翻譯碩士英語-天津某商業(yè)大學(xué)2022年碩士研究生招生考試自命題科目試題

天津商業(yè)大學(xué)2022年碩士研究生招生考試試題

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科目名稱：翻譯碩士英語(211)共10頁第1頁

說明：答案標(biāo)明題號(hào)寫在答題紙上，寫在試題紙上的無效。

I.Choosetheoneanswerthatbestexplainstheunderlinedwordorphraseinthesentence.Writeyour

answersontheANSWERSHEET(20points).

1.Cross-StraitstensionsisnottoeaseuntilTaiwanindependence'sprovocationscease.

A.evocationB.offenceC.aggravationD.challenge

2.SnowturnedDatongintoaserenewhitefairy-taleworld.

A.perfectB.tranquilC.pureD.crystal

3.China'sdramaticeconomicgrowthandsocialdevelopmentundertheguidanceoftheCPChave

enthralledtheinternationalcommunity.

A.motivatedB.movedC.charmedD.interested

4.NoneofthevaccinatedpatientshadserioussymptomscausedbyDeltaduringtheepidemicoutbreakin

GuangzhouinMay.

A.signsB.diseaseC.sicknessD.discomfort

5.Lastyear,thefigurereachedastaggering498.2billionyuan.

A.absorbingB.shockingC.appealingD.attracting

6.Despitetheongoingsuspicion,demonization,andcounterproductiverivalry,itisnotamathematical

fbnnulawherebythedevelopingnationsgetcertainamountsofsanctionsrelief.

A.actofcondemningB.actofdescribingsomebodyasfoe

C.actofpraisingD.actofdescribingsomebodyasevil

7.Thelong-termidealsandambitiousgoalshaveenabledtheCPCtojumpoutofthefettersofpragmatism

andutilitarianism.

A.fenceB.trammelsC.jailD.dilemma

8.Theclothesarecheap,butshewearsthemwithacertainswagger.

A.jactitationB.proudC.strutD.profoundness

9.SingaporewillnolongerpaytheCovid-19medicalbillsforpeople"unvaccinatedbychoice”，the

governmentsaid,asthecountrygrappleswithasurgeincases.

A.strugglesB.wranglesC.graspsD.tangles

10.TheimmediatepastU.S.presidentwagedawaragainstuswithalethaldoseoftariffs,theimpactof

whichstilllingersonAmericanconsumers'wallets.

A.convenientB.sparseC.enormousD.fatal

11.Exceptunderspecialcircumstances,groundwaterthatisnotreplenishedeasilyshouldnotbeexploited.

A.completedB.supplementedC.replacedD.alternated

12.Increasedactivitybythesegroupscanalsoleadtoincreasedstatecorruptionandcontributetothe

erosionofstatestability.

A.corrosionB.developmentC.foundationD.ulceration

13.GiantpandasareplayingandforaginginsidetheShenshupingbaseofChinaConservationandResearch

CenterfortheGiantPandainWolongNationalNatureReserve.

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A.rollingB.harassingC.seekingfoodsD.seekingwater

14.Geopoliticalconcernsarecreatingpressuresforeconomiestoreducetheirsupplydependenceon

individualcountrieswhiledecouplingisalreadyunderwayinimportanthigh-techindustries.

A.isolatingB.associatingC.disclosingD.dissociating

15.Ithaszoomedinonprovincial-leveldatatoprovidebetterinsightintoChina'sclimateandhealth

problemsindifferentregions.

A.focusedB.accumulatedC.stimulatedD.indulged

16.His8-year-oldyoungerbrotheralsosuccumbedtothediseaseinlessthantwomonths.

A.receivedB.accustomedC.surrenderedD.defeating

17.Itmaynothavebeenthemostsustainableleadershipstrategy,butofcourse,SteveJobsbuckedmuch

ofmanagementconventionalwisdom.

A.complimentaryB.contradictoryC.supportableD.continual

18.Althoughwedon'thaveenoughreliabledatatocomparewhethertheU.S.orChinahassufferedmore,

itisallbutcertainthatretaliatorytarifitshavecausedeconomicpaintobothparties.

A.overchargedB.unbalancedC.vindicatoryD.dangerous

19.Thisyear'sSinglesDayshoppingextravaganzahasstirredupconsumers,purchasingenthusiasm.

A.intentionB.indulgenceC.lustD.appetency

20.Amongthecity's17national-levelintangibleculturalheritages,10arecraftsandfolkarts.

A.disconnectedB.incomprehensibleC.discarnateD.inevitable

ILIneachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourunderlinedparts,markedwithA,B,CandD.

Identifythepartthatisgrammaticallyincorrect.WriteyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET(10

points).

1.EnvironmentalexpertsarcurgingthoseUSpoliticiansopposedtoakeyinternationalagreementsetaside

ABC

commercialinterestsinorderforthecountrytojointhepactaimedatpreservingbiodiversity.

D

2.ThebillionaireCEOElonMuskhadalreadysoldacombined$6.9billionworthofsharesinclcctronic-

ABC

carcompanyTeslaasofNov12.

D

3.Researcherssaytheyhaveuncoveredthenamesof102NativeAmericanstudentswhodiedata3deral

ABC

operatedboardingschooljnNebraska.

D

4.ThecomingThanksgivingfestivalintheUnitedStateswillbethemostexpensiveinyearsbecauseof

AB

highfoodprices,whicharealsohurtingmanyofthecountry'sfoodbanks,whichtensofmillionsof

CD

peopleintheUSrely.

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5.Thisyear,vaccinemakersfromaroundtheglobetookthetopspotinthelistof"ChangetheWorld”.

ABCD

6.Zero-toleranceapproachtothevirusisaresponsetoarisingcallinthecountryforaneasinessofthe

ABC

measurestohaltthelatestwaveofthevirus.

D

7.The2022WinterOlympicswillbethefirstGamesinhistoryexclusivelypowe】allvenueswithclean

ABC

energyfromrenewablesources.

D

8.Thecountry\commitmenttopeakcarbonemissionsby2030andachievingcarbonneutralityby2060

ABC

poseschallengestothecoalindustry.

D

9.ThemembersofEDGandotherstaffcdisplayedtaichimartialartsandtraditionalChinesecostumesin

AB

Reykjavik,launchinga"Chinesehurricane^^intheIcelandiccapital.

CD

10.Goldenrodisoftenreferredtoas“theflowerofthedevil”,asitspreadsextremelyfastandcausesother

ABC

plantsdie.

D

III.Readingcomprehension(40points).

SectionAMultipleChoiceQuestions

Inthissectiontherearetourpassagesfollowedbysixteenmultiple-choicequestions.Foreach

multiplechoicequestion,therearefoursuggestedanswersmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethat

youthinkisthebestanswerandmarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.

Passage1

Shewasasmallwoman,oldandwrinkled.Whenshestartedwashingforus,shewasalreadypast

seventy.MostJewishwomenofherageweresickly,weak,brokeninbody.Butthiswashwoman,smalland

thinasshewas,possessedastrengththatcamefromgenerationsofpeasantancestors.Motherwouldcount

outtoherabagoflaundrythathadaccumulatedoverseveralweeks.Shewouldthenliftthebag,putiton

hernarrowshoulders,andcarryitthelongwayhome.

Shewouldbringthelaundrybackabouttwoweekslater.Mymotherhadneverbeensopleasedwith

anywashwoman.Yetshechargednomorethantheothers.Shewasarealfind.Washingclotheswasnot

easyinthosedays.Theoldwomanhadnotapwhereshelivedbuthadtobringinthewaterfromapump.

Fortheclothesandbedclothestocomeoutsoclean,theyhadtobescrubbedthoroughlyinawashtub,rinsed

withwashingsoda,soaked,boiledinanenormouspot,starched,thenironed.Everypiecewashandledten

timesormore.

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Thatwinterwasaharshone.Thestreetswereicy.Nomatterhowmuchweheatedourstove,the

windowswerecoveredwithfrost.Thenewspapersreportedthatpeopleweredyingofthecold.Coalbecame

dear.Thewinterhadbecomesoseverethatparentsstoppedsendingchildrentoschool.

Ononesuchdaythewashwoman,nownearlyeightyyearsold,cametoourhouse.Mothergavehera

potofteatowarmherself,aswellassomebread.Theoldwomansatonakitchenchairtremblingandshaking,

andwarmedherhandsagainsttheteapot.Herfingernailswerestrangelywhite.Thesehandsspokeofthe

stubbornnessofmankind,ofthewilltoworknotonlyasone'sstrengthpermitsbutbeyondthelimitsofone's

power.

Thebagwasbig,biggerthanusual.Whenthewomanplaceditonhershoulders,itcoveredher

completely.Atfirstshestayed,asthoughshewereabouttofallundertheload.Butaninnerstubbornness

seemedtocallout;no,youmaynotfall.Adonkeymaypuimithimselftofallunderhisburden,butnota

humanbeing、Ihebeslofcreation.

Morethantwomonthspassed.Thefrosthadgone,andthenanewfrosthadcome,anewwaveofcold.

Oneevening,whilemotherwassittingnearthelampmendingashirt,thedooropenedandasmallpuffof

steam,followedbyagiganticbag,entered.Irantowardtheoldwomanandhelpedherunloadherbag.She

waseventhinnernow,morebent.Shecouldnotutteraclearword,butmumbledsomethingwithhersunken

mouthandpalelips.

Aftertheoldwomanhadrecoveredsomewhat,shetoldusthatshehadbeenill,veryill.ButGodhad

notyetwantedtotakethispoorsoultoHimself.Shebegantofeelbetter,andassoonasshewasabletostand

onherfeetoncemore,sheresumedherwashing.Notjustours,butthewashofseveralotherfamiliestoo.

Butshenevercameback.Thewashshehadreturnedwasherlasteffortonthisearth.Nowatlasther

body,whichhadlongbeensupportedonlybytheforceofhonestyandduty,hadfallen.Hersoulpassedinto

thosesphereswhereallholysoulsmeet.

1.Themostsuitabletitleforthestoryis_?

A.TheWashwomanB.TheOldJewishLady

C.TheStubbornOldLadyD.TheHard-workingOldLady

2.Theadjectivethatcanbeusedtodescribethecharacterofthewashwomanis__.

A.stubbornB.honestC.responsibleD.alloftheabove

3.Thewriterofthestorymightbe__.

A.blackB.aJewC.aMuslimD.aChristian

4.Whenthewashwomandied,shewasnearlyinher__.

A.60sB.70sC.80sD.90s

Passage2

BraveNewWorld,writtenbyAldousHuxleyandpublishedin1932,wasaboutthebigtechnological

revolutionabouttotakeplace,thatofbiotechnology.Inthenovel,thehatchingofpeopleisnotinwombs

but,aswenowsay,invitro;thedrugsoma,givespeopleinstanthappiness;themodificationofbehaviorwill

bethroughconstantsubliminalrepetitionand,otherhugechangesthatwillhappeninthefuture.

Thisnoveldescribesadystopia.Init,theevilisnotsoobviousbecausenooneishurt;indeed,thisis

aworldinwhicheveryonegetswhattheywant.Asoneofthecharactersnotes,t4TheControllersrealized

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thatforcewasnogood,^^andthatpeoplewouldhavetobeseducedratherthancompelledtoliveinanorderly

society.Inthisworld,diseaseandsocialconflicthavebeenabolished;thereisnodepression,madness,

loneliness,oremotionaldistress.Noonetakesreligionseriouslyanylonger,nooneisintrospectiveorhas

unrequitedlongings,thebiologicalfamilyhasbeenabolished,noonereadsShakespeare.Butnoone(save

JohntheSavage,thebook'sprotagonist)missesthesethings,either,sincetheyarehappyandhealthy.Inthe

wordsofbiocthicistLeonKass,“Unlikethemanreducedbydiseaseorslavery,thepeopledehumanizedin

BraveNewWorldarenotmiserable,don'tknowthattheyaredehumanized,and,whatisworse,wouldnot

careiftheyknew.Theyare,indeed,happyslaveswithaslavishhappiness.^^

Whatissoimportantaboutbeingahumanbeinginthetraditionalway,whichisdifferentfromthe

situationdescribedbyHuxley?Afterall,whatthehumanraceistodayistheproductofanevolutionary

processthathasbeengoingonformillionsofyears,onethatwithanyluckwillcontinuewellintothefuture.

Therearenofixedhumancharacteristics,exceptforageneralcapabilitytochoosewhatwewanttobe,to

modifyourselvesinaccordancewithourdesires.Sowhoistotellusthatbeinghumanandhavingdignity

meansstickingwithasetofemotionalresponsesthataretheaccidentalbyproductofourevolutionaryhistory?

Thereisnosuchthingasabiologicalfamily,nosuchthingashumannatureora“normal“humanbeing,and

eveniftherewere,whyshouldthatbeaguideforwhatisrightandjust?Huxleyistellingus,ineffect,that

weshouldcontinuetofeelpain,bedepressedorlonely,orsufferfromdebilitatingdisease,allbecausethat

iswhathumanbeingshavedoneformostoftheirexistenceasaspecies.

Huxleywasright.Hetellsusthroughhisnovelthatthemostsignificantthreatposedbycontemporary

biotechnologyisthepossibilitythatitwillalterhumannatureandtherebymoveusintoa“posthuman“stage

ofhistory.Thisisimportant,Iwillargue,becausehumannatureexists,isameaningfulconcept,andhas

providedastablecontinuitytoourexperienceasaspecies.Itis,conjointlywithreligion,whatdefinesour

mostbasicvalues.Humannatureshapesandconstrainsthepossiblekindsofpoliticalregimes,soa

technologypowerfulenoughtoreshapewhatwearewillhavepossiblemalignconsequences.

Biotechnology,incontrasttomanyotherscientificadvances,mixesobviousbenefitswithsubtleharms

inoneseamlesspackage.Theremaybeproductsofbiotechnologythatwillbesimilarlyobviousinthe

dangerstheyposetomankind-forexample,superbugs,newviruses,orgeneticallymodifiedfoodsthat

producetoxicreactions.Likenuclearweaponsornanotechnology,theseareinawaytheeasiesttodealwith

becauseoncewehaveidentifiedthemasdangerous,wecantreatthemasastraightforwardthreat.Themore

typicalthreatsraisedbybiotechnology,ontheotherhand,arethosecapturedsowellbyHuxley,andare

suinmedupinthetitleofanarticlebynovelistTomWolfe,"Sorry,butYourSoulJustDied."Medical

technologyoffersusinmanycasesadeviPsbargain:longerlife,butwithreducedmentalcapacity;freedom

fromdepression,togetherwithfreedomfromcreativityorspirit;therapiesthatblurthelinebetweenwhatwe

achieveonourownandwhatweachievebecauseofthelevelsofvariouschemicalsinourbrains.

Whatshouldwedoinresponsetobiotechnologythatinthefuturewillmixgreatpotentialbenefitswith

threatsthatareeitherphysicalandovertorspiritualandsubtle?Theanswerisobvious:Weshouldusethe

powerofthestatetoregulateit.Andifthisprovestobebeyondthepowerofanyindividualnation-stateto

regulate,itneedstoberegulatedonaninternationalbasis.Weneedtostartthinkingconcretelynowabout

howtobuildinstitutionsthatcandiscriminatebetweengoodandbadusesofbiotechnology,andeffectively

enforcetheserulesbothnationallyandinternationally.

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5.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“dystopia"mean?

A.anidealbutnonexistentpoliticalandsocialwayoflife

B.abadplace,averyunpleasantimaginaryworldinwhichominoustendenciesofthepresentsocial,political

andtechnologicalorderareprojectedintoadisastrousfutureculmination

C.certaincultural,institutionalanddiscursivespacesthataresomehow“other”

D."realandimagined^^space,livedspace,thewaythatpeopleactuallyliveinandexperiencethaturban

space

6.Whichofthefollowingwaysisnothowpeopleinthe“bravenewworld^^live?

A.theylivehappilyanddon'tknowwhatpainis

B.theycangeteverythingtheywant

C.theycherishlove,friendshipandotheremotions

D.theydon'thavetheconceptofbiologicalfamily

7.Whichofthefollowingattitudesmightnotbelongtotheauthorofthispassage?

A.heagreeswithHuxley

B.hebelievesthesoulofpeoplelivinginthebravenewworlddies

C.hebelievestheworlddescribedintheBraveNewWorldisaposthumanstageofhistory

D.hethinksbiotechnologybringsonlyalotofbenefits,andnoharm,totheworld

8.Accordingtotheauthor,whichofthefollowingtechnologiesisthemostdangerous?

A.someharmfulbio-technologies

B.nuclearweapon

C.nanotechnology

D.geneticallymodifiedfoods

Passage3

March2020.Adeadlyvirussweepsaroundtheworld.Overnight,ourlivesareputonpause.Butas

westop,remarkablethingsstarttochangeinthenaturalworld.Clearerair.Cleanerwaters.Andanimals

startingtoflourishinwayswehadn'tseenfordecades.ThisistheyearEarthchanged.

Justhoursintolockdown,manyofusnoticethesilence.Withglobaltrafficnoisereducedbyupto

70%,thereisanewsoundtobeheard,birdsong.Andifsnotjustnoiselevelthatreduces,thespeedatwhich

airpollutiondropsaroundtheglobeisstaggering.Withindays,LosAngelesexperiencesitsbestairquality

for40years.AndinIndia,whichtypicallysuffersfromsomeoftheworstpollutionintheworld,just12days

afterlockdown,abreathtakingsightappears.ThehighestmountainrangeonEarth,theHimalayas,hidden

behindsmogfor30years,issuddenlyvisibletopeoplewholiveinacityover200kilometersaway.It'sa

vividillustrationthatthemomentwepaused,theEarthwasabletobreatheagain.Lockdownextendsinto

weeks.Andthetravelbanslimitourmovementstillfurther.Airtravelhasjustfallenoffacliff.It'sdown

roughly90%worldwide.Globalshippingtrafficdropsby17%inthefirstthreemonthsoflockdown,

improvingthelivesofanimalsacrosstheoceans.

Globally,aquarterofbusinessesareshut.Bars,restaurantsandcafesremainclosed.Theretailbusiness

isshutdown.Withurbancentersalmostdeserted,remarkablepicturesemergeofanimalstakingadvantage

ofcityliving.

InJapan,thecityofNarahasbeenhometoagroupofsikadeerforatleast1,300years.Mostofthe

meadowstheyreliedonforfoodhadbeentakenoverbybuildings,soricebrancrackersfromthe13million

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annualvisitorstoNara'stemplesbecomeavitalpartoftheirdiet.Butthepandemicchangedthat.Their

favoritetakeoutdisappearedovernight.Nopeoplemeansnocrackers.There'sconcernthatthedeermight

starve.Butsomeoftheoldergenerationappeartohaveaplan.Theyleadagroupoutofthetemplegrounds.

Andtheyseemtoknowexactlywherethey'regoing.They'reheadingdownamajorroaddeepintothe

concretejungleofthecity.Butwherewilltheyfindfoodinthisurbansprawl?Afteratwo-and-a-half

kilometertrek,thegroupcomestoahalt.Infrontofthemisapatchofgrasslandwhichwasoncepartoftheir

grazinggrounds.Remarkably,theolderdeerseemtohaveremembereditastheplacewheretheyusedto

feed.Anditprovideseverythingtheyneed:freshgrass,leavesandherbs.Overthefollowingweeks,they

grazeacrossapatchworkofthesesurvivingscrapsofland.Andtherewasanotherupsidetotheabsenceof

people.Scientistshavediscoveredthatnotonlydidthisnewdietmakethemhealthier,butfewervisitors

meantlessplastictrash,whichcankilldeer.Evenwhenitseemsthatanimalsbenefitfromourpresence,in

manycases,they'reactuallybetteroffwithoutus.

Thisisayearinwhichmanyofushavefoundcomfortinthenaturalworld,ayearinwhichtheworld

haschangedinextraordinaryways.Whatinspirationcanwetakefromthismomenttofindwaystobetter

coexistwithnature?InIndia,somearealreadyseizingthechancetolivemoreharmoniouslyalongsidesome

verypowerfulyetendangeredanimals.AfullygrownAsianelephantneedstoeat150kilosoffoodevery

day.Butwithonly5%oftheirnaturalhabitatremaining,andwithmuchoftheirforesthomereplacedby

farmland,elephantshereoftenraidcropstosurvive.Inresponse,thefarmerstrytodefendtheirfields.Across

thecountry,around400humansandahundredelephantsarekilledintheseconflictseveryyear.Butone

communityistryinganewapproachtosolvingtheproblem.Alongtheforestedge,theyplantabufferzone

offast-growingwildriceandgrassesfortheelephantstoeat.Stayingclosetotheedgeoftheforest,the

elephantschoosetofeastonlyonthecropsplantedforthem.Before,thefarmersusedtochasethemaway.

Butnow,thingshavechanged.Itfeelsgood.

Theastonishingspeedandvarietyofnature'sresponsehasshownthatevenmodestchangestoourlives

canmakeavitaldifferencetowildlifearoundtheworld.Therecouldbesomesmallshutdownseverysingle

summer,forinstance,nightlybeachclosures,whichdon'thavetobeduringtheday.Verysmallalterations

thatpeoplecandomakesurethathumansandwildlifearebothsuccessfultogether.

Thisextraordinaryyear,theyearEarthchanged,hasnotonlyshownusthatwecanhelpwildlifeto

flourish,butifwechoosetodoso,wecanalsotransformthehealthoftheplanetforall.It'shightimenow

thatweshouldcontributeineverysmallwaywecantoreducethepollution.Andfarfrombeingseparate

fromthenaturalworld,ourlivesareinterconnectedindeepandsurprisingways.

9.Whafsthebesttitleforthepassage?

A.WhatDidthePandemicBringtotheWorld

B.TheYearEarthChanged

C.HowtheAnimalsLivedDuringthePandemic

D.WhatHarmsHasMankindDonetotheEarth

10.Accordingtotheauthor,whatwerethelivesoftheanimalslikeduringthelockdown?

A.theywerestarved

B.theybecameverypoorwithouthumans

C.theylivedmorehappilythanbefore

D.manyanimalsweredead

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11.Whattheauthorwantstoconveythroughthispassageis___?

A.humansareharmfultotheanimals

B.humansareharmfultotheEarth

C.humansshouldrealizetheyareinterconnectedwiththenaturalworld

D.withouthumans,animalscanlivebetterontheEarth

Passage4

Ifweassumethatatransitionalperiodofthelifecycle,akintoadolescence,organizedaroundpuberty

andofvariablelength,existsalmostuniversally,thenextquestioniswhatformsittakesandwhetherits

features,too,areuniversal.EthnographicresearchinSamoaconductedbyanthropologistMargaretMead

broughttheissueofculturaldifferenceintheexperienceofadolescencetothefore.Herbook,Comingof

AgeinSamoa,famouslychallengedHall's"stormandstress“modelandarguedthatunlikeAmericanculture,

Samoanculturedidnotplacejudgmentsandpressuresonadolescenceandwasmorerelaxed.Samoan

adolescencewasrelativelytranquilandenjoyable,whichledtoMead'sassertionoftheprimacyofnurture

overnature.

Sincethen,asizeableliteratureinpsychologyandanthropologyhasdevelopedwhichhasaddressed

cross-culturaldifferencesinadolescence.SchlegelandBarry'scross-culturalstudyofadolescentsintribal

andtraditionalsocietiesusingdatacollectedfromover175societiesaroundtheworlddemonstratedthat

adolescenceasadistinctive,sociallymarkedstageoflifeisubiquitous.Theseresearchersputforwarda

biosocialtheory,arguingthatthesocialstageofadolescenceisaresponsetothedevelopmentofthe

reproductivecapacity.Mostnotably,however,thesecross-culturalstudieschallengethenotionthatfeatures

of“stormandstress“andaperiodofpsychologicalcrisisareuniversalinevitabilitiesinadolescence.For

example,whilemildformsofantisocialbehaviorwerepresentinsomesocieties,itwascertainlynot

generalizableasafeature.Similarly,aggressiveandviolentbehavioroccurredinaminorityofculturesand

whenpresentwasheavilygenderedwithaggressioningirlsbeingparticularlylow.Cross-culturalresearchers

stressthatthemeaningsofdevelopmentaltasksassociatedwithadolescencesuchastheestablishmentof

independenceorautonomymaydifferaccordingtoculture,andmaybesubjecttochangeovertime.For

example,developingindependenceinsomeculturesmaymeantakingondutiesorcareforsiblingsorelders,

andnotnecessarilyseparatingfromadultsandorientingtowardspeers.Basedonastudycomparingfive

culturesthatcouldbecontrastedas“traditional"and"modern"or“collectivistic"and“individualistic,“

Trommsdorffsuggestedthat“turbulent“featuressuchasintergenerationalconflictstemfromthefbcuson

attainingindependencefromparentsduringthisperiodandarelinkedtoculturalvaluesofindividualismin

Westernsocieties.Certainly,inmanycultures,particularlyinpre-industrialsocieties,adolescenceisnot

markedbysuchacharacterizationorpsychologicalturmoil,andthus,boththecharacterizationandlengthof

thislifestagevaryaccordingtoculture.Puberty,too,whichisclearlygroundedinbiologyacrosscultures,

interactswiththelocalenvironment.Menarche,whichmarksthebeginningofpubertyingirls,isoccurring

increasinglyearlyinindustrializedcountriessuchasJapanortheUSA.Thisfindingmaybeconnectedto

changesindietaryintake.Evenifpubertycouldbethebiologicalmarkerofthestartofadolescenceinevery

culture,theendpointislessclear.

Insummary,adolescenceconceptualizedasaprolongedperiodofidentitydevelopmentlinkedto

increasedautonomy,intergenerationalconflict,peer-relatednessandsocialpsychologicalanxieties,isnotthe

normacrosscultures.

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