CH01ProfessionalPractice(審計學(xué),英文版)

CHAPTER1

ProfessionalPractice1.Userdemandforreliableinformation2.Briefhistoryofauditing3.DEFINITIONSOFAUDITING4.Otherkindsofauditsandauditors5.Theaccountingprofession1Checkpoints1.Whatisthedifferencebetweenaclientandauditee?2.Defineandexplainauditing.3.Whatistheessenceoftherisk-reductionofauditing?4.Definean“assuranceengagement”.5.Otherkindsofauditsandauditors.21.Userdemandforreliableinformation1.1ACCOUNTING(1)Itistheprocessofrecording,classifying,andsummarizingintofinancialstatementsacompany`stransactionsfortheusers.(2)Theconditionsaffectdemand:A.complexity:numerousandcomplicatedB.remoteness:distanceandtime,expertiseC.consequencesFinancialdecision31.2AUDITING(1)PotentialconflictofinterestA.TheuserneedreliableinformationB.Thepreparersmightbenefitbygivingfalse,misleading,andoverlyoptimisticinformation.(2)Potentialinformationrisk:false,misleading,overlyoptimistic4ASSURANCE(3)Lendsomecredibilitytofinancialinformation.(4)“Lendingofcredibility”isprovidingassurance.externalauditingofFinancialStatementsisanassuranceengagement.5委托人Client審計人Auditor經(jīng)理人Auditee委托經(jīng)營受托經(jīng)營并報告業(yè)績受托審計并報告審計委托審計獨立審計接受審計61.3Distinguish(1)Auditingdoesnotincludethefunctionoffinancialreportproduction.(2)Thefunctionisperformedbyacompany`saccountantsunderthedirectionofitsmanagement.(3)AuditorsobtainevidencetodeterminewhethertheinformationintheFSisreliable71.4ClientandAuditeeTheyusuallyarethesameeconomicentity.Occasionallytheyaredifferent.

banker:

Clientcompany:

AuditeeFinancialstatement8委托人Client審計人Auditor經(jīng)理人Auditee委托經(jīng)營受托經(jīng)營并報告業(yè)績受托審計并報告審計委托審計獨立審計接受審計9審計關(guān)系模型的異化形式Ⅰ

被審計人審計人利益共同體請求合謀操縱審計意見接受合謀威脅模型外其他因素壓力審計委托人10審計關(guān)系模型的異化形式Ⅱ喪失獨立性，被操縱操縱審計意見審計人買方威脅審計委托人受托經(jīng)營管理被審計人受托經(jīng)營管理合作謀取私利利益共同體模型外其他因素壓力11新的委托者加入的審計關(guān)系模型

所有者企業(yè)管理者委托經(jīng)營管理受托經(jīng)營管理被審計人審計委托人(新的獨立委托者)審計人雇用或監(jiān)督對其負(fù)責(zé)向其匯報122.Briefhistoryofauditing(1)Thefirstrecordedauditorswerethespies

ofKingDariusofancientPersia(522-486B.C)（古波斯大流士）中國.周西(1100-771B.C).宰夫13(2)AUDIT,AuditorAuditorsactedas“theKing'sears”Theword

AUDITORcomesfromtheLatinword“AUDIT:tohear”Listenedtotheoralreports聽審14(3)Modernauditing1844,BritishParliamentpassedtheJointStockCompaniesAct,whichforthefirsttimerequiredthatcorporatereporttoshareholdersviaanauditedfinancialstatement--------thebalancesheet.Noindependentauditor15(4)Anindependentauditor1900,CompaniesActrequiredanindependentauditor16(5)Thefirstpublicaccounts'organization1854SocietyofAccountantsinEdinburgh17(6)AuditedincomestatementsA.Stockmarketcrashin1929,GreatDepressionin1930.MisleadingfinancialreportingB.1933,theU.S.SecuritiesActs1934,SecuritiesandExchangeCommissionC.Auditedincomestatements,balancesheets18(7)GAASA.1941,MckessonandRobbin`sfraudcase為取得貸款，偽造存貨$1000萬，應(yīng)收帳款$900萬。PriceWaterhouse予以證實。貸款方朱利安?湯普遜公司投訴，法院確認(rèn)為公司欺詐行為。會計公司不負(fù)法律責(zé)任，但仍退回$40萬審計費。19(7)GAASB.SECrecommendedreferencesto“generallyacceptedauditstandards”(GAAS)intheauditor`sreportC.1948,AmericanInstituteofCertifiedPublicAccountants(AICPA)20(8)中國1982年,《中華人民共和國憲法》1983年9月15日,國家審計署正式成立.1980年12月23,財政部《關(guān)于成立會計顧問處的暫行規(guī)定》1986年,《中華人民共和國注冊會計師條例》1995年，第一批獨立審計準(zhǔn)則，1-7號1996年，第二批獨立審計準(zhǔn)則，8-15號1999年，第三批獨立審計準(zhǔn)則，16-24號2001、2002年，25，26-27號213.DefinitionsofAuditing3.1ReportofCommitteeonBasicAuditingConceptsAuditingisasystematicprocessofobjectively

obtainingandevaluatingevidenceregardingassertionsabouteconomicactionsandeventstoascertainthedegreeofcorrespondencebetweentheassertionsandestablishedcriteriaandcommunicatingtheresultstointerestedusers.22AssertionsP8E1-1F.ScpaObtainsandEvaluatesEvidenceGAASGAAPAuditreportOthercommunicationsAscertainsdegreeofcorrespondence23Managementassertions5verygeneralassertionsexistenceoroccurrencecompletenessrightsandobligationsvaluationorallocationspresentationanddisclosureP119,exhibit4-3Complianceassertion24定義要點（1）asystematicprocess（2）objectively（3）obtainingandevaluatingevidence（4）assertionsabouteconomicactionsandevents（5）ascertainthedegreeofcorrespondence（6）communicatingtheresults.25定義（1）審計是客觀地收集和評價關(guān)于經(jīng)濟活動和事項認(rèn)定的證據(jù)，以確認(rèn)認(rèn)定與既定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的符合程度，并將結(jié)果傳遞給有利益關(guān)系的使用者的系統(tǒng)化過程。26定義（2）審計是為了確認(rèn)認(rèn)定與既定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的符合程度并將結(jié)果傳遞給有利益關(guān)系的使用者，而客觀地收集和評價關(guān)于經(jīng)濟活動和事項申明的證據(jù)的系統(tǒng)化過程。271989年我國審計基本理論研討會的審計定義審計是由專職機構(gòu)和人員，依法對被審單位的財政、財務(wù)收支及其有關(guān)經(jīng)濟活動的真實性、合法性和效益性進(jìn)行審查，評價經(jīng)濟責(zé)任，以維護(hù)財經(jīng)法紀(jì)，改善經(jīng)營管理，提高經(jīng)濟效益，促進(jìn)宏觀調(diào)控的獨立性經(jīng)濟監(jiān)督活動。281995年全國審計定義研討會的簡明審計定義審計是獨立檢查會計賬目，監(jiān)督財政、財務(wù)收支真實、合法、效益的行為。293.2Auditobjective

andtheauditor`reportTheobjectiveoffinancialstatementsistoexpressanopinionwhetherthefinancialstatementspresentfairly,inallmaterialrespects,thefinancialposition,resultsofoperationsandchangesinfinancialpositioninaccordancewithgenerallyacceptedaccountingprinciples,orinspecialcircumstanceanotherappropriatedisclosedbasisofaccounting.30AUDITOR’SREPORTIhaveauditedthebalancesheetof_____asat_____,20__,andthestatementsofincome,retainedearningsandcashflowfortheyearthenended.Thesefinancialstatementsaretheresponsibilityofthecompany’smanagement.Myresponsibilityistoexpressanopiniononthefinancialstatementsbasedonmyaudit.Iconductedmyauditinaccordancewithgenerallyacceptedauditingstandards.ThosestandardsrequirethatIplanandperformanaudittoobtainreasonableassurancewhetherthefinancialstatementsarefreeofmaterialmisstatement.Anauditincludesexamining,onatestbasis,evidencesupportingtheamountsanddisclosuresinthefinancialstatements.Anauditalsoincludesassessingtheaccountingprinciplesusedandsignificantestimatesmadebymanagement,aswellasevaluatingtheoverallfinancialstatementpresentation.Inmyopinion,thesefinancialstatementspresentfairlyinallmaterialrespectsthefinancialpositionofthecompanyasat_____,20__,andtheresultsofitsoperationsandthecashflowsfortheyearthenendedinaccordancewithgenerallyacceptedaccountingprinciples.313.3“riskreduction”definition(1)businessrisk(2)informationrisk:falseandmisleading(3)Auditorperformtheassurancefunctionandreducetheinformationrisk.

Information

hypothesis32Monitoringhypothesis

Appendix1B(1)Agencytheorypredictsthatutility-maximizingagents,ifunchecked,willconsumemoreresourcesthanoptimal.(2)COST(3)OwnersPaymanagersmorewithmonitoring33InsurancehypothesisBusinessfailureINSURANCEOnthebasisofauditedfinancialstatementsLossesRecourseagainsttheauditor.344.OtherkindsofauditsandauditorsIndependentauditorexternalauditorcharteredaccountant(CA)certifiedgeneralaccountant(CGA)publicaccountant(PA)financialauditingoperationalauditingmanagementauditing35OtherkindsofauditsandauditorsPerformanceauditingcomplianceauditing3Eand4Eauditingvalue-for-moneyauditingcomprehensiveauditinginternalauditinggovernmentalauditing36分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與類別(1)publicaccountingfirmspublicaccountant(PA)charteredaccountant(CA)certifiedgeneralaccountant(CGA)certifiedpublicaccountant(CPA)Independentauditorexternalauditor

37(2)隸屬關(guān)系Internalauditingexternalauditing

A.GovernmentalauditingB.publicaccountant(PA)(1)

charteredaccountant(CA)(2)certifiedGeneralaccountant(CGA)(3)certifiedpublicaccountant(CPA)38(3)審計對象(1)FinancialauditingFinancialstatementsauditing(2)operationalauditingmanagementauditing(performanceauditing)

(3)comprehensiveauditing

39operationalauditing

alsoknownasperformanceauditingandmanagementauditingStudyofbusinessoperationsforthepurposeofmakingrecommendationsabouttheeconomicandefficientuseofresources,effectiveachievementofbusinessobjectives,andcompliancewithcompanypolicies.thegoalistohelpmanagersdischargetheirmanagementresponsibilitiesandimproveprofitability.40(4)審計目標(biāo)（1）complianceauditing（2）Performanceauditingvalue-for-moneyauditing3Eand4Eauditing

EconomyEfficiencyEffectivenessEquality

41(5)審計范圍comprehensiveauditingsingleauditingABC42(6)效益審計形式Performanceauditing(governmental)value-for-moneyauditing3Eand4Eauditing(Economy,Efficiency,Effectiveness,Equality)managementauditing(internal)operationalauditingmanagementconsulting(firms)43（7）IndependentauditorAuditingAttestTaxationConsulting(accounting,management)44（8）Internal

auditingFinancialauditingoperationalauditingmanagementauditingPerformanceauditing

controlsystem3Eor4E(Economy,Efficiency,Effectiveness,Equality)45Organizationalarrangement(IA)NOOTHERRESPONSIBILITIESTHANTOAUDITReporttoaveryhighlevelintheorganization,suchasafinancialvicepresidentandauditcommitteeoftheboardofdirectors469、GovernmentalauditingOfficeoftheAuditorGeneralofCANADA