2023年考研考博考博英語南昌大學(xué)考試歷年高頻考試題專家版答案

2023年考研考博考博英語南昌大學(xué)考試歷年高頻考試題專家版答案（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）答案解析附后第1卷一.綜合題(共20題)1.單選題Peoplehavebeendonatingbloodsincetheearlytwentiethcenturytohelpaccidentvictimsandpatientsundergoingsurgicalprocedures.Usuallyapintofwholebloodisdonated,anditisthendividedintoplatelets,whitebloodcells,andredbloodcells.Peoplecandonateblood(forredbloodcells)aboutonceeverytwomonths.Transfusingthebloodfromthedonortotherecipientisstraightforward.D.Itinvolvestakingthebloodfromadonor’sarmveinbymeansofahypodermicsyringe.Thebloodflowsthroughaplastictubetoacollectionbagorbottlethatcontainssodiumcitrate,whichpreventsthebloodfromclotting.Whenthebloodisgiventoapatient,aplastictubeandhypodermicneedleareconnectedtotherecipient’sarm.Thebloodflowsdownfromthecontainerbygravity.Thisisaslowprocessandmaylastaslongas2hourstocompletetheinfusionofbloodintotherecipient.Thepatientisprotectedfrombeinginfectedduringthetransfusion.Onlysterilecontainers,tubing,andneedlesareused,andthishelpsensurethattransfusedorstoredbloodisnotexposedtodisease-causingbacteria.Negativereactionstotransfusionsarenotunusual.Therecipientmaysufferanallergicreactionorbesensitivetodonorleukocytes.Somemaysufferfromanundetectedred-cellincompatibility.Unexplainedreactionsarealsofairlycommon.Althoughtheyarerare,othercausesofsuchnegativereactionsincludecontaminatedblood,airbubblesintheblood,overloadingofthecirculatorysystemthroughadministrationofexcessblood,orsensitivitytodonorplasmaorplatelets.Today,hospitalsandbloodbanksgotogreatlengthstoscreenallblooddonorsandtheirblood.D.Alldonatedbloodisroutinelyandrigorouslytestedfordiseases,suchasHIV(whichcauseAIDS),hepatitisB,andsyphilis.Whentherecipientisanewbornoraninfant,thebloodisusuallyirradiatedtoeliminateharmfulclement.Donatedbloodiswashed,andthewhitebloodcellsandplateletsareremoved.Storingthebloodsometimesrequiresafreezingprocess,tofreezetheredbloodcells,aglycerolsolutionisadded.D.Tounfreeze,theglycerolisremoved.D.Theabilitytostorebloodforlongperiodshasbeenaboontohumanhealth.1.Accordingtothispassage,howoftencanpeopledonatebloodforredbloodcells?2.Whichsentenceinparagraph2explainshowclottingispreventedinthebloodcontainer?3.AllofthefollowingarementionedaspotentialnegativereactionstotransfusionsEXCEPT?4.Basedontheinformationinthepassage,whatcanbeinferredaboutbloodtransfusedtoinfantsandnewborns?5.Whatdoestheauthorimplyinthepassage?問題1選項A.EverymonthB.EverytwomonthsC.EverythreemonthsD.Everyyear問題2選項A.ThefirstsentenceB.ThesecondsentenceC.ThethirdsentenceD.Noneoftheabove問題3選項A.allergiesB.sensitivitytodonorleukocytesC.red-cellincompatibilityD.airbubblesintheblood問題4選項A.ItisasrigorouslytestedasbloodforadultsB.ItistreatedwithradiantenergyC.ItisnottreateddifferentlyfromadultsD.Itisnotdangerousforchildren問題5選項A.TransfusingbloodisadangerousprocessB.FreezingblooddestroysplateletsC.ClottingcannotbepreventedD.Storingbloodbenefitsmankind2.單選題BillGatesisnottheonlyAmericanentrepreneurwithbusinessplantosavetheworld.D.Therearethousands.ConsiderSteveKirsch,whohadjustturned35whenhehadeveiythingeverythinghecouldwant.Adobe,thesoftwaregiant,hadjustpurchasedoneofhisstartups,Eframe.,ThesalemadeKirschveryrich,withashareinaprivatejet,anestateinCalifornia’sLosAltosHillsandaburningquestion:whattodowiththerestofa$50millionfortune?Afterafewyearsofdolingoutmoneytotraditionalcharities—hisalmamater,theUnitedWay—Kirschgotambitious.Hesetuphisownfoundationtobenefit“everyone”,fundingresearchoneverythingfromcancertonear-earthobjects."“Itisguaranteedthatwewillbehitbyanasteroidsometimeinthefuture,，”perhaps“beforeweendthisphoneconversation.”Kirschexplains.“Itwouldcostseveralbillionlives,andwecansavethoselivesfor$50million,whichislessthanthecostofaprivatejet.Icallitenlightenedself-interest.”Americanphilanthropyisn’twhatitusedtobe.Gonearethedayswhenoldmoneywasdoledoutbybureaucratsfrommahogany-paneledrooms.Morepeoplearegivingoutmoremoneythaneverbefore,atmuchyoungerages,andtoamuchwidervarietyofcauses.In1980s,RonaldReagan’scallforprivatecharitytoreplacegovernmentlargessewasgreetedwithhootsofliberalderision—andanoutbreakofgiving.Thenumberofprivatefoundationsrosefrom22,000in1980to55,000today.Theynowdoleoutabout$23.3billionayear,a700percentincreasesince1980.Andmanyaretheoffspringofcapitalists,whobringthelanguageofbusinesstocharity.VanessaKirsch,presidentandfounderoftheentrepreneurialcharityNewProfitInc.,says,“There’sthisnewbreedofsocialentrepreneurscomingoutofHarvardBusinessSchoolorfaileddot-coms,andthey’resaying,'‘Iwanttomakebigthingshappen.’”’’Theiroutlookisincreasinglyglobal,intheGatesmold.D.Theshareoffundingthatthe1,000largestfoundationsdevotetointeractionalcausesjumpedfrom11.3percentin1999to16.3percentin2000.AndwhiletheU.S,governmentisoftencriticizedforstingyforeignaid(wellunder1percentofGNPeachyear),thesamecan’tbesaidofprivatedonors,whonowgiveaway2.1percentofU.S.GNPeachyear.“NonationcomesevenremotelyclosetotheU.S.onthesethings,”saysScottWalkerofthePhilanthropyRoundtable.“Ifyou’reinSwedenorFrance,it’ssomethingthegovernmentissupposedtodo.IfyouwereinEngland,itisthenobility.Americansdon’tthinkit’senoughtosay,‘Igaveattheofficewithtaxes.’”’’Tobesure,businessandphilanthropyareoldbedfellowsintheUnitedStates.TheRockefellers,theCarnegiesandtheFordssetthemold.D.ButmanywerewhatMarkDowie,authorof“AmericanFoundations:AnInvestigativeHistory,，”calls“s.o.b.B.s”—patronsof“symphonies,operas,ballets,”and“museumsandhospitalswhererichpeoplegotodie.”Thenewfoundationsaremorelike“quasi-publictrusts—progressiveinstitutionsofchange,”arguesDowie.ThenewmoversandshakersofAmericancharityaremorelikelytobeflashyTVtitanslikeTedTurner.ThestoryofhowTurnergaveawayabillionisafoundinglegendofthisclass.InacabonhiswaytomakeaspeechattheUnitedNations,thecabletitan,sickofofficialU.S.reluctancetopayU.N.dues,decidedtoponyupI$1billionhimself.ThisshamedWashingtonandinspiredimitators.“Itisalotmorepersonality-orientedinthiscultureofnewwealth.,”saysEllenDadisman,vicepresidentoftheCouncilonFoundations.“It’ssortoflikewealthmeetsPeoplemagazine.”InSiliconValley,thenewfashioniscalled“venturephilanthropy”,Accordingtoonesurvey,83percentofvalleyhouseholdsgivetocharity,comparedwith69percentnationally.Buttheypreferto“invest”,not“give”.Andtoattract“investors”,fund-raiserspromisehands-onmanagementofthenonprofitstheysupport.Theydemandseatsontheboard,setperformancegoalsandplananexitstrategyincaseexpectationsaren’tmet.“Traditionally,foundationshavenotbeenasinvasive,”saysDadisman.“Theydidn’tgotothenonprofitandsay,‘Howmuchareyoupayingforrent?Whyareyouusingtheseold-fashionedcomputers?’”Itmaybeinvasive,butifitworks,itcouldhelpsavetheworld.D.Evenfromasteroids.1.WhydoestheauthorintroducesomeAmericanmillionairesatthebeginningofthepassage?2.TheauthormentionsRonaldReagan’scallforprivatecharitytoreplacegovernmentlargessas______.3.Theexpression“whobringthelanguageofbusinesstocharity”fromthesentence“Andmanyaretheoffspringofcapitalists,whobringthelanguageofbusinesstocharity.”(Para.A.2)means______.4.WhichofthefollowingcanbeconcludedfromScottWalker’scomment(Para.A.3)?5.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage?問題1選項A.TointroducetherapidgrowthofAmericanmillionairesB.ToshowhowtheybecomemillionairesC.TodisplaytherelationshipbetweenbusinessandphilanthropyD.Toexplaintheirchangingattitudetowardscharities問題2選項A.RonaldReaganwasthethenAmericanPresidentB.hiscallwasseverelycriticizedbythepublicC.RonaldReaganfirstunderstoodthesignificanceofprivatefoundationsD.hiscallreceivedmixedresponsesbutpointedthewayforphilanthropy問題3選項A.whoruncharitiesinthesamewayastheyrunbusinessesB.whoupholdtheprinciplesofbusinessinmanagingcharitiesC.whomanagethemoneytheysendtocharitiesD.whothinkphilanthropistsshouldreceivetraining問題4選項A.CharitiesinEuropeancountriesarerunbythegovernmentaldepartmentB.AmericashouldearnestlylearnthepracticeofcharityfromFranceandSwedenC.EuropeancountriesshouldlearnfromAmericancharityD.TheconceptofAmericancharityisdifferentfromthatofEuropeanones問題5選項A.CharitieswillbecomeprofitablebusinessesinthefutureB.MorepeopleinSiliconValleygivemoneytocharityC.ManagementofcharitiesisrequiredtoundergochangesD.Foundationsarebeginningtocheckhowthecharitiesarerunning3.單選題______conflictamongcity-statescausedtheeventualdeclineofGreekcivilization.問題1選項A.ContinuousB.ContinualC.ConstantD.Contrary4.單選題Thoughhewheedledandthreatened,shedidn’t

anydetailsoftheplan.問題1選項A.giveoffB.giveawayC.giveoverD.giveup5.單選題Whenyourparentsadviseyouto“getaneducation”inordertoraiseyourincome,theytellyouonlyhalfthetruth.Whattheyreallymeanistogetjustenougheducationtoprovidemanpowerforyoursociety,butnotsomuchthatyouproveanembarrassmenttoyoursociety.Getahighschooldiploma,atleast.Withoutthat,youwillbeoccupationallydead,unlessyournamehappenstobeGeorgeBernardShaworThomasAlvaEdison,andyoucansuccessfullydropoutingradeschool.Getacollegedegree,ifpossible.WithaB.A.,youareonthelaunchingpad（發(fā)射臺）.Butnowyouhavetostarttoputonthebrakes.Ifyougoforamaster’sdegree,makesureitisanandonlyfromafirst-rateuniversity.Beyondthis,thefamouslawofdiminishingreturns（報酬遞減率）beginstotakeeffect.Doyouknow,forinstance,thatlong-haultruckdriversearnmoreperyearthanfullprofessors?Yes,theaverage1977salaryforthosetruckerswas$24,000,whilethefullprofessorsmanagedtoaveragejust$23,030.APh.D.D.isthehighestdegreeyoucanget,butexceptinafewspecializedfieldssuchasphysicsorchemistry,wherethedegreecanquicklybeturnedtoindustrialorcommercialpurposes,youarefacingadimfuture.TherearemorePh.D.sunemployedorunderemployedinthiscountrythananyotherpartoftheworldbyfar.IfyoubecomeadoctorofphilosophyinEnglishorhistoryoranthropologyorpoliticalscienceorlanguagesor—worstofall—inphilosophy,youruntheriskofbecomingovereducatedforournationaldemands.Notforourneeds,mindyou,butforourdemands.ThousandsofPh.D.saresellingshoes,drivingcars,waitingontablesandfillingoutfruitlessapplicationsmonthaftermonth.Andthenmaybetakingajobinsomehighschoolorbackwatercollegepaysmuchlessthanthejanitor（看門人）earns.Youcanequatethelevelofincomewiththelevelofeducationonlysofar.Farenough,thatis,tomakeyouusefultothegrossnationalproduct,butnotsofarthatnobodycanturnmuchofaprofitonyou.1.Accordingtothewriter,whatthesocietyexpectsofeducationistoturnoutpeoplewho______.2.IfyouareasgiftedasBernardShaworEdison,______.3.Ph.D.saremostlikelyto

.4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?5.Thewriteriscriticalof

.問題1選項A.willnotbeashametothesocietyB.willbecomeskilledworkersC.cantakecareofthemselvesD.canmeetthedemandsasasourceofmanpower問題2選項A.youcangetahighschooldiplomawithoutdifficultyB.youwillbesuccessfulinagradeschoolC.youcanbeprofessionallysuccessfulwithoutadiplomaD.theleastyoushoulddoistogetadiploma問題3選項A.havedifficultiesgettingproperlyemployedB.beemployedinthefieldsofcommerceorindustryC.havetofilloutapplicationformsmonthaftermonthforothersD.workinschoolsorcollegeswithlowpay問題4選項A.BernardShawdidn’tfinishhighschools,nordidEdisonB.TherearefarmorePhDsthanthesocietydemandsC.Thehigheryoureducationlevel,themoremoneyyouwillearnD.Ifyouaretoowell-educated,you’llmakethingsdifficultforthesociety問題5選項A.theemployeesB.thePhDsC.theemployersD.thesociety6.填空題TheFoodandDrugAdministrationonFridayproposedtwoimportantrules_1_atpreventingthecontaminationofproduceandprocessedfoods.The_2_rulerepresentaseachangeinthewaytheagencypolicesfood,aprocessthatcurrently_3_takingactionaftercontaminationhasbeenidentified.Changesincluderequirementsforbetterrecordkeeping,contingency（應(yīng)急的）plansforhandlingoutbreaksandmeasuresthatwouldpreventthespreadofcontaminationinthefirstplace.Whilefoodproducerswouldhavelatitudein4howtoexecutetherules,farmerswouldhavetoensurethatwaterusedinirrigationmeetcertainstandardsandfood_5_needtofindwaystokeepfreshthatmaycontainbacteriafromcominginto_6_withfoodthathasbeencooked.Newsafetymeasuresmightincluderequiringthatfarmworkerswashtheirhands,_7__portabletoiletsinfieldsandensuringthatfoodsshouldbecookedattemperatureshighenoughtokillbacteria.Whetherconsumerswill_8_bearsomeoftheexpensesofthenewruleswasunclear,theagencyestimatedthattheproposalswouldcostfoodproducerstensofthousandsofdollarsayear.PresidentObamarequested$220millioninhis2013_9_,butDr.MargaretHamburg,commissioneroftheF.D.A,said“resourcesremainanongoingconcern.”Nonetheless,agencyofficialswere_10_thatthenewruleswouldprotectconsumersbetter.7.單選題Beingsomewhatshort-sighted,Sallyhasdevelopedthehabitof

atpeople.問題1選項A.peeringB.gazingC.glancingD.scanning8.單選題Manyathletestakeextravitaminsasa______totheirdietwhentheyarepreparingforcompetition.問題1選項A.nutritionB.complimentC.supplementD.component9.單選題Designofallthenewtoolsandimplementsisbasedoncarefulexperimentswithelectronicinstruments.First,ahuman“guineapig”istestedusingaregulartool.Measurementsaretakenoftheamountofworkdone,andthebuildupofheatinthebody.Twistedjointsandstretchedmusclescannotperformaswell,ithasbeenfound,asjointsandmusclesintheirnormalpositions.Thesamepersonisthentestedagain,usingatooldesignedaccordingtothesuggestionsmadebyDr.Tichauer.Allthesetestshaveshownthegreatimprovementofthenewdesignsovertheold.OneoftheelectronicinstrumentsusedbyDr.Tichauer,themyograph,makesvisiblethroughelectricalsignalstheworkdonebyhumanmuscle.Anothermachinemeasuresanydangerousfeaturesoftools,thusprovinginformationuponwhichtobaseanewdesign.Oneconclusionoftestsmadewiththismachineisthatatripodstepladderismorestableandsafertousethanonewithfourlegs.Thisworkhasattractedtheattentionofefficiencyexpertsandtime-and-motion-studyengineer,butitsvaluegoesfarbeyondthat.Dr.Tichauer’sfirstthoughtisforthehealthofthetooluser.Withtherepeateduseofthesametoolalldaylongonproductionlinesandinotherjobs,evenlightmanualworkcanputaheavystressononesmallareaofthebody.Intime,suchstresscancauseadisablingdisease.Furthermore,musclefatigueisaserioussafetyhazard.Efficiencyistheby-productofcomfort,Dr.Tichauerbelieves,andhisnewdesignsfortraditionaltoolshaveprovedhispoint.1.Whatareinvolvedinthedesignofanewtoolaccordingtothepassage?2.Fromthepassageweknowthatjointsandmusclesperformbestwhen.3.A“myograph”(Para.A.2,Line1)isanelectronicinstrumentthat.4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat.5.Dr.Tichauerstartedhisexperimentsinitiallyto.問題1選項A.ElectronicinstrumentsandaregulartoolB.Ahuman“guineapig”andaregulartoolC.Electronicinstrumentsandahuman“guineapig”D.Electronicinstruments,ahuman“guineapig”andaregulartool問題2選項A.theyaretwistedandstretchedB.theyareintheirnormalpositionsC.theyaretestedwithahuman“guineapig”D.theyaretestedwithelectronicinstruments問題3選項A.isabletodesignnewtoolsB.measurestheamountofenergyusedC.enablepeopletoseethemuscularmovementsD.visualizeselectricalsignals問題4選項A.astepladderusedtohavefourlegsB.itisdangeroustousetoolsC.atripodissaferinatooldesignD.workersaresaferonproductionlines問題5選項A.improveefficiencyB.increaseproductionC.reduceworkloadD.improvecomfort10.單選題Competition,manypeoplebelieve,

thenationalcharacterratherthancorruptit.問題1選項A.enforcesB.confirmsC.intensifiesD.strengthens11.單選題Doctorsbelievethatsecondhandsmokemaycauselungcancerinpeoplewhodonotsmoke.Nonsmokersoftenbreatheinthesmokefromotherpeople’scigarettes.Thisissecondhandsmoke.TheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgencyreportsthataboutfifty-threethousandpeopledieinAmericaeachyearasaresultofexposuretosecondhandsmoke.Thesmokethatcomesfromalitcigarettecontainsmanydifferentpoisonouschemicals.Inthepast,scientistsdidnotthinkthesechemicalsharmanonsmoker’shealth.Recently,though,scientistsexpressedtheiropinionaftertheystudiedalargegroupofnonsmokers.Theydiscoveredthatevennonsmokershadunhealthyamountsofthesetoxicchemicalsintheirbodies.Asamatteroffact,almostallofusbreathetobaccosmokeattimes,whetherwerealizeitornot.Forexample,wecannotavoidsecondhandsmokeinrestaurants,hotels,andotherpublicplaces.Eventhoughmanypublicplaceshavenonsmokingareas,smokeflowsinfromtheareaswheresmokingispermitted.Itisevenharderforchildrentoavoidsecondhandsmoke.InAmerica,ninemillionchildrenundertheageoffiveliveinhomeswithatleastonesmoker.Researchshowsthatthesechildrenaresickmoreoftenthanthechildrenwholiveinhomeswherenoonesmokes.Thedamagingeffectsofsecondhandsmokeonchildrenalsocontinueastheygrowup.Thechildrenofsmokersaremorethantwiceaslikelytodeveloplungcancerwhentheyareadultsasthechildrenofnonsmokers.Theriskisevenhigherforthechildrenwholiveinhomeswherebothparentssmoke.1.Itcanbeinferredthataboutfifty-threethousandpeopledieinAmerica.2.Non-smokersgetharmedbysmokers.3.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTlistedasanegativeeffectimposedbysecondhandsmokingonchildren?5.Whichgroupofchildrensufferfromsecondhandsmokingtothegreaterextent?問題1選項A.becauseofsmokingB.thoughtheydon’tsmokeC.becausetheirparentssmokeD.thoughtheirparentsdon’tsmoke問題2選項A.becauseofthepoisonoussmoketheybreatheinB.iftheylivetogetherC.whenthereisnonon-smokingareainthepublicutilitiesD.thoughthepoisonouschemicalscontainedinthesmokedon’tharmthem問題3選項A.Non-smokersmaybepassivelyinvolvedinsecondhandsmokingB.Non-smokersmaydieofsecondhandsmokingC.Weall,moreorless,sufferfromsecondhandsmokingD.Secondhandsmokingisevenmoreharmfulthansmokingitself問題4選項A.TheyaresickmoreoftenB.TheyaremorelikelytodevelopmentaldiseaseC.ItwillinfluencetheirfuturelifeD.Theyaremorelikelytodeveloplungcancer問題5選項A.ChildrenundertheageoffivelivinginhomeswithnosmokersB.ChildrenundertheageoffivelivinginhomeswithoneparentsmokingC.ChildrenundertheageoffivelivinginhomeswithtwoparentssmokingD.Childrenundertheageoffivelivingawayfromtheirparents12.單選題______he’salreadyheardthenews.問題1選項A.ChancesareB.ChanceisC.OpportunitiesareD.Opportunityis13.單選題Ifhehadknownhowtorepairthetoaster,hesurely

her.問題1選項A.wouldtellB.wouldhavetoldC.willtellD.tells14.單選題Thisisanidealsiteforauniversity

itisfarfromthedowntownarea.問題1選項A.providedthatB.nowthatC.inthatD.sothat15.翻譯題我們既面臨難得的機遇，也面臨嚴(yán)峻的挑戰(zhàn)。地區(qū)熱點問題錯綜復(fù)雜，南北差距進一步拉大。國際恐怖勢力、民族分裂勢力、極端宗教勢力在一些地區(qū)還相當(dāng)活躍。16.單選題Accordingtodoctors,ifonecan

thebottleandcigarettes,onecanusuallybemuchhealthier.問題1選項A.takeoffB.keepoffC.getoffD.leaveoff17.單選題Ididn’tsendoutmyapplicationformlastweek,butI

.問題1選項A.hadtoB.woulddoC.shouldhaveD.mighthaveto18.單選題______beforewedepartthedayaftertomorrow,weshouldhaveawonderfuldinnerparty.問題1選項A.HadtheyarrivedB.WouldtheyarriveC.WeretheyarrivingD.Weretheytoarrive19.單選題Inaseminar,everyoneshouldtakepartratherthanallowonepersonto______thediscussion.問題1選項A.overwhelmB.dominateC.oppressD.determine20.單選題Itisnotuncommonforthere______problemsofcommunicationbetweentheoldandtheyoung.問題1選項A.beingB.wouldbeC.beD.tobe第1卷參考答案一.綜合題1.【答案】第1題:B第2題:C第3題:D第4題:B第5題:D【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)文章第一段最后一句話提到的內(nèi)容Peoplecandonateblood(forredbloodcells)aboutonceeverytwomonths可知選項B符合題意。2.判斷推理題。第二段第一句話提到把獻血的血液輸血給接受者很簡單。第二句話提到通過皮下注射器從獻血者手臂的靜脈中抽取血液。第三句話提到檸檬酸鈉可以防止血液凝固。因此可知是第三句話講述了如何防止血液凝固，選項C符合題意。3.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)文章第四段前三句話，可以排除A、B、C三個選項，因此選項D符合題意。4.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。文章第五段倒數(shù)第二句話提到當(dāng)接受者是新生兒或嬰兒時，通常對血液進行輻射處理以消除有害的毒素（Whentherecipientisanewbornoraninfant,thebloodisusuallyirradiatedtoeliminateharmfulclement），由此可知選項B符合題意。5.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。文章第六段最后一句話提到長期儲存血液的能力對人類健康大有裨益（Theabilitytostorebloodforlongperiodshasbeenaboontohumanhealth），因此選項D符合題意。2.【答案】第1題:C第2題:D第3題:B第4題:D第5題:D【解析】1.推理判斷題。文章主要講述了很多億萬富翁投身于慈善事業(yè)，開啟了慈善事業(yè)的新的模式，因此選項C符合題意。2.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。文章第二段提到里根呼吁用私人慈善機構(gòu)來取代政府的捐贈引起了自由派的嘲笑和捐贈狂潮（In1980s,RonaldReagan’scallforprivatecharitytoreplacegovernmentlargessewasgreetedwithhootsofliberalderision—andanoutbreakofgiving），由此可知對他的做法褒貶不一，因此選項D符合題意。3.推理判斷題。文章第二段提到里根呼吁私人慈善機構(gòu)代替政府捐贈之后，捐贈狂潮涌現(xiàn)，他們很多都是資本家的后代，把商業(yè)的語言帶入了慈善事業(yè)（Andmanyaretheoffspringofcapitalists,whobringthelanguageofbusinesstocharity），根據(jù)后文都是在講述如何將商業(yè)的規(guī)則用于慈善事業(yè)，因此可知選項B符合題意。4.推理判斷題。文章第三段提到ScottWalker的觀點，他認(rèn)為美國的私人慈善是其他國家無法比擬的，其他國家的慈善都是國家負(fù)責(zé)（“NonationcomesevenremotelyclosetotheU.S.onthesethings,”saysScottWalkerofthePhilanthropyRoundtable.“Ifyou’reinSwedenorFrance,it’ssomethingthegovernmentissupposedtodo…），因此選項D符合題意，美國慈善的概念與歐洲其他國家的不同。5.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。文章最后一段提到基金會并沒有侵略性，換句話說，基金會不會不干涉慈善的運作（“Traditionally,foundationshavenotbeenasinvasive,”saysDadisman.“Theydidn’tgotothenonprofitandsay,‘Howmuchareyoupayingforrent?Whyareyouusingtheseold-fashionedcomputers?’”），因此選項D符合題意。3.【答案】B【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。continuous“連續(xù)的，持續(xù)的”，中間沒有間斷；continual“持續(xù)不斷的；頻繁的”，中間可能有間斷；constant“不變的；恒定的；經(jīng)常的”；contrary“相反的，對立的”。句意：城邦之間持續(xù)不斷的沖突最終導(dǎo)致了希臘文明的衰落。選項B符合題意。4.【答案】B【解析】考查詞組辨析。giveoff“發(fā)出（光）等”；giveaway“贈送，喪失；泄露”；giveover“停止；交出”；giveup“放棄；交出”。句意：盡管他時而甜言蜜語，時而威脅，她沒有透露計劃的任何細(xì)節(jié)。5.【答案】第1題:D第2題:C第3題:A第4題:C第5題:D【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。文章第一段第二句提到他們真正的期望是獲得足夠的教育來為社會提供人力（Whattheyreallymeanistogetjustenougheducationtoprovidemanpowerforyoursociety），因此選項D符合題意。2.判斷推理題。文章第二段提到高中文憑是必要的，如果沒有的話，除非你是蕭伯納或者愛迪生，如果你是他們，你小學(xué)輟學(xué)都行（unlessyournamehappenstobeGeorgeBernardShaworThomasAlvaEdison,andyoucansuccessfullydropoutingradeschool），因為他們就算沒有文憑，也在各自領(lǐng)域中脫穎而出，因此選項C符合題意。3.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。文章第五段倒數(shù)第一句話提到美國失業(yè)或未充分就業(yè)的博士人數(shù)比世界上其他國家要多（TherearemorePh.D.sunemployedorunderemployedinthiscountrythananyotherpartoftheworldbyfar），由此可知選項A符合題意。4.判斷推理題。根據(jù)文章第五段可知很多博士就業(yè)問題并不是很理想，由此可知選項C表述是錯誤的，符合題意。5.判斷推理題。無論是雇主、雇員還有博士生本人都是屬于社會中的一員，一系列狀況都是社會發(fā)展導(dǎo)致的，因此作者批判的是這個社會，因此選項D符合題意。6.【答案】1.A2.N3.H4.F5.M6.D7.G8.O9.C10.I【解析】1.根據(jù)句意和句子結(jié)構(gòu)可以分析空格處填入動詞。句意為：美國食品和藥物管理局在周五提出了兩項重要規(guī)定，__防止生產(chǎn)和加工食品的污染。從選項中的動詞可以判斷aim針對、目的在于符合句意，aimat為固定搭配。2.根據(jù)句意和句子結(jié)構(gòu)可以分析空格處填入形容詞。由上文內(nèi)容“proposedtwoimportantrules”可判斷空格部分“The__rule”。從選項中的形容詞可以判斷proposed被提議的、建議的符合句意。3.根據(jù)句意和句子結(jié)構(gòu)可以分析空格處填入動詞。句意為：這項規(guī)定標(biāo)志著該機構(gòu)監(jiān)管食品的方式發(fā)生了巨大變化，目前這一過程__在確定污染后采取行動。從選項中的動詞可以判斷involve包含符合句意，involvedoingsth包含。4.根據(jù)句意和句子結(jié)構(gòu)可以分析空格處填入動詞。句意為：食品生產(chǎn)商可以自由__如何執(zhí)行這些規(guī)定。從選項中的動詞可以判斷determine決定符合句意。5.根據(jù)句意和句子結(jié)構(gòu)可以分析空格處填入名詞。由上文內(nèi)容“Whilefoodproducerswouldhave……”可判斷空格部分“food__”。句意為：食品__需要找到保持新鮮的方法。從選項中的名詞可以判斷producers生產(chǎn)者、制造者符合句意。6.根據(jù)句意和句子結(jié)構(gòu)可以分析空格處填入動詞。句意為：食品生產(chǎn)商需要找到保持新鮮的方法，防止可能含有細(xì)菌的食品__煮熟的食品。從選項中的動詞可以判斷contact接觸符合題意，comeintocontactwith和……接觸、接觸到。7.根據(jù)句意和句子結(jié)構(gòu)可以分析空格處填入動詞。句意為：新的安全措施可能包括要求農(nóng)場工人洗手，在田地里__便攜的洗手間，確保食物在足夠高的溫度下烹飪以殺死細(xì)菌。從選項中的動詞可以判斷install安裝符合句意。8.根據(jù)句意和句子結(jié)構(gòu)可以分析空格處填入副詞。句意為：消費者__是否會承擔(dān)新規(guī)定的部分費用尚不清楚。從選項中的動詞可以判斷ultimately最后、最終符合句意。9.根據(jù)句意和句子結(jié)構(gòu)可以分析空格處填入名詞。句意為：奧巴馬總統(tǒng)在2013年的__中要求2.2億美元。這里提到金額，因此從選項中的名詞可以判斷budget預(yù)算符合句意。10.根據(jù)句意和句子結(jié)構(gòu)可以分析空格處填入形容詞。由Nonetheless盡管如此可以判斷空格部分需要填入一個與前文相反的態(tài)度，從選項中的動詞可以判斷optimistic樂觀的符合句意。7.【答案】A【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。四個單詞均有“看”的意思，但又有區(qū)別。Peer指當(dāng)看不清時仔細(xì)去端詳；gaze表示由于對某事物感興趣或者驚訝而注視；glance表示快速地瞥一眼；scan表示非常仔細(xì)地察看某事物。根據(jù)前半句的意思“由于她近視”，因此可知選項A符合題意。句意：由于有點近視，薩麗養(yǎng)成了盯著他人看的習(xí)慣。8.【答案】C【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。nutrition“營養(yǎng)”；compliment“恭維，稱贊”；supplement“增補，補充”；component“組成部分”。句意：當(dāng)為比賽做準(zhǔn)備時，許多運動員把額外的維生素作為飲食的補充。選項C符合題意。9.【答案】第1題:D第2題:B第3題:C第4題:A第5題:D【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)文章第一段前面兩句Designofallthenewtoolsandimplementsisbasedoncarefulexperimentswithelectronicinstruments.First,ahuman“guineapig”istestedusingaregulartool可知做該實驗涉及到了electronicinstruments,ahuman“guineapig”和aregulartool，選項D符合題意。2.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)文章第一段第四句話Twistedjointsandstretchedmusclescannotperformaswell,ithasbeenfound,asjointsandmusclesintheirnormalpositions可知選項B符合題意。3.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)文章第二段內(nèi)容themyograph,makesvisiblethroughelectricalsignalstheworkdonebyhumanmuscle可知選項C符合題意。4.推理判斷題。文章第三段第二句提到用新機器做實驗的一個結(jié)論是，三腳架的活梯比四腳活梯用起來更穩(wěn)定、更安全（Oneconclusionoftestsmadewiththismachineisthatatripodstepladderismorestableandsafertousethanonewithfourlegs），由此可知以前的梯子都是四腳的，因此選項A符合題意。5.推理判斷題。文章倒數(shù)第二段第二句提到Dr.Tichauer最初的想法是為了工具使用者的健康（Dr.Tichauer’sfirstthoughtisforthehealthofthetooluser），隨后提到使用新機器可以減少人的壓力，由此可知選項D符合題意。10.【答案】D【解析】than決定了這里的corrupt(腐壞，破壞)與空格處的詞相對，所以空白處應(yīng)填入D，表示“加強”的意思。句意：很多人相信競爭會加強民族性格而不是破壞它。11.【答案】第1題:B第2題:A第3題:D第4題:B第5題:C【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。文章第一段最后一句話提到美國每年大約有五萬三千人死于二手煙（TheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgencyreportsthataboutfifty-threethousandpeopledieinAmericaeachyearasaresultofexposuretosecondhandsmoke），由此可知選項B符合題意。2.判斷推理題。文章第二段提到點燃的香煙產(chǎn)生的煙霧含有許多不同的有毒化學(xué)物質(zhì)（Thesmokethatcomesfromalitcigarettecontainsmanydifferentpoisonouschemicals），接著提到即使不吸煙的人體內(nèi)也含有大量有害的有毒化學(xué)物質(zhì)（Theydiscoveredthatevennonsmokershadunhealthyamountsofthesetoxicchemicalsintheirbodies），由此可知不吸煙的人之所以受吸煙人的影響是因為他們吸入了有毒氣體，因此選項A符合題意。3.細(xì)節(jié)事實