英文版世界歷史上的日本

JAPAN

"WORLDHISTORY

JAMESL.HUFFMAN

Japanin

WorldHistory

The

New

Oxford

World

History

Japanin

WorldHistory

JamesL.Huffman

OXTORD

UNIVERSITYPRESS

2010

OXFORD

UNIVERSITYPRESS

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Copyright?2010byJamesL.Hu仔man

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LibraryofCongressCaraloging-in-PublicationData

Huffman,JamesL.

Japaninworldhistory/JamesL.Huffman.

p.cm.—(NewOxfordworldhistory)

Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.

ISBN978-0-19-536809-3；ISBN978-0-19-536808-6(pbk.)

1.Japan—History.2.Japan—Foreignrelations.

3.Worldhistory.I.Title.

DS835.H792010

952—dc22

2009019041

135798642

PrinredintheUnitedStaresofAmerica

onacid-freepaper

Frontispiece:Japan'spioneerjournalistFukuchiGen'ichird,

agreatloverofthelatestWesternattire,reportsontheSatsuma

Rebellionin1877.WoodblockprintbyKobayashiKiyochika.

CourtesyofMainichiShimbunsha.

Tomystudents,atWittenbergandDartmouth,

Whoconstantlychallengedmetoseehistoryasahumanthing

Thispageintentionallyleftblank

Contents

Editors5Prefaceix

Prefacexi

CHAPTER1BeforetheBrush(to645CE)1

CHAPTER2EmperorsandAristocrats:RulebyLaw

andTaste(645-1160)19

CHAPTER3Warriors:TheLongRise(1160-1550)37

CHAPTER4Peace—AndItsBenefits(1550-1850)55

CHAPTER5TheNationTransformed(1850-1905)72

CHAPTER6EngagingtheWorld,forGoodandforIll

(1905-1945)91

CHAPTER7ANewKindofPower(after1945)109

Chronology129

Notes131

FurtherReading139

Websites143

Acknowledgments145

Index147

Thispageintentionallyleftblank

Editors'Preface

hisbookispartoftheNewOxfordWorldHistory,aninnova-

tiveseriesthatoffersreadersaninformed,lively,andup-to-date

historyoftheworldanditspeoplethatrepresentsasignificant

Tchangefromthe“old"worldhistory.Onlyafewyearsago,world

historygenerallyamountedtoahistoryoftheWest—Europeandthe

UnitedStates—withsmallamountsofinformationfromtherestof

theworld.Someversionsofthe"old"worldhistorydrewattentionto

everypartoftheworldexceptEuropeandtheUnitedStates.Readers

ofthatkindofworldhistorycouldgettheimpressionthatsomehow

therestoftheworldwasmadeupofexoticpeoplewhohadstrange

customsandspokedifficultlanguages.Stillanotherkindof“old"world

historypresentedthestoryofareasorpeoplesoftheworldbyfocus-

ingprimarilyontheachievementsofgreatcivilizations.Onelearned

ofgreatbuildings,influentialworldreligions,andmightyrulersbut

littleofordinarypeopleormoregeneraleconomicandsocialpatterns.

Interactionsamongtheworld'speopleswereoftentoldfromonlyone

perspective.

Thisseriestellsworldhistorydifferently.First,itiscomprehensive,

coveringallcountriesandregionsoftheworldandinvestigatingthe

totalhumanexperience—eventhoseofso-calledpeopleswithouthis-

torieslivingfarfromthegreatcivilizations.“New"worldhistorians

thusshareincommonaninterestinallofhumanhistory,evengoing

backmillionsofyearsbeforetherewerewrittenhumanrecords.Afew

"new"worldhistoriesevenextendtheirfocustotheentireuniverse,a

“bighistory^^perspectivethatdramaticallyshiftsthebeginningofthe

storybacktotheBigBang.Someseethe“new"globalframeworkof

worldhistorytodayasviewingtheworldfromthevantagepointof

themoon,asonescholarputit.Weagree.Butwealsowanttotakea

close-upview,analyzingandreconstructingthesignificantexperiences

ofallofhumanity.

Thisisnottosaythateverythingthathashappenedeverywhereand

inalltimeperiodscanberecoveredorisworthknowing,butthatthere

ismuchtobegainedbyconsideringboththeseparateandinterrelated

storiesofdifferentsocietiesandcultures.Makingtheseconnectionsis

stillanothercrucialingredientofthe"new"worldhistory.Itemphasizes

connectednessandinteractionsofallkinds—cultural,economic,politi-

cal,religious,andsocial—involvingpeoples,places,andprocesses.It

makescomparisonsandfindssimilarities.Emphasizingboththecom-

parisonsandinteractionsiscriticaltodevelopingaglobalframework

thatcandeepenandbroadenhistoricalunderstanding,whetherthe

focusisonaspecificcountryorregionoronthewholeworld.

Theriseofthenewworldhistoryasadisciplinecomesatanoppor-

tunetime.Theinterestinworldhistoryinschoolsandamongthegen-

eralpublicisvast.Wetraveltooneanother'snations,converseandwork

withpeoplearoundtheworld,andarechangedbyglobalevents.War

andpeaceaffectpopulationsworldwideasdoeconomicconditionsand

thestateofourenvironment,communications,andhealthandmedi-

cine.TheNewOxfordWorldHistorypresentslocalhistoriesinaglobal

contextandgivesanoverviewofworldeventsseenthroughtheeyesof

ordinarypeople.Thiscombinationofthelocalandtheglobalfurther

definesthenewworldhistory.Understandingtheworkingsofglobaland

localconditionsinthepastgivesustoolsforexaminingourownworld

andforenvisioningtheinterconnectedfuturethatisinthemaking.

BonnieG.Smith

AnandYang

xEDITOR'SPREFACE

Preface

hesweepingsurveyisregardedasoneofthemostobjectivetypes

ofhistoricalwriting;intruth,eventhatformreflectsthebiases

andideologiesofitswriter.AstheinfluentialBritishhistorian

TEdwardHallettCarrtoldus,“Itusedtobesaidthatfactsspeakfor

themselves.Thisis,ofcourseuntrue.Thefactsspeakonlywhenthe

historiancallsonthem.'"

BornonaMidwesternfarmnotlongbeforetheJapanesebombed

PearlHarbogIapproachJapan'spastasanoutsider,albeitasympa-

theticone.Japanis,afterall,Asian;IamAmerican.Sincetheearly

1900s,Japanhasbeenhighlyurban;Igrewuprural.JapanisShinto,

Buddhist,andsecular;IamChristian.Butwhilemyexperiencesrender

meanoutsider,theyalsohavegivenmeadeepaffectionforthecountry.

TheexhilarationIfeltwhen,withmywifeJudith,Ifirstencountered

Japan—thesmelloftatami-matflooringinourapartment,thegentle

aromasofthegardenbeyondtheveranda,thepulseofTokyotrains,

themajestyofMountFuji,sittingthereamongwispsofclouds,the

challengeofBuddhistideasaboutimpermanenceandnonattachment,

thehumanityofourneighbors—hasneverleftme.Thoseearlymonths

warnedmeagainstequatingdifferencewithinferiority,evenasthey

schooledmeintheexhilarationofseeingthingsinfreshways.Ihope

thesepageswilldothesameforreaders.

Myearlyyearsalsoaffectedmyunderstandingofpoliticsandeco-

nomics.Ispentmostofthe1960sincollege,toomuchinfluencedbymy

upbringingtoimbibethedecade'sfree-livingculturebutdeeplyintune

withmyfellowstudents,naiveviewthatwecouldrevolutionizethe

world.IdrovetodowntownMinneapolisasareporteronesteaming

summernightinthemidsixtiesandtooknoteswhileangryblacksand

whitesconfrontedeachother.IskippedclassinTokyotodemonstrate

againstthewarinVietnam.Thoseexperienceshavegivenmeanabid-

ingsympathyforpeoplewhochallengeestablishedregimesinthename

ofjustice.Theyalsohavemademeawareofhowimperfectlyhuman

peopleare,oneachsideofeveryissue.

Andthehoursspentonmychildhoodfarmhoeingstrawberryplants

underasearingAugustsun,orfeedingturkeysonfreezingNovember

mornings,haveconvincedmethathistoryconsistsofmorethanthe

ideasandactivitiesofleaders.Whenhistoriansignorecommoners,

whentheyleaveoutwomen,farmers,workers,andoutcasts,theymuffle

importantvoices.Almostasserious,theygiveusaninadequate—thus

inaccurate—pictureofhumandevelopment.Ifmyhighlytraditional

trainingleadsmetoacknowledgethecentralroleofeliteinstitutions

inpropellingchange,myhourssellingmuskmelonsatthelocalmarket

compelmetopayattentiontoaveragewomenandmen—andtofeela

certainguiltfortellingtheirstorylessthanadequately.

Historianslonghavetalked,quitesensibly,aboutseveralthemes

inJapanesehistory:theroleofthelong-unbrokenimperialline;the

manycenturiesofpeace;thelastingimpactofwarriorvaluesfollow-

ingthesamurai-dominatedmedievalera;theimportanceofBuddhism;

thesubordinationoftheindividualtothegroup.Thosethemeswill

appearinthisbook,buttherewillalsobeothers—nolessimportant

forhavingbeennotedlessfrequently.Japan'slocation,lessthanahun-

dredmilesfromAsia'scontinentalcoast,isoneimportanttheme.Like

GreatBritainoffEurope,Japanhasdefineditselfandinteractedwith

othercountriesinwaysexplainableonlybythehappenstanceofgeog-

raphy.ThenovelistEndoShusakucalledhishomelandacul-de-sacand

a"mudswamp,5,2aplacewhereforeignmovementsandideascameand

thensimplystayedput,neitherleavingnormaturinginnormalways.

HispointofreferencewasChristianity,buthecouldjustaswellhave

beendescribingtheChinesewritingsystem,modulatedanddistorted

tofitspokenJapanese;orChanBuddhism,reborninZenaesthetics;or

Westerncartoons,whichevolvedintoanime.Fromearliesttimes,Japan

hasalternatelyinteractedwithforeignersandexcludedthem—oftenin

extremewaysthatwouldhavebeenunlikelyforacontinentalnation.

Thepatterntookmanyformsacrossthecenturies,buttheonethat

criesoutmostsharplyforexplanationcameinthemodernerawhen

JapanfirstshutitselfofffrommostWesterninfluences,theninteracted

intenselyafterthemid-1800s,thenfollowedseparatist,expansiveincli-

nationsintoWorldWarII—onlytoreengagetheworldasaneconomic

powerafterthe1950s.

CloselyrelatedhasbeenJapan'scomplexrelationshipwiththe

restofAsia,particularlywithChina.Evenbeforehistory,theJapanese

knewaboutChina'sadvancedbronzesandpoliticalsophistication,yet

theyremainedalmostobstinatelyilliterateandquiteisolated,though

relativelyprosperous.Incertainperiods,theJapanesetreatedChinese

systemsandphilosophieswithgreatrespect;inthe1400stheyeven

acceptedtributestatuswithChina.YetinmosterastheyheldtheMid-

dleKingdomatarm'slength,adaptingChineseforms(forexample,the

PREFACE

governmentalstructure)butnottheirheart(China'scivilserviceexam

system).AfterChinafailedtomodernizeinthe1800s,theJapanese

treateditwithundisguisedcontempt,typicallycallingitShina(China)

ratherthanthetraditional,respectfulChugoku(MiddleKingdom).

Whenthenineteenth-centuryscholarFukuzawaYukichisuggestedthat

Japanshould"castAsiaoff,'"hewasdrawingonalongtraditionof

skepticismandambivalenceaboutJapan'srelationshipwiththeconti-

nent,atraditionthatstillplaguesinteractionswithChinatoday.

AthemeofadifferentkindisJapan'sabilitytothriveagainst

remarkableodds.Thearchipelagoissmall,andmountainscoverfour-

fifthsofwhatlandspacethereis,crowdingitsresidentstogetherin

denselypackedcommunities.Theislandsalsolacknaturalresources.

Andtheyhavebeenwrackedcontinuouslybyearthquakes,typhoons,

andvolcaniceruptions.Yetfromearliesttimes,theJapanesehaveused

theseveryimpedimentstoproducetherichestofmaterialandartistic

cultures.Theycraftedhumankind'searliestceramicsandwroteitsfirst

novel;theyturnedoutuniquepoeticforms,flowerlessgardens,artwork

thatglorifiedtheprimitiveandrelishedtheimperfect.Confrontedby

China'ssuperiorityintheseventhcentury,theyundertookreformsthat

broughtthemabreastofthatlandbytheeighth.FrightenedbyWest-

ernimperialistsinthe1850s,theytransformedthemselvesintoaworld

powerbytheearly1900s.Askinghowtheyachievedsomuchwithso

littleisoneofthehistorian'smostdauntingtasks.

Soisthesearchforexplanationsofthecountry'sabilitytothrive

despiteanendlesssuccessionofallegedlyineffectivepoliticalregimes.

Whentwoleadinghistoriansdescribedthe1700sand1800sasa“l(fā)ong

butlosingbattleforthepoliticalauthorities,““theycouldhavebeen

speakingofanyera.The700s,whenthecapitalwaslocatedinNara,

sawbloody,uninterruptedstrugglesoverpower;theHeianera,which

followed,witnessedsomeofhistory'smostinefficientadministrations;

duringthemedievalera,nogroupruledcompetently.Genuinelyeffec-

tiveadministrationshaveappearedonlyrarely.Yetinalmostevery

period,theeconomyhasthrived;inventionshaveabounded;peasants

havegrownbetteroff;religiousmovementshavespread;andcommon-

ers,elites,andbusinessmenhaveproducedthevibrantcultureIhave

alreadyalludedto.Eventhelate1400s,whenthecountryhadnocen-

tralauthorityworththename,gaverisetoimpressiveeconomicgrowth

andsomeofhistory'smostoriginalarts.Wheredidthegrowth-genius

comefrom?Thisbookwillattempttoprovidesomeclues.

AfinalcharacteristicofJapan'spastistheoftenoverlookeddyna-

mismofcommonerculture.Scholarstypicallypraisethecultural

PREFACExiii

brillianceoftheearlyNarayearsyetignoretheheavyinfluencethat

songs,tales,andreligiousenthusiasmsfromthecountrysidehadon

thatculture.Whenthemodernizersbeganwritingaconstitutioninthe

1880s,mountainvillagerscomposedtheirowndrafts,buttheelites

paidlittleattention.Whenthefarmerstookuparmsagainsthightaxes

andcorruptofficials,officialspaidmuchmoreattentionbutstillgave

thecommonersnorespect.Evenplebeianarts—thewoodblockprints

oftheTokugawamerchants,therockmusicoflatetwentieth-century

bands—haveprovokeduncomprehendingcondescensionmoreoften

thanrespectfromthearbitersofculture.Butineveryera,whatthehis-

torianIrokawaDaikichicallsthe"commonpeople'svitalityandrecal-

citrance'"hasfueledmuchofsociety'sinnovationandgrowth.Those

people'sstoriesmaywellbethemostinteresting;theirexperiencespar-

ticularlyneedtobetold.

JamesL.Huffman

Note：PersonalnamesinthisworkfollowthetraditionalJapaneseorder,

withthesurnameprecedingthegivenname,unlessthereverseorder

wasusedintheoriginal.

xivPREFACE

Japanin

WorldHistory

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CHI

BeforetheBrush

(to645CE)

ongbeforehistory,saidtheancients,thesungoddess,Amaterasu,

ruledoverJapan,bringinglight,warmth,andfertility.Underher

guidance,thenaturalpatternscontinued—spring,summer,fall,

Landwinter—allintheirorder.Then,Amaterasu'sbrotherSusanoo,the

ill-temperedgodofstormsandtheunderworld,causedtrouble,demol-

ishingtheridgesbetweenricefieldsinthespringandlettingspotted

coltsloose,toliedownontheripenedrice,inautumn.Dismayed,she

protestedbyshuttingherselfinamountaincaveandplungingtheearth

intodarkness.Nowitwastheotherdeitieswhobecamedistressed.

Inthewordsofoneoftheearliestchronicles,theircries“wereevery-

whereabundant,likesummerflies;andallmannerofcalamitiesarose/5

untilsomeonehitontheideaofstagingafestivaloutsidethecave,to

temptherwithloudmerrymaking.Whenthegoddesspeekedouttosee

whatallthenoisewasabout,theypulledherfromthecave,sealedthe

entrance,andassuredthereturnoflight.1

ThusrunsoneofthemythologicalexplanationsofJapaninancient

times.Thescientificstoryisduller——andmorereliable.Inthegeogra-

phers,account,Japan(calledNihonbytheJapanesethemselves)isan

archipelagooffourmajorislandsand7,000smalleronesofftheeastern

shoreoftheEurasianlandmass.Ithasasmalllandarea,coveringjust

145,000squaremiles,whichcouldfitintotheUnitedStatestwenty-

fivetimesover.Itspopulation,ontheotherhand,ishuge:roughly127

million,ormorethan40percentoftheU.S.populationintheearly

twenty-firstcentury.Largelywithoutnaturalresources,itisforcedto

relyonimportsfromaroundtheworldtorunitsindustrialplants.

Ifthescientificfactsaremorereliable,thelegendsareprobably

moreinsightful,fortheygiveusaglimpseofthecountry'ssoul,a

suggestionofwhatmatteredtopeopleasthestoriesevolved.Amat-

erasu'scaveescapade,forexample,illustratestheprofoundway

people'slivesandthenaturalpatternshavebeenshapedbymoun-

tains.Steepslopesmakeupthree-fourthsofthecountry'slandarea,

andthoseslopessitatopfourtectonicplates,whichhaveshiftedand

GyoboIwayaCaveintheTakachihoregionofeasternKyushu,nearwherethe

sungoddess,Amaterasu,reputedlyhidherselfinacavetoprotestthestormgod's

recklesspranks;themythssay800deitiesgatheredheretodeviseastrategyfor

gettinghertocomeout.PhotobyJeremyHunter.

collidedacrossthemillennia,forminglushgreenpeaksandvalleys

evenastheyhaveproducedhorrificearthquakesandvolcanicerup-

tions.Themountainsalsohaveforcedalmostallthepeopleontoa

fewmajorplains,wheretheylivecrowdedtogetherinsomeofthe

world'smostdenselypopulatedspaces.Andthestormgod'sdeviltry

speaksofthetemperate-zoneseasonalpatternsthathaveforsolong

dominatedJapan'sannualcycleofplantingandharvesting,worship-

ingandcelebrating.Whenanenthusiasticnewspapercorrespondent

wrotegenerationsagoabout“gloriouscherry—thequeenofflow-

ers...thebeautifulemblemofthetruesonsoftheYamato'sland/52

hewasheraldingaseasonalblossom-viewingritualthathadinspired

peoplesincetheJapanesebegancallingtheirlandYamatomorethan

1,500yearsago.

Anotheroftheprehistorictales—thatofaqueensailingofftocon-

querKorea—illustratestheimpactthatlocationhashadonJapan's

historicaldevelopment.AccordingtotheKojiki(Recordofancientmat-

ters),theempressJinguonedayreceiveddivineinstructionthat“there

isalandtothewest,“filledwith"goldandsilver,aswellasallsorts

ofeye-dazzlingprecioustreasures,55thatwashersforthetaking.When

herskepticalhusbandsaidhesaw“onlytheocean5,tothewest,hewas

struckdead,anditfelltoJingutosubdueKorea.3Fewhistoriansbelieve

thetale,butnoonequestionstheimportanceofoneofitskeythemes:

thatJapan'slocationjustoffthecoastofcontinentalAsiawouldhave

amonumentalinfluenceonthecountry'shistory.Inprehistorictimes,

theislandswereconnectedtoAsiabylandbridges,butforthelast

18,000yearsorsotheyhavelain130milesoffthecontinent.That

hasplacedJapancloseenoughtoitsAsianneighborstoallowforrich

culturalinterchangeyetfarenoughawaytokeepitindependent,afact

thathasgivenforeignrelationsauniquecharacter:sometimesconstruc-

tive,sometimesdestructive,sometimesunusual,butalwaysdynamic

andinteresting.

AnotherofthetimelessancientmythsdescribesIzanagi,acreatorof

theJapaneseislands,returningfromavisittotheunderworldcovered

withfilth."Ihavebeentoamostunpleasantland,ahorrible,unclean

land,“hecomplained.uThereforeIshallpurifymyself.55Sosaying,he

“divedintothemiddlestreamandbathed,“givingbirthtoanewdeity

witheachmovementanddemonstratingyetonemorethingthathas

madeJapanwhatitis:water.4Downthemountainslopeseveryspring

rushhundredsofriversthatirrigatethefieldsandpowerthehydroelec-

tricplants.Aroundthecountry's18,500milesofcoastlinesurgethe

vastPacificwatersthatprovideendlessvarietiesoffishforcitymarkets

BEFORETHEBRUSH(TO645CE)3

andseaweedforeveningtables.Andfromthecloudsthatblowinfrom

thesoutheveryspringandsummerfalltheheavyrainsthatfloodpad-

diesandmakeJapanoneoftheworld'sbiggestproducersofrice.The

countrymaynothavemuchgas,oil,iron,orcoal,butitcompensates

throughtheuseofwater.

IfJapan'snaturalsettinghasproducedavibrantculture,however,

ithasfrustratedthosewhowantdetailedinformationaboutthepast,

astheland'searlymillenniaareshroudedinmystery.Forreasonsthat

neverhavebeensatisfactorilyexplained—butwhichsprangatleast

partlyfromthearchipelago^isolationfromthecontinent-writing

camelatetoJapan.NotuntilatleastthefourthcenturyCE,tensof

thousandsofyearsafterpeoplebeganinhabitingtheislands,didthey

takeupthebrushandbegintocommunicateonpaper,andeventhen

theyusedChinesecharacters,orkanjiytotranscribetheirownspoken

language.Asaresult,weareleftwithnothingbutarchaeologicalarti-

facts,myths,andspottyforeignobservationstotelluswhathappened

wellintowhatwecallthe“common"era.

Traditionally,historianshavedividedJapan'searlycenturiesinto

threeeras.TheJdmonperiod,datingasfarbackas16,500yearsago,

lasteduntilthefourthcenturyBCE,andwasnamedforthesophisti-

catedjdmon(rope-marked)potteryproducedbyasocietyofhunters

andgatherers.Theculturethatfollowed,namedYayoi—fortheplacein

Tokyowheremanyofitsartifactshavebeenfound—sawtheemergence

ofwet-riceagriculture,ironandbronzeimplements,andthecountry's

firsttowns;itexistedroughlyfrom300BCEto300CE.Thethird

period,Kofun,isnamedforitslargeearthenmound-tombs,manyof

themhuge,whichpreservedtheholdingsofarisingrulingclassbetween

thefourthandseventhcenturies.Inrecentyears,scholarshavetended

toexplainJapan'searlyemergencelessintermsoftherigidJomon-

Yayoi-Kofunlabels,however,andmoreasagradualevolution,with

occasionalsharpcurves,fromthepreagriculturalepochthroughtherise

ofagricultureandfinallythedevelopmentofastate.

PeoplehaveinhabitedJapanforatleast35,000years,butweknow

moreaboutitsgeologythanitsinhabitantsbefore10,000BCE.Across

mostofthemillennia,thehumanpopulationapparentlyroseandfell

withfluctuationsinglobaltemperatures.Bythepeakofthelastgreat

coldorglacialera18,000yearsago,Japanprobablysupportednomore

thanafewhundredpeoplelivingincavesoronmountainsidesand

huntingfree-roaminganimals.Aperiodofglobalwarmingthensetin,

andthepopulationbegantogrow—andchange.Byabout6,000BCE

(theearlyJomonperiod),temperatureshadsurpassedthosewenow

4JAPANINWORLDHISTORY

considernormal,andasaresulttheoceansrosetoperhapseighteenfeet

abovetoday'slevels,shrinkingtheislands'landmassandprecipitating

Japan'sfirstsignificantadvanceincivilization,aspeoplewereforced

toliveclosertoeachother.Animalsweredrivenintomountainval-

leys,makingthemeasiertohunt.Thepeople—whowereshorterthan

themainlanders,withmenaveragingalittleoverfivefeetandwomen

justunder—beganbuildingsheltersforprotection;someconstructed

dugoutcanoesandbegantravelingfarouttosea,tofishwithharpoons

andhooks.Theyalsobegantradingstoneimplements,whichnowwere

beingmadeinsignificantnumbers,andthereisevidencethatexchanges

withpeopleontheAsiancontinentbecamefairlycommon.Archaeo-

logicaldiscoveriesalsosuggestthegrowthofreligiousceremoniesin

theseearlyJomonyears,manyofthemconnectedwithfertilityorwith

appeasingthespiritsofthedead,andtheyrevealpeopleeatingmore

andmoreplantsandnuts.

lbtheveryend,Jomonremainedlargelypreagricultural,withfood

providedbyhunting,fishing,andforaging,butitsinhabitants