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2015年伯克希爾·哈撒韋致股東的信EDITOR編譯排版:李季峰)目錄翻譯:李季峰、可可老鼠料CONTENT研資Berkshire’sPerformancevs.theS&P500多1伯克希爾與標普500指數(shù)對比表更投1BERKSHIREHATHAWAYINC載3伯克希爾·哈撒韋公司3TotheShareholdersofBerkshireHathawayInc.:下3致伯克希爾?哈撒韋公司的股東:,3TheYearatBerkshire)4伯克希爾過去一年表現(xiàn)4”ValueFirst112企業(yè)內(nèi)在價值12PDF13保險業(yè)13Regulated,Capital-IntensiveBusinesses20受監(jiān)管的資產(chǎn)密集型業(yè)務(wù)(2024Manufacturing,ServiceandRetailingOperations制造業(yè),服務(wù)業(yè)和零售業(yè)情況股2427FinanceandFinancialProducts資牛27Investments29投資業(yè)值2933TheAnnualMeeting投PDFM價33“39BERKSHIREHATHAWAYINC.ACQUISITIONCRITERIA伯克希爾?哈撒韋收購標準39Berkshire-號Past,PresentandFuture41公眾41信41微41索CharlieStraightensMeOut45搜45(5151TheNext50YearsatBerkshire6262ViceChairman’sThoughts–PastandFuture73副董事長的想法:過去和未來73Berkshire’sPerformancevs.theS&P500伯克希爾與標普500指數(shù)對比表年份伯克希爾每股賬伯克希爾每股市標普500指數(shù)百相對變動)面百分比變動價百分比變動分比變動(2)-(4)料196523.849.510.013.8196620.3(3.4)(11.7)32.0資196711.013.330.9(19.9)研196819.077.811.08.0投196916.219.4(8.4)24.6197012.0(4.6)3.98.1多197116.480.514.61.81972.819734.7(2.5)(14.8)載19.519745.5(48.5)(26.4),下31.9197521.92.5(15.3)37.2197659.3129.335.723.6197731.939.346.8(7.4)197824.014.56.417.6197918.217.535.7102.5198019.332.832.3(13.0)198131.431.8(5.0)36.4198240.0(38.421.418.6198332.369.022.49.9198413.6股(2.7)6.17.5198548.2牛93.731.616.619867.5198719.5資1988值投20.159.316.63.51989價44.484.631.712.71990“7.4(23.1)(3.1)10.539.635.630.59.11991199220.329.87.612.71993眾14.338.910.14.2信公199413.925.01.312.6微199543.157.437.65.5索19968.8搜199734.134.933.40.7(199848.352.228.619.719990.5(19.9)21.0(20.5)20006.526.6(9.1)15.62001(6.2)6.5(11.9)5.7200210.0(3.8)(22.1)32.11200321.015.828.7(7.7)200410.54.310.9(0.4)2001.5200618.4)200711.0料2008(9.6)(31.8)(37.0)27.4資200919.82.726.5(6.7)201013.021.415.1(2.1)研20114.6(4.7)2.12.5投201214.416.816.0(1.6)201318.232.732.4多(14.2)20148.327.013.7(5.3)復(fù)合增長率19.4%21.6%9.9%載1965-2014總匯報751,113%1826163%11,196%,下1964-2014”說明:1965ValueFirst1)年和1966年的財年截止日期為9月30日,1967年有15個月,截止至12月31日,其他年份財年與日歷年相同。1979年開始會計準則要求保險公司以市值計算所持有的權(quán)益類證券賬面價值,而PDF此前準則要求以市價和歷史成本價孰低計量。上表中,伯克希爾1978年前的數(shù)據(jù)已經(jīng)追溯調(diào)整以符合準則的要求。除此以外,所有結(jié)果依據(jù)原數(shù)據(jù)進行計算。標普500指數(shù)的變動是稅前收益,而伯克希爾的數(shù)據(jù)時稅后收益。如果一個類似伯克希爾的公司擁有標普500指數(shù)的業(yè)績,并繳納相應(yīng)的稅收,在標普500回報為正的年份,其業(yè)績會落后于標普500,在標普500為負的年份,其回報會超過標普500指數(shù)。多年下(來,稅負負擔將導致總體回報顯著低于指數(shù)的變動。Notes:Dataareforcalendaryearswiththeseexceptions:1965and1966,yearended9/30;1967,15monthsended12/31.Startingin1979,accountingrules股requiredinsurancecompaniestovaluetheequitysecuritiesthey資holdatmarketratherthanatthelower牛ofcostormarket,whichwaspreviouslytherequirement.Inthistable,Berkshire’sresultsthrough1978havebeenrestatedtoconformtothechangedrules.Inallotherrespects,theresultsarecalculatedusingthenumbersoriginallyreported.TheS&P500numbersarepre-taxwhereasthe值PDFMBerkshirenumbersareafter-tax.IfacorporationsuchasBerkshireweresimplytohaveownedtheS&P500and價“accruedtheappropriatetaxes,itsresultswouldhavelaggedtheS&P500inyearswhenthatindexshoweda號positivereturn,butwouldhaveexceededtheS&P500inyearswhentheindexshowedanegativereturn.Overtheyears,thetaxcostswouldhavecausedtheaggregatelagtobesubstantial.信公微索搜(2BERKSHIREHATHAWAYINC.EDITOR伯克希爾·哈撒韋公司翻譯:李季峰)TotheShareholdersofBerkshireHathawayInc.:致伯克希爾?哈撒韋公司的股東:料研資Berkshire’sgaininnetworthduring2014was$18.3billion,whichincreasedtheper-sharebookvalueofbothourClassAandClassBstockby8.3%.Overthelast50years(thatis,since投presentmanagementtookover),per-sharebookvaluehasgrownfrom$19to$146,186,arateof19.4%compoundedannually.*2014年伯克希爾的凈值增長了183億美元,公司A類和B類股的每股賬面價值增長多8.3%。在過去的50年中(即現(xiàn)任管理層上任以來),公司每股賬面價值已從19美元增至更146186美元,年均復(fù)合增長率折合為19.4%。①下,”Duringourtenure,wehaveconsistentlycomparedtheyearlyperformanceoftheS&P500to)thechangeinBerkshire’sper-sharebookvalue.We’vedonethatbecausebookvaluehasbeenacrude,butuseful,trackingdeviceforthenumberthatreallycounts:intrinsicbusinessvalue.Inourearlydecades,therelationshipbetweenbookvalueandintrinsicvaluewasmuchcloserthanitisnow.ThatwastruebecauseBerkshire’sassetswerethenlargelysecuritieswhosevalueswerecontinuouslyrestatedtoreflecttheircurrentmarketprices.InWallStreetparlance,mostoftheassetsinvolvedinthecalculationofbookvaluewere“markedtomarket.”在本管理層任期之內(nèi),我們始終在以標普500指數(shù)的年度變化衡量伯克希爾每股賬面價(值,概因賬面價值指標盡管略顯粗糲,但畢竟是評判公司內(nèi)在價值的有用跟蹤指標。在本管ValueFirst1理層接手的最初歲月中,公司賬面價值與內(nèi)在價值之間并無如當今所見的差距。其原因在于,當年伯克希爾的大部分資產(chǎn)都是可隨時反應(yīng)其當前市值的有價證券。在華爾街地界,有關(guān)資產(chǎn)賬面價值的計算總是要遵循“市值”原則。投資Today,ouremphasishasshiftedinamajorwaytoowningandoperatinglargebusinesses.Manyoftheseareworthfarmorethantheircost-basedcarryingvalue.Butthatamountisnever價revaluedupwardno值matterhowmuchthevalueofthesecompanieshasincreased.Consequently,“thegapbetweenBerkshire’sintrinsicPDFvalueanditsbookvaluehasmateriallywidened.號如今公司的重點已轉(zhuǎn)向持有或經(jīng)營大型企業(yè)。其資產(chǎn)價值遠超過基于成本所測算的結(jié)存眾價值。但不管這些企業(yè)的價值獲得了多大提升,其中資產(chǎn)價值卻從未向上調(diào)整。因此伯克希公爾本身的內(nèi)在價值和賬面價值之間的鴻溝日漸拉大。微信Withthatinmind,wehaveaddedanewsetofdata–thehistoricalrecordofBerkshire’s索stockprice–totheperformancetableonthefacingpage.Marketprices,letmestress,havetheir搜limitationsintheshortterm.Monthlyoryearlymovementsofstocksareoftenerraticandnot(indicativeofchangesinintrinsicvalue.Overtime,however,stockpricesandintrinsicvaluealmostinvariablyconverge.CharlieMunger,BerkshireViceChairmanandmypartner,andIbelievethathasbeentrueatBerkshire:Inourview,theincreaseinBerkshire’sper-shareintrinsic①注:本文所述每股數(shù)據(jù)均為A類股數(shù)據(jù),B類股對應(yīng)數(shù)據(jù)為A類股的1/1500。*Allper-sharefiguresusedinthisreportapplytoBerkshire'sAshares;FiguresfortheBshare1/1500thofthoseshownforA.3valueoverthepast50yearsisroughlyequaltothe1,826,163%gaininmarketpriceofthecompany’sshares.鑒于此,我們在首頁中的表現(xiàn)指標表中增列了新的數(shù)據(jù),即伯克希爾股價的歷史變動。在此必須強調(diào),市場價格從短期來看是有其缺陷的。股價的月度甚至年度變動都可能是非理)性的,因此無法衡量企業(yè)內(nèi)在價值的變化。但如果從長期看,股價和內(nèi)在價值總是趨于吻合。伯克希爾的副主席、我的合伙人查理-芒格以及本人均對此深信不疑:在我們看來,伯克希料爾股價在過去50年里所錄得的1826163%漲幅大致是本公司內(nèi)在價值變化的公正反應(yīng)。資TheYearatBerkshire研投伯克希爾過去一年表現(xiàn)ItwasagoodyearforBerkshireonallmajorfronts,exceptone.Herearetheimportant多developments:更在過去一年,伯克希爾在幾乎所有方面都取得了不俗成績,僅有一處例外。重點成績?nèi)缦拢合螺dOur“PowerhouseFive”–acollectionofBerkshire’slargestnon-insurancebusinesses–hada,record$12.4billionofpre-taxearningsin2014,up$1.6billionfrom2013.*ThecompaniesinthissaintedgroupareBerkshireHathawayEnergy(formerlyMidAmericanEnergy),BNSF,IMC)(I’vecalleditIscarinthepast),LubrizolandMarmon.伯克希爾旗下最大的非保險企業(yè),即“強力五家”,在2014年錄得了創(chuàng)歷史記錄的124億美元稅前利潤②,較2013年增加16億美元。這強力軍團具體為伯克希爾?哈撒韋能源公司(前身為中美能源)、BNSF、IMC(本人曾稱其為ISCAR)、路博潤和瑪蒙集團。EDITOROfthefive,onlyBerkshireHathawayEnergy,ValueFirst1thenearning$393million,wasownedbyusadecadeago.Subsequentlywepurchasedanotherthreeofthefiveonanall-cashbasis.Inacquiring(thefifth,BNSF,wepaidabout70%ofthecostincashand,fortheremainder,issuedBerkshire股sharesthatincreasedthenumberoutstandingby6.1%.Inotherwords,the$12billiongainin牛annualearningsdeliveredBerkshirebythefivecompaniesovertheten-yearspanhasbeen資投在這五家之中,只有去年盈利值3.93億美元的伯克希爾?哈撒韋能源公司是十年之前就在旗下的“老成員”。我們是用全額現(xiàn)金收購的方式將其余三家收入旗下,在收購第五家PDFBNSF價時,我們用現(xiàn)金支付了70%的收購額,并采用增發(fā)伯克希爾股票的方式支付余款。為此公號6.1%。換言之,公司在過去十年從這五家公司獲得了年均120億美元的回報,眾公微信索IftheU.S.economycontinuestoimprovein2015,weexpectearningsofourPowerhouseFivetoimproveaswell.Thegaincouldreach$1billion,inpartbecauseofbolt-onacquisitionsby搜thegroupthathavealreadyclosedorareundercontract.(如果美國經(jīng)濟在2015年繼續(xù)復(fù)蘇,我們預(yù)計來自“強力五家”的盈利也將繼續(xù)增長。PDFM②注:除非另有注明,本文及所附“五十周年”系列信件中所有盈利數(shù)據(jù)均為稅前數(shù)據(jù)。*Throughoutthisletter,aswellasinthe“GoldenAnniversary”lettersincludedlaterinthisreport,allearningsarestatedonapre-taxbasisunlessotherwisedesignated.4鑒于集團業(yè)已完成和正在進行的“補強收購”,來自五家的盈利增幅有望達到10億美元。EDITOROurbadnewsfrom2014comesfromourgroupoffiveaswellandisunrelatedtoearnings.Duringtheyear,BNSFdisappointedmanyofitscustomers.Theseshippersdependonus,and)servicefailurescanbadlyhurttheirbusinesses.料2014年的壞消息也來自這強力五家,但與盈利無關(guān)。在過去一年,BNSF的服務(wù)令許多資客戶失望。這些運輸企業(yè)都有賴于鐵路線的順暢運營,鐵路線的運營不暢將嚴重損害其業(yè)務(wù)。研BNSFis,byfar,Berkshire’smostimportantnon-insurancesubsidiaryand,toimproveits投performance,wewillspend$6billiononplantandequipmentin2015.Thatsumisnearly50%morethananyotherrailroadhasspentinasingleyearandisatrulyextraordinaryamount,whethercomparedtorevenues,earningsordepreciationcharges.載多到目前為止,BNSF依然是伯克希爾最重要的非保險類子公司,為改善其運營表現(xiàn),我更們將在2015年投入60億美元。該投入超出鐵路經(jīng)營企業(yè)單年度投入歷史最高額將近50%,因此無論從收入、盈利還是減值準備各項比較指標看,這樣的投入都堪稱空前。,Thoughweather,whichwasparticularlyseverelastyear,willalwayscauserailroadsavarietyofoperatingproblems,ourresponsibilityistodowhateverittakestorestoreourservicetoindustry-leadinglevels.Thatcan’tbedoneovernight:Theextensiveworkrequiredtoincreasesystemcapacitysometimesdisruptsoperationswhileitisunderway.Recently,however,ouroutsizedexpendituresarebeginningtoshowresults.Duringthelastthreemonths,BNSF’sperformancemetricshavemateriallyimprovedfromlastyear’sfigures.當然去年天氣狀況尤為惡劣,而惡劣天氣客觀上會引發(fā)鐵路運營的各種問題,但我們將(竭盡所能將鐵路服務(wù)水準提升至行業(yè)領(lǐng)先水平。這當然不是一朝一夕之功:鐵路擴建升級工ValueFirst1程難免會影響到現(xiàn)有的運行。但可喜的是,對鐵路的大力投入在近期已初顯成效。BNSF去年最后一季度的運營數(shù)據(jù)較全年數(shù)據(jù)出現(xiàn)了明顯的改善。資Ourmanydozensofsmallernon-insurancebusinessesearned$5.1billionlastyear,upfrom投$4.7billionin2013.Here,aswithourPowerhouseFive,weexpectfurthergainsin2015.Withinthisgroup,wehavetwocompaniesthatlastyearearnedbetween$400millionand$600million,價sixthatearnedbetween值$250millionand$400million,andseventhatearnedbetween$100“millionand$250million.ThisPDFcollectionofbusinesseswillincreaseinbothnumberandearnings.號Ourambitionshavenofinishline.眾47我們所持有的諸多小型非保險類企業(yè)在去年總共錄得51億美元利潤,較2013年的億美元有了較大增長。與旗下強力五家類似,來自這些企業(yè)的盈利也有望在2015年繼續(xù)增信4億-6億美元;有六家企業(yè)盈利在2.5億-4億美元;微公索另有七家盈利在1億-2.5億美元。此類企業(yè)的數(shù)量和盈利都將增長。這類企業(yè)的成長沒有終搜點線。(Berkshire’shugeandgrowinginsuranceoperationagainoperatedatanunderwritingprofitin2014–thatmakes12yearsinarow–andincreaseditsfloat.Duringthat12-yearstretch,ourfloat–moneythatdoesn’tbelongtousbutthatwecaninvestforBerkshire’sbenefit–hasgrownfrom$41billionto$84billion.ThoughneitherthatgainnorthesizeofourfloatisreflectedinBerkshire’searnings,floatgeneratessignificantinvestmentincomebecauseoftheassetsitallows5ustohold.伯克希爾的龐大保險產(chǎn)業(yè)在2014年繼續(xù)實現(xiàn)了承保盈利,這也是連續(xù)13年保持承保盈利,此外保險浮存資金規(guī)模也繼續(xù)擴大。在過去12年時間里,我們的保險浮存資金規(guī)模從410億美元增長至840億美元,盡管這些資金的所有權(quán)并不在公司,但我們卻將其投資來為)伯克希爾創(chuàng)造盈利。盡管浮存資金的營收和規(guī)模并不納入伯克希爾的盈利,但龐大浮存資金的存在卻可使我們持有大量資產(chǎn)并產(chǎn)生可觀投資收益。料Meanwhile,ourunderwritingprofittotaled$24billionduringthetwelve-yearperiod,資研including$2.7billionearnedin2014.Andallofthisbeganwithour1967purchaseofNationalIndemnityfor$8.6million.投同時,我們在12年間實現(xiàn)了240億美元的承保盈利,包括2014年實現(xiàn)的27而這一切的開端就是我們在1967年以860萬美元對國民賠償保險公司的收購。更多WhileCharlieandIsearchfornewbusinessestobuy,ourmanysubsidiariesareregularly載makingbolt-onacquisitions.Lastyearwasparticularlyfruitful:Wecontractedfor31bolt-ons,下scheduledtocost$7.8billioninaggregate.Thesizeofthesetransactionsrangedfrom$400,000to,year.ItwillthenbeplacedunderMarmon’sjurisdiction.)在我和查理探尋新的并購機會的同時,我們的許多子公司也在有條不紊地開展“補強收購”。去年這方面的成果尤為豐碩:我們簽訂了31項補強收購協(xié)議,預(yù)計耗資總額將達到78億美元。這些并購交易的單個規(guī)模在40萬美元至29億美元不等。但其中最大的一項收購,即對金霸王(Duracell)收購案,預(yù)計要等到今年下半年才可完成。Duracell在收購?fù)瓿珊驟DITOR將歸入瑪蒙集團。ValueFirst1CharlieandIencouragebolt-ons,iftheyaresensibly-priced.(Mostdealsofferedusaren’t.)(Theydeploycapitalinactivitiesthatfitwithourexistingbusinessesandthatwillbemanagedby股ourcorpsofexpertmanagers.Thismeansnomoreworkforus,yetmoreearnings,acombination牛wefindparticularlyappealing.Wewillmakemanymoreofthesebolt-ondealsinfutureyears.資投值成。在未來,我們將繼續(xù)開展大量的補強并購。PDF價號眾this公partnershipwouldworkwellfrombothapersonalandfinancialstandpoint.Anditmostdefinitelyhas.微信索兩年之前,我的好友豪爾赫-保羅-雷曼(JorgePauloLemann)邀請伯克希爾參與其3G資本集團對亨氏集團的收購。對此我毫無猶豫地表示同意:當時我就知道,無論從個人關(guān)系角搜度還是財務(wù)投資角度看,本次合伙必然順利舒心。最后事情發(fā)展也大致如此。(I’mnotembarrassedtoadmitthatHeinzisrunfarbetterunderAlexBehring,Chairman,andBernardoHees,CEO,thanwouldbethecaseifIwereincharge.Theyholdthemselvestoextraordinarilyhighperformancestandardsandareneversatisfied,evenwhentheirresultsfarPDFM6exceedthoseofcompetitors.在此我必須承認,由董事長畢林(AlexBehring)和首席執(zhí)行官貝爾納多-赫斯(BernardoHees)搭檔管理亨氏集團要遠遠好過讓我赤膊上陣。即便當他們的業(yè)績遠遠超越同儕,他們還是為自己設(shè)定了嚴苛標準并且從不自滿。)Weexpecttopartnerwith3Ginmoreactivities.Sometimesourparticipationwillonly料involveafinancingrole,aswasthecaseintherecentacquisitionofTimHortonsbyBurgerKing.資Ourfavoredarrangement,however,willusuallybetolinkupasapermanentequitypartner(who,研insomecases,contributestothefinancingofthedealaswell).Whateverthestructure,wefeelgoodwhenworkingwithJorgePaulo.投王對TimHortons咖啡連鎖店的收購案中。當然我們青睞的方式還是成為永久股權(quán)投資者多(當然在某些案例中,股權(quán)投資者也要為并購出資)。但不管具體并購結(jié)構(gòu)如何,我們對與豪爾更赫-保羅和合作感到十分高興。下載BerkshirealsohasfinepartnershipswithMarsandLeucadia,andwemayformnewones,equitypartner,willbelimitedtofriendlytransactions.)伯克希爾也和瑪氏及Leucadia保持了良好的伙伴關(guān)系,我們也將與這些伙伴或其他伙伴結(jié)成新的合作關(guān)系。但不管是作為純粹的財務(wù)投資者還是股權(quán)伙伴,我們都希望所參與的任何交易都是友善和諧的。EDITORInOctober,wecontractedtobuyVanTuylAutomotive,agroupof78automobiledealershipsthatisexceptionallywell-run.LarryVanTuyl,ValueFirst1thecompany’sowner,andImetsomeyearsago.Hethendecidedthatifhewereevertosellhiscompany,itshomeshouldbeBerkshire.Our(purchasewasrecentlycompleted,andwearenow“carguys.”股10月份,我們簽署了收購VanTuyl汽車經(jīng)銷網(wǎng)絡(luò),該網(wǎng)絡(luò)有78家汽車經(jīng)銷商且運營良牛好。在若干年前,我曾與該公司的所有者拉里-圖伊爾(LarryVanTuyl)有過一面之緣。當時資投值Larryandhisdad,Cecil,PDFspent62yearsbuildingthegroup,followingastrategythatmade價owner-partnersofalllocalmanagers.Creatingthismutualityofinterestsprovedoverandoverto號眾公拉里和他的父親塞西爾(CecilTuyl)用了62年時間來建立起這樣的產(chǎn)業(yè),他們的策略就是讓所有的本地管理人員都成為最后的股東和和合伙人。這樣的策略幫助該公司應(yīng)對了無數(shù)微信索的風雨挑戰(zhàn)。VanTuyl目前是全美第五大汽車經(jīng)銷集團,單位經(jīng)銷商的銷售額遠超行業(yè)平均。近年來,JeffRachor正輔佐拉里,這樣的搭配還將持續(xù)。搜(Inrecentyears,JeffRachorhasworkedalongsideLarry,asuccessfularrangementthatwillcontinue.Thereareabout17,000dealershipsinthecountry,andownershiptransfersalwaysrequireapprovalbytherelevantautomanufacturer.Berkshire’sjobistoperforminamannerthatwillcausemanufacturerstowelcomefurtherpurchasesbyus.Ifwedothis–andifwecanbuyPDFM7dealershipsatsensibleprices–wewillbuildabusinessthatbeforelongwillbemultiplesthesizeofVanTuyl’s$9billionofsales.EDITOR目前全美國有17000家汽車經(jīng)銷商,而經(jīng)銷商所有權(quán)的變更總是要獲得汽車制造商的同意。伯克希爾所要做的,就要是要讓汽車制造商支持伯克希爾去收購更多的汽車經(jīng)銷商。如)果我們做到這一點,我們能以合理的價格去收購更多的汽車經(jīng)銷商,那么我們的汽車經(jīng)銷業(yè)料務(wù)規(guī)模將很快會在VanTuyl每年90億美元銷售額的基礎(chǔ)上出現(xiàn)爆發(fā)式的增長。資WiththeacquisitionofVanTuyl,Berkshirenowowns91?2companiesthatwouldbelistedon研theFortune500weretheyindependent(Heinzisthe1?2).Thatleaves4901?2fishinthesea.Ourlinesareout.投在收購?fù)瓿蒝anTuyl之后,如果旗下企業(yè)都算作獨立企業(yè),那么伯克希爾目前已持有《財富》500強企業(yè)中的“九家半”(亨氏集團算半家)。這意味著我們還有490家半等著去多收購。此言既出,駟馬難追!下載更Oursubsidiariesspentarecord$15billiononplantandequipmentduring2014,wellover,”twicetheirdepreciationcharges.About90%ofthatmoneywasspentintheUnitedStates.Though)wewillalwaysinvestabroadaswell,themotherlodeofopportunitiesrunsthroughAmerica.Thetreasuresthathavebeenuncovereduptonowaredwarfedbythosestilluntapped.Throughdumbluck,CharlieandIwerebornintheUnitedStates,andweareforevergratefulforthestaggeringadvantagesthisaccidentofbirthhasgivenus.必驚慌。PDF150億美元,超過折舊費用2014年,我們的子公司總計在生產(chǎn)設(shè)備上投入了創(chuàng)紀錄的兩倍多。其中大約有90%的資金是用在了美國國內(nèi)。盡管我們會開展海外投資,但公司發(fā)展機遇的主礦脈還是綿延在美國。我們深信,與依然潛藏在地下的寶藏規(guī)模相比,目前所開(采的寶藏僅為滄海一粟。蒼天垂青,我和查理生來就是美國公民,我們對此如天賜之福般的ValueFirst1“美國人優(yōu)勢”永懷感念。牛股Berkshire’syearendemployees–includingthoseatHeinz–totaledarecord340,499,up資9,754fromlastyear.Theincrease,Iamproudtosay,includednogainatheadquarters(where25投peoplework).Nosensegoingcrazy.伯克希爾的年終員工總數(shù),如果將亨氏集團的包括在內(nèi),達到了340499人,這比一年前增加了9754價(依然停留在25人)。諸位不值“號Berkshireincreaseditsownershipinterestlastyearineachofits“BigFour”investments–AmericanExpress,Coca-Cola,IBMandWellsFargo.WepurchasedadditionalsharesofIBM信微(increasing公ourownershipto7.8%versus6.3%atyearend2013).Meanwhile,stockrepurchasesatCoca-Cola,AmericanExpressandWellsFargoraisedourpercentageownershipofeach.Our索equityinCoca-Colagrewfrom9.1%to9.2%,ourinterestinAmericanExpressincreasedfrom搜14.2%to14.8%andourownershipofWellsFargogrewfrom9.2%to9.4%.And,ifyouthink(tenthsofapercentaren’timportant,ponderthismath:Forthefourcompaniesinaggregate,eachincreaseofone-tenthofapercentinourownershipraisesBerkshire’sportionoftheirannualearningsby$50million.去年伯克希爾對“四大投資對象”均有增持,即美國運通、可口可樂、IBM和富國銀行。我們增持了IBM的股票(持股比例從2013年底的6.3%上升至去年底的7.8%),此外我8們在可口可樂、美國運通和富國銀行的持股比例也有了增加。我們在可口可樂公司的持股比例從9.1%增加到了9.2%,在美國運通的持股比例從14.2%增加到了14.8%,在富國銀行的EDITOR持股比例從9.2%增加到了9.4%。在此千萬不要小看百分比中小數(shù)點后面位數(shù)的變化:四家企業(yè)加總,我們對其持股比例每上升0.1個百分點,伯克希爾每年就可多拿到5000萬美元)的盈利。Thesefourinvesteespossessexcellentbusinessesandarerunbymanagerswhoareboth資料talentedandshareholder-oriented.AtBerkshire,wemuchpreferowninganon-controllingbut研substantialportionofawonderfulcompanytoowning100%ofaso-sobusiness.It’sbettertohaveapartialinterestintheHopeDiamondthantoownallofarhinestone.投這四家企業(yè)的業(yè)務(wù)成熟,其管理層能力出眾且注重股東利益。對于伯克希爾來說,我們寧可去參股一家偉大的企業(yè),也不愿意去絕對控股一家泛泛之輩。所謂寧要鮮桃一口,不要多爛杏一筐。下載更IfBerkshire’syearendholdingsareusedasthemarker,ourportionofthe“BigFour’s”2014,”earningsbeforediscontinuedoperationsamountedto$4.7billion(comparedto$3.3billiononly)threeyearsago).Intheearningswereporttoyou,however,weincludeonlythedividendswereceive–about$1.6billionlastyear.(Again,threeyearsagothedividendswere$862million.)Butmakenomistake:The$3.1billionofthesecompanies’earningswedon’treportareeverybitasvaluabletousastheportionBerkshirerecords.如果按照伯克希爾對四大投資對象的年終持股比例看,四大投資對象企業(yè)在2014年所產(chǎn)生的常規(guī)經(jīng)營利潤中應(yīng)有47億美元屬于我們(三年之前是33億美元)。但在盈利報告中,我們僅僅將獲得的分紅計算在內(nèi),即去年獲得了16億美元的分紅(三年前的分紅是8.62億(美元)。但在此不可混淆:未記錄在本集團盈利報告中的ValueFirst131億美元與納入盈利報告的資金同樣可觀。牛股Theearningstheseinvesteesretainareoftenusedforrepurchasesoftheirownstock–a資movethatenhancesBerkshire’sshareoffutureearningswithoutrequiringustolayoutadime.投Theirretainedearningsalsofundbusinessopportunitiesthatusuallyturnouttobeadvantageous.Allthatleadsustoexpectthattheper-shareearningsofthesefourinvestees,inaggregate,will價growsubstantiallyover值time(though2015willbeatoughyearforthegroup,inpartbecauseofthe“strongdollar).IftheexpectedPDFgainsmaterialize,dividendstoBerkshirewillincreaseand,even號moreimportant,sowillourunrealizedcapitalgains.(Forthepackageoffour,ourunrealizedgains眾alreadytotaled$42billionatyearend.)四家企業(yè)所留存的利潤通常會用來回購自身股票,這意味著我們不費一分一厘就可增加信微公索不管如何,最終在這四大投資對象中的整體每股盈利都會隨著時間的推移而不斷提高(盡管2015年可能會充滿挑戰(zhàn),因為美元走強不利于這四家企業(yè)的國際化業(yè)務(wù))。如果這些預(yù)期的搜增長都可實現(xiàn),那么伯克希爾的分紅也將隨之增長,更為重要的是,我們在這些企業(yè)的未兌(現(xiàn)資本也將增值(截至去年底,我們在這四家企業(yè)中的未兌現(xiàn)資本收益已經(jīng)達到420億美元)。Ourflexibilityincapitalallocation–ourwillingnesstoinvestlargesumspassivelyinnon-controlledbusinesses–givesusasignificantadvantageovercompaniesthatlimitthemselvestoacquisitionstheycanoperate.Ourappetiteforeitheroperatingbusinessesorpassive9investmentsdoublesourchancesoffindingsensibleusesforBerkshire’sendlessgusherofcash.我們在資本配置方面的靈活性,即我們愿意將大量資金投入到不直接控制的企業(yè)中,這使得我們與某些企業(yè)相比具有了強大的優(yōu)勢,因為那些企業(yè)只愿意投資于能直接經(jīng)營的產(chǎn)業(yè),從而捆住了自己的手腳。我們對直接經(jīng)營和財務(wù)投資的靈活姿態(tài)為資金的妥善使用加上)了雙保險,洶涌的伯克希爾現(xiàn)金流總能找到用武之地。料I’vementionedinthepastthatmyexperienceinbusinesshelpsmeasaninvestorandthatmy資investmentexperiencehasmademeabetterbusinessman.Eachpursuitteacheslessonsthatare研applicabletotheother.Andsometruthscanonlybefullylearnedthroughexperience.(InFredSchwed’swonderfulbook,WhereAretheCustomers’Yachts?,aPeterArnocartoondepictsa投beadequatelyexplainedtoavirgineitherbywordsorpictures.”Ifyouhaven’treadSchwed’s多book,buyacopyatourannualmeeting.Itswisdomandhumoraretrulypriceless.)更我曾說過,我在生意上的經(jīng)驗對我的投資有所幫助,而我的投資經(jīng)驗反過來又讓我成為載更好的生意人。二者的經(jīng)驗是互通的。有一些真理只能通過實踐才能徹底領(lǐng)悟。(弗雷德-施下韋德(FredSchwed)佳作《客戶的游艇在哪兒?》中有一副彼得-阿諾(PeterArno)的漫畫,畫,中懵懂的亞當看著好奇的夏娃,文字說明是“有一些事情無論通過文字還是圖片都無法讓一位處女徹底明白”。如果你沒有讀過施韋德的書,我們年會上有賣。此書的智慧和幽默真是)無價之寶。)AmongArno’s“certainthings,”Iwouldincludetwoseparateskills,theevaluationofinvestmentsandthemanagementofbusinesses.Ithereforethinkit’sworthwhileforToddCombsEDITORandTedWeschler,ourtwoinvestmentmanagers,toeachhaveoversightofatleastoneofourbusinesses.AsensibleopportunityforthemtoValueFirst1dosoopenedupafewmonthsagowhenweagreedtopurchasetwocompaniesthat,thoughsmallerthanwewouldnormallyacquire,haveexcellent(economiccharacteristics.Combined,thetwoearn$100millionannuallyonabout$125millionofnettangibleassets.牛股除了阿諾的“確定的事情”,我認為還需要兩項單獨的技能:對投資品的估值以及企業(yè)資投值一些,加起來凈有形資產(chǎn)大約PDF1.25億美元,年收益1億美元。價號眾amount公ofworkand,moreimportant,makethetwoofthemevenbetterinvestorsthantheyalreadyare(whichistosayamongthebest).微信索我要求多德和泰德各擔任一家公司的董事長。以董事長的角色,他們的用武之地非常有限,就像我在我們較大的子公司中那樣。這種安排為我分擔了一點工作,更重要的是,可以搜讓這兩位已經(jīng)出類拔萃的投資者更加優(yōu)秀。(***********PDFMLatein2009,amidstthegloomoftheGreatRecession,weagreedtobuyBNSF,thelargestpurchaseinBerkshire’shistory.Atthetime,Icalledthetransactionan“all-inwageronthe10economicfutureoftheUnitedStates.”2009年底,在“大衰退”的陰霾中,我們同意收購伯靈頓北方圣達菲鐵路公司(BNSF)。這是伯克希爾歷史上規(guī)模最大的一筆收購。當時我將這筆交易形容為“全副身家賭美國經(jīng)濟前景”。Thatkindofcommitmentwasnothingnewforus.We’vebeenmakingsimilarwagersever料)sinceBuffettPartnershipLtd.acquiredcontrolofBerkshirein1965.Forgoodreason,too:Charlie資andIhavealwaysconsidered“abet”onever-risingU.S.prosperitytobeveryclosetoasurething.研類似的押寶對我們來說并不是頭一遭。早在1965年,巴菲特合伙人公司收購伯克希爾控股權(quán)就是類似的賭注。同樣,根據(jù)充分的理由,查理和我向來認為,“賭”美國繼續(xù)繁榮下去是確定性非常高的事情。多投Indeed,whohaseverbenefitedduringthepast238yearsbybettingagainstAmerica?更Ifyoucompareourcountry’spresentconditiontothatexistingin1776,youhavetorubyoureyesin載wonder.Inmylifetimealone,realper-capitaU.S.outputhassextupled.Myparentscouldnothave下dreamedin1930oftheworldtheirsonwouldsee.Thoughthepreachersofpessimismprattle,thinkofafewforwhomIwouldhappilybuyaone-wayticket).)如果不信,你去問問在過去238年中,有誰是通過押注美國衰落而成功的?將我們國家的現(xiàn)狀與1776年對比一下,你簡直不敢相信自己的眼睛。就我的有生之年來講,美國的人均產(chǎn)出翻了6倍。我的父母在1930年絕對想象不到他們的兒子今天所看到的世界。雖然那些悲觀主義傳教士沒完沒了地說美國存在這樣那樣的問題,我沒有看見他們中哪個真的希望EDITOR移民到國外(雖然我能夠想到幾個而且很樂意為他們購買單程機票)。ValueFirst1Thedynamismembeddedinourmarketeconomywillcontinuetoworkitsmagic.Gains(won’tcomeinasmoothoruninterruptedmanner;theyneverhave.Andwewillregularlygrumble股aboutourgovernment.But,mostassuredly,America’sbestdayslieahead.牛我們市場經(jīng)濟的動力機制仍將繼續(xù)發(fā)揮它的魔力。要收獲總要經(jīng)歷挫折,不可能一帆風資投Withthistailwind值workingforus,CharlieandIhopetobuildBerkshire’sper-shareintrinsicvalueby(1)constantlyimprovingPDFthebasicearningpowerofourmanysubsidiaries;(2)further價increasingtheirearningsthroughbolt-onacquisitions;(3)benefitingfromthegrowthofour號眾results公foryoubyrarely,ifever,issuingBerkshireshares.微信在這種有利形勢下,查理和我希望通過以下途徑提升伯克希爾的每股內(nèi)在價值:(1)持索續(xù)改善我們眾多子公司的基本盈利能力;(2)通過補強型收購進一步提升它們的盈利;(3)從我們投資對象的增長中獲益;(4)當伯克希爾股價大幅低于內(nèi)在價值時進行股份回購;(5)偶搜爾進行大規(guī)模收購。我們還會嘗試通過增發(fā)伯克希爾股份讓你的收益最大化,不過這種做法(就算有也是偶爾為之。PDFMThosebuildingblocksrestonarock-solidfoundation.Acenturyhence,BNSFandBerkshireHathawayEnergywillstillbeplayingvitalrolesinoureconomy.Homesandautoswillremain11centraltothelivesofmostfamilies.Insurancewillcontinuetobeessentialforbothbusinessesandindividuals.Lookingahead,CharlieandIseeaworldmadetoorderforBerkshire.Wefeelfortunatetobeentrustedwithitsmanagement.我們都知道,搭積木關(guān)鍵在于基礎(chǔ)穩(wěn)固。一個世紀之后,BNSF和伯克希爾?哈撒韋能)源公司仍將繼續(xù)在美國經(jīng)濟中扮演重要角色。住房和汽車仍將是大部分家庭生活的中心。保險無論對企業(yè)還是個人都將依然不可或缺。展望未來,查理和我看到伯克希爾仍將大有用武料之地。我們對受托管理伯克希爾深感榮幸。資IntrinsicBusinessValue研投企業(yè)內(nèi)在價值A(chǔ)smuchasCharlieandItalkaboutintrinsicbusinessvalue,wecannottellyouprecisely多whatthatnumberisforBerkshireshares(nor,infact,foranyotherstock).Inour2010更annualreport,however,welaidoutthethreeelements–oneofthemqualitative–thatwebelievearethe載keystoasensibleestimateofBerkshire’sintrinsicvalue.Thatdiscussionisreproducedinfullonpages123-124.,下雖然查理和我經(jīng)常提到內(nèi)在企業(yè)價值,我們無法準確地告訴你伯克希爾股票的內(nèi)在價值是多少(事實上任何其他股票都是如此)。不過,在2010年的年度報告中,我們提出了內(nèi)在)價值的三大要素,其中之一是定性的,另兩個是定量的。我們認為這三大要素是合理估算伯克希爾內(nèi)在價值的關(guān)鍵。本報告在123-124頁完全復(fù)制了這部分討論。Hereisanupdateofthetwoquantitativefactors:In2014ourper-shareinvestmentsincreasedEDITOR8.4%to$140,123,andourearningsfrombusinessesotherthaninsuranceandinvestmentsincreased19%to$10,847pershare.ValueFirst1下面是兩個定量要素的最新估算:2014年我們的每股投資增長8.4%至140123美元,(除保險和投資之外的業(yè)務(wù)利潤增長19%至每股10847美元。牛股Since1970,ourper-shareinvestmentshaveincreasedatarateof19%compoundedannually,資投value.CharlieandI值liketoseegainsinbothsectors,butourmainfocusistobuildoperatingearnings.That’swhywewerePDFpleasedtoexchangeourPhillips66andGrahamHoldingsstockfor價operatingbusinesseslastyearandtocontractwithProcterandGambletoacquireDuracellby號眾公44年中,伯克希爾股價以與兩個價值衡量標準類似的速度增長也就不足為奇了。查理和我希望看到兩部分都能夠增長,但我們主要的精力放在提升運營利潤上面。微信索這正是為何去年我們選擇用Phillips66和GrahamHoldings的股票來換取運營業(yè)務(wù),并通過類似的手段從寶潔手中收購金霸王(Duracell),后者將在2015年完成交易。搜(Now,let’sexaminethefourmajorsectorsofouroperations.Eachhasvastlydifferentbalancesheetandincomecharacteristicsfromtheothers.Sowe’llpresentthemasfourseparatebusinesses,whichishowCharlieandIviewthem(thoughthereareimportantandenduringadvantagestohavingthemallunderoneroof).OurgoalistoprovideyouwiththeinformationwewouldwishtoPDFM12haveifourpositionswerereversed,withyoubeingthereportingmanagerandwetheabsenteeshareholders.(Butdon’tgetanyideas!)現(xiàn)在,讓我們審視我們經(jīng)營的四大領(lǐng)域。它們的資產(chǎn)負債表和收入特點彼此都存在巨大差異。因此我們將它們作為四個業(yè)務(wù)分別表述,這也是我和查理看待它們的方式。(雖然它們共處伯克希爾一個屋檐下?lián)碛袠O其重要和持久不衰的優(yōu)勢。))料Insurance保險業(yè)研投Let’slookfirstatinsurance,Berkshire’scoreoperation.Thatindustryhasbeentheenginethathaspropelledourexpansionsince1967,whenweacquiredNationalIndemnityanditssistercompany,NationalFire&Marine,for$8.6million.Thoughthatpurchasehadmonumental多consequencesforBerkshire,itsexecutionwassimplicityitself.下載更首先是保險業(yè)務(wù),這是公司核心業(yè)務(wù)。自1967年以來,保險業(yè)務(wù)一直是公司業(yè)績增長的關(guān)鍵引擎。當時我們以860萬美元的價格收購NationalIndemni
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