意，故答案為D。25．【C5】A．usersB．producersC．customersD．citizens正確答案：C解析：上下文語(yǔ)義。上文中在討論business，commercialize，空格處應(yīng)為與商業(yè)貿(mào)易有關(guān)的詞匯，由此可知customer符合語(yǔ)境。故答案為C。26．【C6】A．a(chǎn)wayB．forC．a(chǎn)sideD．behind正確答案：D解析：固定搭配。此處的語(yǔ)境應(yīng)為企業(yè)擔(dān)心自己的國(guó)家會(huì)落后，leavebehind為固定搭配。故答案為D。27．【C7】A．containingB．preventingC．keepingD．combating正確答案：D解析：動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。選項(xiàng)Combat做及物動(dòng)詞有“戰(zhàn)斗，與……做斗爭(zhēng)”之意，符合語(yǔ)境。故答案為D。28．【C8】A．bringB．keepC．holdD．take正確答案：D解析：固定搭配。takeadvantageof意為“利用”。故答案為D。29．【C9】A．a(chǎn)tB．withC．ofD．for正確答案：B解析：固定搭配。withrespectto意為“關(guān)于，至于”。故答案為B。30．【C10】A．constructionB．facilityC．infrastructureD．institution正確答案：C解析：詞匯釋義。從空格后括號(hào)內(nèi)的注釋可知空格處的單詞意為“社會(huì)基本建筑基礎(chǔ)”。故答案為C。ReadingComprehensionDoyouthinkthatallhumanbeingshavea“comfortzone”regulatingthedistancetheystandfromsomeonewhentheytalk?Thisdistancevariesininterestingwaysamongpeopleofdifferentcultures.Greeks,othersoftheEasternMediterranean,andmanyofthosefromSouthAmericanormallystandquiteclosetogetherwhentheytalk,oftenmovingtheirfacesevencloserastheywarmupinaconversation.NorthAmericansfindthisawkwardandoftenbackawayafewinches.Studieshavefoundthattheytendtofeelmostcomfortableatabout21inchesapart.InmuchofAsiaandAfrica.thereisevenmorespacebetweentwospeakersinconversation.Thisgreaterspacesubtlylendsanairofdignityandrespect.Thismaterofspaceisnearlyalwaysunconscious,butitisinterestingtoobserve.Thisdifferenceappliesalsototheclosenesswithwhichpeoplesittogether,theextenttowhichtheyleanoveroneanotherinconversation,howtheymoveastheyargueormakeanemphaticpoint.IntheUnitedStates,forexample,peopletrytokeeptheirbodiesaparteveninacrowdedelevator,inParistheytakeitasitcomes!AlthoughNorthAmericanshavearelativelywide“comfortzone”fortalking,theycommunicateagreatdealwiththeirhands—notonlywithgesturebutalsowithtouch.Theyputasympathetichandonaperson’sshouldertodemonstratewarmthoffeelingoranarmaroundhiminsympathy;theynudgeamanintheribstoemphasizeafunnystory;theyputanarminreassuranceorstrokeachild’sheadinaffection;theyreadilytakesomeone’sarmtohelphimcrossastreetordirecthimalonganunfamiliarroute.Tomanypeople—especiallythosefromAsiaortheMoslemcountries—suchbodilycontactisunwelcome,especiallyifinadvertentlydonewiththelefthand.ThelefthandcarriesnospecialsignificanceintheU.S.ManyAmericansaresimplyleft-handedandusethathandmore.31．Intermsofbodilydistance,NorthAmericans______.A．a(chǎn)resimilartoSouthAmericansB．standfarthestapartC．feelillateasewhentoocloseD．movenearerduringconversations正確答案：C解析：信息推斷題。文中第二段第二句中findthisawkward與B選項(xiàng)中feelillatease“不自在”意義相近。故答案為C。32．Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatinacrowdedelevator,aFrenchmen______.A．wouldbehaveinthesamewayasanAmericanwouldB．wouldmakenoparticularefforttodistancehimselfC．wouldbeafraidofbodilycontactD．woulddohisbesttoleave正確答案：B解析：信息推斷題。文中第三段末句提及在美國(guó)，人們?cè)趽頂D的電梯也要保持距離，而在巴黎，人們則會(huì)順其自然。由此可知，B選項(xiàng)中提及“法國(guó)人不會(huì)刻意去保持距離”與原文意義一致。故答案為B。33．AnAmericanputshishandonanotherman’sshoulder______.A．toshowapathyB．toshowpassionC．toshowfriendlinessD．todisguisehisfeeling正確答案：C解析：信息推段題。文中末段第二句提及美國(guó)人會(huì)把他們的手搭在別人的肩膀上以示安慰，表達(dá)溫暖之情。warmthoffeelings與選項(xiàng)C中的friendliness意義一致。故C選項(xiàng)符合語(yǔ)義。34．Thepassagemainlyconcerns______.A．distanceandcontactB．bodylanguageC．culturaldifferencesbetweentheEastandtheWestD．handsignals正確答案：C解析：主旨思想題。文章首段提及“舒適區(qū)域”以及不同文化的人對(duì)距離的理解不同。在隨后的段落里具體說明亞洲人和北美、南美人對(duì)于距離感的認(rèn)知區(qū)別，由此可知，本文主要討論東西方文化的差異。故答案為C。Untilmeninventedwaysofstayingunderwaterformorethanafewminutes,thewondersoftheworldbelowthesurfaceoftheseawerealmostunknown.Themainproblem,ofcourse,liesinair.Howcouldairbesuppliedtoswimmersbelowthesurfaceofthesea?Picturesmadeabout2,900yearsagoinAsiashowmenswimmingunderthesurfacewithairbagstiedtotheirbodies.Apipefromthebagcarriedairintotheswimmer’smourn.Butlittleprogresswasachievedintheinventionofdivingdevicesuntilabout1490,whenthefamousItalianpainter,LeonardodaVinci,designedacompletedivingsuit.In1680,anItalianprofessorinventedalargeairbagwithaglasswindowtobewornoverthediver’shead.To“clean”theairabreathingpipewentfromtheairbag,throughanotherbagtoremovemoisture,andthenagaintothelargeairbag.Theplandidnotwork,butitgavelaterinventorstheideaofmovingairaroundindivingdevices.In1819,aGerman,AugustusSiebe,developedawayofforcingairintothehead-coveringbyamachineoperatedabovethewater.Finally,in1837,heinventedthe“hard-hatsuit”wastobeusedfornearlyacentury.Ithadametalcoveringfortheheadandanairpipeattachedtoamachineabovethewater.Italsohadsmallopeningstoremoveunwantedair.Butmereweretwodangerstothediverinsidethe“hard-hatsuit”.Onewasthesuddenrisetothesurface,causedbyatoogreatsupplyofair.Theotherwasmecrushingofthebody,causedbyasuddendivingintodeepwater.Thesuddenrisetothesurfacecouldkillmediver;asuddendivecouldforcehisbodyupintothehelmet,whichcouldalsoresultindeath.Graduallythe“hard-hatsuit”wasimprovedsomatthedivercouldbegivenaconstantsupplyofair.Thedivercouldmenmovearoundundermeoceanwithoutworryingabouttheairsupply.Duringthe1940sdivingunderwaterwithoutaspecialsuitbecamepopular.Instead,diversusedabreamingdeviceandasmallcoveringmadeofrubberandglassoverpartsoftheface.Toimprovetheswimmer’sspeedanothernewinventionwasused:apieceofrubbershapedlikeagiantfoot,whichwasattachedtoeachofmediver’sownfeet.Themanufactureofrubberbreathingpipesmadeitpossiblefordiverstofloatonthesurfaceofthewater,observingthemarinelifeunderneamthem.Aspecialrubbersuitenabledthemtostayincoldwaterforlongperiods,collectingspecimensofanimalandvegetablelifemathadneverbeenobtainedinthepast.Themostimportantadvance,however,wastheinventionofaself-containedunderwaterbreathingapparatus,whichiscalleda“sucba”.InventedbytwoFrenchmen,JacquesCousteauandEmileGagnan,thescubaconsistsofamouthpiecejoinedtooneortwotanksofcompressedairwhichareattachedtomediver’sback.Thescubamakesitpossibleforadiver-scientisttowork200feetunderwaterorevendeeperforseveralhours.Asaresult,scientistscannowmovearoundfreelyatgreatdepths,learningaboutmewondersofthesea.35．ThemainprogressmentionedinthispassagewasA．a(chǎn)nItalianprofessorinventedalargeairbag.B．meninventedthebestdivingdevices.C．a(chǎn)nItalianpainterdesignedacompletedivingsuit.D．a(chǎn)nairbag.正確答案：B解析：信息推斷題。文章作者在首段提及，直到1490年，潛水裝備的發(fā)明都沒有大的進(jìn)步。隨后的文章作者按照時(shí)間順序介紹了不同潛水裝備的發(fā)明。由第二段首句中“invented”，第三段首句中“developed”，第四段首句中“improved”以及第六段的“themostimportantadvance”可知，文章主要介紹人類發(fā)明最好的潛水裝備的過程。故答案為B。36．AninventionofanItalianprofessorA．workedoutverywell.B．can“clean”theair.C．inspiredlaterinventions.D．wasusedtoremovemoisture.正確答案：C解析：事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。信息定位在文章第二段最后一句，其中g(shù)ivethelaterinventortheidea與C選項(xiàng)中的inspire同義。故答案為C。37．Siebes’inventionwasnotaperfectone,becauseA．toosmallasupplyofaircouldresultinasuddenrisetothesurface.B．a(chǎn)suddendiveintodeepwatercouldcausethecrushingofthebody.C．theairpipeattachedtoamachinecouldbeabovethesurface.D．bothAandB正確答案：B解析：事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。信息定位在文章第三段最后三句。其中提及twodangers。Onewasthe…theotherwasthe…，A選項(xiàng)中提及toosmallsupply與文中toogreatsupply意義截然相反。選項(xiàng)B與文章原意相符。由此可知，答案為B。38．Theword“seuba”isA．a(chǎn)certaindiver’sname.B．a(chǎn)noriginalEnglishword.C．namedbytheinventor.D．a(chǎn)nacronym.正確答案：D解析：事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。定位在文章倒數(shù)第二段，由此可知scuba是self-containedunderwaterbreathingapparatus的首字母縮略詞，即acronym。故答案為D。Inrecentyears,therehasbeenasteadyassaultonsaltfromthedoctors:Saltisbadforyou—regardlessofyourhealth.Politiciansalsogotonboard.“Thereisadirectrelationship”,USConqressmanNealSmithnoted,“betweentheamountofsodiumapersonconsumesandheartdisease,circulatorydisorders,strokeandevenearlydeath”.Frightening,iftrue!Butmanydoctorsandmedicalresearchersarenowbeginningtofeelthesaltscarehasgonetoofar.“Allthishueandcryabouteatingsaltisunnecessary,”Dr.Dustaninsists.“Formostofusitprobablydoesn’tmakemuchdifferencehowmuchsaltweeat.“Dustan’smostrecentshort-termstudyof150peopleshowedthatthosewithnormalbloodpressureunderwentnochangeatallwhenplacedonanextremelylow-saltdiet,orlaterwhensaltwasreintroduced.Ofthehypertensivesubjects,however,halfofthoseonthelow-saltdietdidexperienceadropinbloodpressure,whichreturnedtoitspreviouslevelwhensaltwasreintroduced.“Anadequatetosomewhatexcessivesaltintakehasprobablysavedmanymorelivesthanithascostinthegeneralpopulation”,notesDr.JohnH.Laragh.“Soarecommendationthatthewholepopulationshouldavoidsaltmakesnosense.“Medicalexpertsagreethateveryoneshouldpracticereasonable“moderation”insaltconsumption.Foranaverageperson,amoderateamountmightrunfromfourtotengramsaday,orroughly1/2to1/3ofateaspoon.Theequivalentofonetotwograwrsofthissaltallowancewouldcomefromthenaturalsodiuminfood.Therestwouldbeaddedinprocessing,preparationoratthetable.Thosewithkidney,liverorheartproblemsmayhavetolimitdietarysalt,iftheirdoctoradvises.Buteventheveryvocal“l(fā)owsalt“exponent,Dr.ArthurHullHayes,Jr.admitsthat“wedonotknowwhetherincreasedsodiumconsumptioncauseshypertension”.Infact,thereisincreasingscientificevidencethatotherfactorsmaybeinvolved:deficienciesincalcium,potassium,perhapsmagnesium;obesity(muchmoredangerousthansodium);genericpredisposition;stress.“Itisnotyourenemy,”saysDr.Laragh,“SaltistheNo.1naturalcomponentofallhumantissue,andtheideathatyoudon’tneeditiswrong.Unlessyourdoctorhasproventhatyouhaveasalt-relatedhealthproblem,thereisnoreasontogiveitup.“39．Accordingtosomedoctorsandpoliticians,theamountofsaltconsumedA．exhibitsasanaggravatingfactortopeopleinpoorhealth.B．curesdiseasessuchasstrokeandcirculatorydisorders.C．correlateshighlywithsomediseases.D．isirrelevanttopeoplesufferingfromheartdisease.正確答案：C解析：事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。文章首段末句提及個(gè)人所消耗的鈉與心臟病、循環(huán)紊亂、中風(fēng)甚至早天都有直接的關(guān)系。首段第三句中的directrelationship與選項(xiàng)C中的correlateshighly意義一致。由此可知答案為C。40．FromDr.Dustan’sstudywecaninferthatA．a(chǎn)low-saltdietmaybeprescribedforsomepeople.B．theamountofsaltintakehasnothingtodowithone’sbloodpressure.C．thereductionofsaltintakecancureahypertensivepatient.D．a(chǎn)nextremelylow-saltdietmakesnodifferencetoanyone.正確答案：A解析：信息推斷題。信息定位在文章中第二段。其中提及血壓正常的人在低鹽飲食和正常食鹽的情況下，血壓沒有明顯變化，而對(duì)于實(shí)驗(yàn)中的一半人數(shù)的高血壓患者在低鹽飲食時(shí)血壓有所降低，由此可推知，低鹽飲食應(yīng)該可以作為高血壓患者的處方。故答案為A。41．Inthethirdparagraph,Dr.LaraghimpliesthatA．peopleshouldnotbeafraidoftakingexcessivesalt.B．doctorsshouldnotadvisepeopletoavoidsalt.C．a(chǎn)nadequatetoexcessivesaltintakeisrecommendedforpeopleindisease.D．escessivesaltintakehasclaimedsomevictimsinthegeneralpopulation.正確答案：D解析：信息推斷題。信息定位在第三段，其中提及充足的或者稍微過量的鹽攝入量拯救的人或許比害死的人多，而建議所有人群都禁用食鹽是無稽之談。言外之意，過度的鈉鹽攝入量只會(huì)危害一部分人的健康。由此可推知，答案為D。42．Whatisthemainmessageofthistext?A．Thatthesaltscareisnotjustified.B．Thattheoriginofhypertensionisnowfound.C．Thatthemoderateuseofsaltisrecommended.D．Thatsaltconsumptionistobepromoted.正確答案：C解析：信息歸納題。選項(xiàng)B和D在上下文中并沒有體現(xiàn)。A選項(xiàng)中指出食鹽恐慌論沒有得到證實(shí)，與文中第二段首句只是提及該種論調(diào)有點(diǎn)過火的內(nèi)容不符。由此可知，答案為C。Opinionpollsarenowbeginningtoshowthat,whoeveristoblameandwhateverhappensfromnowno,highunemploymentisprobablyheretostay.Thismeansweshallhavetomakewaysofsharingtheavailableemploymentmorewidely.Butweneedtogofurther.Wemustasksomeprimaryquestionsaboutthefutureofwork.Wouldwecontinuetotreatemploymentasthenorm?Wouldwenotratherencouragemanyotherwaysforself-respectingpeopletowork?Shouldwenotcreateconditionsinwhichmanyofuscanworkforourselves,ratherthanforanemployer?Shouldwenotaimtorevivethehouseholdandtheneighborhood,aswellasthefactoryandtheoffice,ascentersofproductionandwork?Theindustrialagehasbeentheonlyperiodofhumanhistoryinwhichmostpeople’sworkhastakentheformofjobs.Theindustrialagemaynowbecomingtoanend,andsomeofthechangesinworkpatternswhichitbroughtmayhavetobereversed.Thisseemsadauntingthought.But,infact,itcouldprovidetheprospectofabetterfutureforwork.Universalemployment,asitshistoryshows,hasnotmeanteconomicfreedom.Employmentbecamewidespreadwhentheenclosuresofthe17thand18thcenturiesmademanypeopledependentonpaidworkbydeprivingthemoftheuseoftheland,andthusofthemeanstoprovidealivingforthemselves.Thenthefactorysystemdestroyedthecottageindustriesandremovedworkfrompeople’shomes.Later,astransportationimproved,firstbyrailandthenbyroad,peoplecommutedlongerdistancestotheirplacesofemploymentuntil,eventually,manypeople’sworklostallconnectionwiththeirhomelivesandtheplaceinwhichtheylived.Meanwhileemploymentputwomenatadisadvantage.Inpre-industrialtime,menandwomenhadsharedtheproductiveworkofthehouseholdandvillagecommunity.Nowitbecamecustomaryforthehusbandtogoouttopaidemployment,leavingtheunpaidworkofthehomeandfamilytohiswife.Taxandbenefitregulationsstillassumethisnormtodayandrestrictmoreflexiblesharingofworkrolesbetweenthesexes.Itwasnotonlywomenwhoseworkstatussuffered,asemploymentbecamethedominantformofwork,youngpeopleandoldpeoplewereexcluded—aproblemnow,asmoreteenagersbecomefrustratedatschoolandmoreretiredpeoplewanttoliveactivelives.Allthismaynowhavetochange.Thetimehascertainlycometoswitchsomeeffortandresourcesawayfromtheidealistgoalofcreatingjobsforall,totheurgentpracticaltaskofhelpingmanypeopletomanagewithoutfulltimejobs.43．ResearchcarriedoutintherecentopinionpollsshowsthatA．a(chǎn)vailableemploymentshouldberestrictedtoasmallpercentageofthepopulation.B．newjobsmustbecreatedinordertorectifyhighunemploymentfigures.C．a(chǎn)vailableemploymentmustbemorewidelydistributedamongtheunemployed.D．thenowadayshighunemploymentfiguresareatruthoflife.正確答案：D解析：信息推理題。定位在文章第一段，其中probablyheretostay與選項(xiàng)D中atruthoflife信息一致。故答案為D。44．ThearrivaloftheindustrialageinourhistoricalevolutionmeantthatA．universalemploymentvirtuallyguaranteedprosperity.B．economicfreedomcamewithineveryone’scontrol.C．patternsofworkwerefundamentallychanged.D．people’sattitudestoworkhadtobereversed.正確答案：C解析：信息推斷題。文章第三段someofthechangesinworkpatternswhichitbrought提及工業(yè)時(shí)代帶來了工作模式的變化，第四段指出工業(yè)時(shí)代thefactorysystem摧毀了thecottageindustries(家庭手工業(yè))，并且迫使人們?nèi)ルx家很遠(yuǎn)的地方工作，可見patternsofwork發(fā)生了根本的改變，選項(xiàng)C正確。45．TheeffectsofalmostuniversalemploymentwereoverwhelminginthatA．thehouseholdandvillagecommunitydisappearedcompletely.B．mennowtraveledenormousdistancestotheirplacesofwork.C．theworkstatusofthosenotinpaidemploymentsuffered.D．youngandoldpeoplebecamesuperfluouscomponentsofsociety.正確答案：C解析：事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。信息定位在倒數(shù)第二段，不光是婦女的工作地位會(huì)受到威脅，在校的學(xué)生和退休的老人也同樣受到威脅。C選項(xiàng)中thosenotinpaid與在校生和退休老人指代相同。故答案為C。46．ThearticleconcludesthatA．thecreationofjobsforallisanimpossibility.B．oureffortsandresourrcesintermsoftacklingunemploymentareinsufficient.C．peopleshouldbeginsupportingthemselvesbylearningapracticalskill.D．weshouldhelpthosewhosejobsareonlypart-time.正確答案：D解析：事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。信息定位在末段最后一句，其中withoutfull—timejob與選項(xiàng)D中的onlypart—time對(duì)應(yīng)。故答案為D。ToproducetheupheavalintheUnitedStatesthatchangedandmodernizedthedomainofhighereducationfromthemid-1860’stothemid-1880’s,threeprimarycausesinteracted.Theemergenceofahalf-dozenleadersineducationprovidedthepersonalforcethatwasneeded.Moreover,anoutcryforafresher,morepractical,andmoreadvancedkindofinstructionaroseamongthealumniandfriendsofnearlyalloftheoldcollegesandgrewintoamovementthatoverrodeallconservativeopposition.Theaggressive“YoungYale”movementappeared,demandingpartialalumnicontrol,amoreliberalspirit,andabroadercourseofstudy.ThegraduatesofHarvardUniversitysimultaneouslyralliedtorelievetheUniversity’spovertyanddemandnewenterprise.EducationwaspushingtowardhigherstandardintheEastbythrowingoffchurchleadershipeverywhere,andintheWestbyfindingawiderrangeofstudiesandanewsenseofpublicduty.Theold-styleclassicaleducationreceiveditsmostcrushingblowinthecitadelofHarvardUniversity,whereDr.CharlesElliot,ayoungcaptainofthirty-five,sonofaformertreasurerofHarvardledtheprogressiveforces.FiverevolutionaryadvancesweremadeduringthefiveyearsofDr.Elliotadministration.Theyweretheelevationandamplificationofentrancerequirements,theenlargementofthecurriculumandthedevelopmentoftheelectivesystem,therecognitionofgraduatestudyintheliberalarts,theraisingofprofessionaltraininginlaw,medicine,andengineeringtoapostgraduatelevel,andthefosteringofgreatermaturityinstudentlife.Standardsofadmissionweresharplylevel,andthefosteringofgreatermaturityinstudentlife.Standardsofadmissionweresharplyadvancedin1872-1873and1876-1877.Bytheappointmentofadeantotakechargeofstudentaffairs,andawisehandlingofdiscipline,theundergraduateswereledtoregardthemselvesmoreasyounggentlementandlessasyounganimals.Onenewcourseofstudyoranotherwasopenedup—science,music,thehistoryofthefinearts,advancedSpanish,politicaleconomy,physics,classicalphilosophy,andinternationallaw.47．ThepassagemainlydealswithA．innovationsintheUnitedStates’higheredcationinthelate1800s.B．HarvardUniversitygraduates’success.C．thedevelopmentofHarvardUniversity.D．theaggressive“YongYale”movement.正確答案：A解析：信息推斷題。文章第一段首句提到，從19世紀(jì)60年代中期到19世紀(jì)80年代中期，有三個(gè)互相作用的因素改變了美國(guó)高等教育并使其發(fā)生現(xiàn)代化的激變。由此可知，文章要討論美國(guó)高等教育界的革新。故答案為A。48．Accordingtothepassage,whatcanbeinferredaboutHarvardUniversitybeforetheinnovations?A．Coursesweremorepractical.B．Educatorslaidgreatstressonthematurityinstudentlife.C．Admissionstandardswerehigher.D．Studentswereyounger.正確答案：B解析：信息推斷題。信息定位在第二段。段中“andthefosteringofgreatermaturityinstudentslife”是革新的內(nèi)容，提及促進(jìn)學(xué)生生活的更加成熟，比較級(jí)“greater”說明在改革之前就已經(jīng)促進(jìn)學(xué)生生活的成熟。由此可知，答案為B。49．Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassageaboutold-styleclassicaled