犢牛：不同飼喂條件下犢牛胃解剖組織學結(jié)構(gòu)的比較

1犢牛論文：不同飼喂條件下犢牛胃解剖組織學結(jié)構(gòu)的比擬研究【中文摘要】本實驗選擇新生的健康荷斯坦公犢牛15頭,每5頭一組,隨機分為三組:牛奶和犢牛料自由采食,以下簡稱自由采食組(Ⅰ組);牛奶和犢牛料按比例定量采食,以下簡稱定量采食組(Ⅱ組);全牛奶飼喂,以下簡稱全乳飼喂組(Ⅲ組)。飼喂3個月后,用大體解剖學和組織學方法,對三組犢牛胃的黏膜上皮顏色、黏膜形態(tài)及各胃室的重量大小比例進行觀察測定,并對各胃室黏膜的組織結(jié)構(gòu)進行比擬分析,旨在探討三種不同飼喂條件對犢牛胃解剖組織形態(tài)學發(fā)育的影響,為哺乳動物胃的比擬發(fā)育學研究積累形態(tài)學資料,為動物生理與營養(yǎng)學,動物醫(yī)學等學科提供有價值的參考資料。實驗共包括兩個局部:1.三種不同飼喂條件下犢牛胃解剖形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)的比擬研究本研究結(jié)果顯示:自由采食組犢牛胃的前胃黏膜上皮顏色較深,呈現(xiàn)明顯的深褐色或黑色,定量采食組與自由采食組根本相似,只有瓣胃黏膜上皮顏色稍淺,略顯白色,而全乳飼喂組的前胃與皺胃黏膜上皮顏色均為乳白色。自由采食組、定量采食組的犢牛胃黏膜乳頭和黏膜皺褶發(fā)育正常,與成年牛的解剖形態(tài)特征根本一致,全乳飼喂組的前胃黏膜乳頭略顯退化,黏膜皺褶發(fā)育緩慢,但皺胃比前兩組興旺。自由采食組瘤胃重量最大,定量采食組次之,全乳飼喂組最小,而且前兩組瘤胃重量占犢牛胃總重的比例較大,分別為52.76%和49.78%,到達總重量的一半左右,而全乳飼喂組為40.42%,占胃總重的相比照例較小。因此,三組試驗中全乳飼喂條件下犢牛的前胃發(fā)育受到明顯抑制,而牛奶與犢牛料自由采食或定量采食條件下的犢牛胃形態(tài)發(fā)育根本正常。2.三種不同飼喂條件下犢牛胃組織形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)的比擬研究本研究結(jié)果說明:三組犢牛胃瘤胃乳頭的高度和寬度數(shù)據(jù)顯示,自由采食組瘤胃乳頭最高,寬度最大,定量采食組次之,全乳飼喂組最差,但黏膜上皮的角化程度稍有差異:自由采食組和全乳飼喂組前胃的黏膜層比擬厚,其黏膜上皮角化程度較高,而定量采食組較差,黏膜上皮的角化層厚度以全乳飼喂組最厚,自由采食組次之,定量采食組最薄。三組犢牛皺胃腺區(qū)腺體細胞的形態(tài)與數(shù)量在三組間差異不大,胃體和幽門處體部細胞主要為主細胞,頸黏液細胞較少,無壁細胞;胃底腺區(qū)以主細胞最多,但壁細胞較大,胞質(zhì)紅染,形態(tài)比擬明顯。三組犢牛胃各胃室的肌層厚度以自由采食組最厚,定量采食組次之,全乳飼喂組最薄;但網(wǎng)胃和皺胃幽門處的肌層厚度為全乳飼喂組最厚,其次為自由采食組,定量采食組最薄。因此,三組試驗中自由采食條件下犢牛胃前胃的組織形態(tài)發(fā)育較好,定量采食條件下犢牛前胃組織形態(tài)發(fā)育根本正常,全乳飼喂條件下前胃發(fā)育受到抑制,但三組犢牛皺胃的組織形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)根本一致。【英文摘要】ThefifteenhealthyHolsteinmalecalveswerechoseninthestudyanddividedintothreegroupsrandomly.Milkandcalffeedingfreedomeat,hereinafterreferredtoasfreeintakegroup(Ⅰgroup);milkandcalffeedintakeinproportiontothequantitative,hereinafterreferredtoasquantitativeintakegroup(Ⅱgroup);wholemilkfeeding,hereinafterreferredtoasfullMilkfedgroup(Ⅱgroup).Threemonthsfeedingexperimentswerecarriedoutbythreedifferentfeedingmethods.Thethreegroups’gastricmucosaepithelialcolor,themorphologicalchangesandweightsizescaleanalysisandcomparisonwereobservedbyusinggrossanatomymethod,andtostudythestomachroommucosalmorphologicalstructurewasanalyzed.Recentlytodiscussthreedifferentfeedingconditionsonthestomachtissuemorphologydevelopmentcalves,alsocanaffectthestomachformammalscomparativedevelopmentstudiesforanimals,morphologicaldataaccumulatedphysiologicalandnutrition,animalmedicine,andotherdisciplinesprovidevaluablereferencematerialandexperimentaltheorybasis.Experimentconsistsoftwoparts:1.ThestudyaboutmorphologicalanatomyofcalfstomachonthedifferentfeedingconditionsTheresultofstudyshowthat:Thecolorofforestomachgastricmucosaepithelialwasdarkerinfreedomfeedinggroup,presentdarkbrownorblack,andthelimitedfeedinggroupbasicsimilar,onlygastricmucosalepitheliumcolorofomasumleafletalittleshallow,presentslightlywhite,andtheabomasummucosalsurfacesofwholemilkfeedinggrouppresentmilkywhitecolorisoverallgastricmucosalepithelium,thecolordidn’tbechanged.Themorphologicalcharacteristicsofgastricmucosawerebasicallycoincidedtheliteratureofthestomachinadultcattlebetweenthefreedomfeedinggroupandlimitedfeedinggroup,thestomachmucosanippleofwholemilkfeedinggrouphadbeendegraded,butthedevelopmentofabomasumwasbetterthantheothers.Theweightofrumeninfreedomfeedinggroupwasthelargest,thenthelimitedfeedinggroupandwholemilkfeedinggroup;Therumenweightratiooftotalweightcalfstomachwasrespectively52.76%and49.78%infreedomfeedinggroupandlimitedfeedinggroup,abouthalfthetotalweight,andinwholemilkfeedinggroup,onlyfor40.42%ratio,thetotalweightoftherelativeproportionstomachsmaller.Soforestomachofthewholemilkfeedinggroupdevelopmentwasrestrained,andmorphologicaldevelopmentoffreefeedandquantitativegatherthefoodgroupwerebasicallynormal.2.ThestudyaboutmorphologicalstructureofcalfstomachonthedifferentfeedingconditionsTheresultsofthestudyindicatethat:Theheightandwidthofrumennippleinthemucosalsurfacescalvesstomachistendtoheightenbasedonthewholemilkfeedinggroup-limitedfeedinggroup-freedomfeedinggroup,butthedegreeofcornificationwasslightlydifferent:Thecuticleofgastricmucosalepitheliumwerethickerbetweeninthefreedomfeedinggroupandthewholemilkfeedinggroup,butthedegreeofcornificationwaspoorerinlimitedfeedinggroup,Thecuticleofgastricmucosalepitheliuminthethicknessofthewholemilkfeedinggroupswasthemostthick,freedomfeedinggroupless,andlimitedfeedinggroupwasthemostthin.Theglandscellofabomasumglandareahadalittledifferencesbetweeneachgroup,thecellsofbodyweremainlychiefcellsingastricbodyandpylorus,mucousneckcellswereless,andnoparietalcells;Thisistheglandareastochiefcellsmost,buttheparietalcellsisbigger,thecytoplasmicwasdyedred,sotheformwasmoreapparent.Themuscularlayerthicknessoffreedomfeedinggroupwasthemostthick,limitedfeedinggroupwaslass,thewholemilkfeedinggroupwasthemostthingroup(themuscularlayerofreticulumandabomasumpylorusforthicknessthewholemilkfeedinggroupswasthemostthick,followedbyfreedomfeedinggroup,andlimitedfeedinggroupwasthin).Inthemorphologicalstructureofabomasumgastricwall,therewasthecircularmuscleinsideandthelongitudinalmuscleoutside,buttheobliquemusclewasnotbeingseen.Sothemorphologicaldevelopmentsoffreedomfeedingandlimitedgroupwerebasicallynormal,forestomachofthewholemilkfeedinggroupdevelopmentwasrestrained,andthemorphologicalcharacteristicsofabomasumwerebasicallycoincidedinthesethreegroups.【關(guān)鍵詞】犢牛胃形態(tài)發(fā)育【英文關(guān)鍵詞】calvesstomachmorphologydevelopment【目錄】不同飼喂條件下犢牛胃解剖組織學結(jié)構(gòu)的比擬研究摘要5-6Summary6-71文獻綜述8-201.1犢牛胃的解剖組織結(jié)構(gòu)特征8-111.1.1犢牛胃的解剖結(jié)構(gòu)特征8-91.1.2犢牛胃的組織結(jié)構(gòu)特征9-111.2犢牛胃的生長發(fā)育及功能特點11-141.2.1犢牛胃的生長發(fā)育特點11-131.2.1.1犢牛胃生長發(fā)育的解剖學特點111.2.1.2犢牛胃生長發(fā)育的組織學特點11-131.2.1.2.1黏膜上皮的顏色變化121.2.1.2.2黏膜皺褶形態(tài)變化12-131.2.1.2.3各胃室胃壁厚度和肌層厚度變化131.2.2犢牛胃的功能特點13-141.3不同飼喂條件對犢牛胃生長發(fā)育的影響14-191.3.1不同飼料成分對犢牛胃生長發(fā)育的影響14-191.3.1.1飼喂全乳對犢牛胃生長發(fā)育的影響14-151.3.1.2飼喂精料對犢牛胃生長發(fā)育的影響15-161.3.1.3飼喂粗飼料對犢牛胃生長發(fā)育的影響16-171.3.1.4不同比例混合飼料對犢牛生長發(fā)育的影響17-181.3.1.5其他飼料成分對犢牛生長發(fā)育的影響18-191.3.2不同飼喂方式對犢牛胃生長發(fā)育的影響191.3.2.1放牧條件下犢牛胃生長發(fā)育的影響191.3.2.2圈養(yǎng)條件下犢牛胃生長發(fā)育的影響191.4小結(jié)19-202研究背景20-213材料與方法21-253.1實驗材料21-223.1.1實驗動物213.1.2實驗試劑、儀器213.1.3實驗設(shè)備21-223.2實驗方法22-253.2.1分組與飼喂22-233.2.2樣品的固定方法233.2.3犢牛胃的大體解剖233.2.4組織切片23-243.2.6石蠟切片與染色方法243.2.7圖像與數(shù)據(jù)分析方法24-254結(jié)果與分析25-414.1解剖學實驗結(jié)果25-304.1.1犢牛各胃黏膜上皮顏色的比擬觀察25-264.1.2胃黏膜皺褶形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)特征的比擬觀察26-284.1.3各胃室大小比例及重量的觀察與測定28-294.1.4瘤胃乳頭高度與寬度的測定29-304.2組織切片光鏡觀察分析30-414.2.1犢牛各胃黏膜的組織學結(jié)構(gòu)的比擬分析30-354.2.1.1瘤胃黏膜面和瘤胃乳頭的組織形態(tài)比擬30-314.2.1.2網(wǎng)胃初級皺襞的黏膜組織形態(tài)比擬31-324.2.