先進(jìn)的蘋果種植技術(shù)英文版課件

AdvancedFruitGrowingWardUphamNorthwestKansasUsedtobe

BigAppleProductionAreaTroyKansasbannerdeclared,“Surroundedby10,000AcresofApples”NearWathenaKansasAppleDeclineinKansasApplegrowingdeclineddrasticallybetween1910and1915duetodroughtanddiseaseMostapplesweregrownonfarmsforprivateuseandorchardswerenotreplanted.TheGreatArmisticeDayfreeze(November1940),inwhichtherewasanunseasonablywarmfallfollowedbyarapiddropintemperature,killedmanythousandsoftreesinKansas.Afterthefreeze,appleproductionmovedwestwardtostateswithlesserraticclimaticconditionsandlowerpestpopulations.ThegrowingofotherfruitshasalsodeclineddrasticallyduetoweatherandtheeaseofshippingfruitinfromotherareasRenovatingaStrawberrybedStrawberryProduction1930-ShawneeCounty–346,390qts-LeavenworthCounty–219,051qts-RileyCounty–105,993qts-WabaunseeCounty–100,812qtsEarlyRaspberryProductionintheKansasRiverValley1920RaspberryproductionWyandotteCounty–170,323qtsLeavenworthCounty–60,453qts1930RaspberryProductionJeffersonCounty–13,652qtsJohnsonCounty–23,843qtsStrawberriesThecommonname“strawberry”notbecauseofmulchingwithstraw,butduetothe“strewn”appearanceoftherunners.Sizeoffruitdependson:Completepollination(self-pollination+beeactivity)WaterandtemperatureconditionsduringfloweringandfruitsetGeneticsTypesofStrawberries“June”bearing-mostcultivars,‘short-day’type,require<14hourdayand/or<59F.FruitbudssetinSeptember–October.Everbearing-oftenbloom2xperyear,typicalofwildspecies,notusuallygrowncommercially.Setflowerbudsinlatesummerthatbearinspringandfall(notinheatofsummer)Dayneutral-grow,setflowerbudswhenplantsarelargeenough,andproducefruittheyearofplanting.Bearin6-8weekcycles,iftemperaturesaremoderate.Strawberrygrowing–

criticalfactors:Rootsystem–isshallow(90%intop6”),relyonfine,delicate,short-livedfeederroots.WaterretentionandavailabilityTolerateawiderangeofpH,from4.0to8.5,butprefer5-7range.ConsiderationsforHomeGardenOneheavycroptoeatandprocess(plantearlyandlateJune-bearer)ormodestbutextendedseason(day-neutrals).Usuallygoforbestflavor,notsizeWaterfrequently,mayneedbirdnettingforsmallscale.BestFlavoredStrawberriesforKansasCavendish:Earlymid-season,verylargeberryEarliglow:Earlyseason,mediumberry,excellentflavorJewel:Latemid-season,largeberryLateglow:Mid-season,verylargeberryNortheastern:Earlyseason,largeberrySparkle:Latemid-season,mediumberry,excellentflavorBlackberries&RaspberriesOrder=RosalesFamily=RosaceaeGenus=RubusSubgenus=Ideobatus(Raspberries)Rubusideaus

(redandyellow)Rubusoccidentalis(black)Rubusxneglectus(purple)Subgenus=Eubatus(Blackberries)Rubusfruiticosus(blackberry)Thorny–erect/semi-erectThornless–erect/semi-erectTrailing(dewberries)The“Rubus”familytree:Blackberryxraspberryhybrids=Loganberry,Youngberry,Boysenberryetc…Bramble(Rubus)HistoryRaspberrydiscoveredonMt.IdainTurkey(Rubus

ideaus).Greeksharvestedwildforfoodandmedicinaluses350B.C.Romanscultivatedby4thcenturyA.D.BlackberriesalsogatheredbytheGreeksinthewild2000yearsago.16thcenturyEurope,medicinaluses,leavesandfruit.BramblebiologyAPerennialplantwithbiennialtopgrowthPrimocanes–1styearvegetativegrowth,setsfruitbuds.Floricanes–2ndyearreproductivegrowth,producesflowers,fruit,thendie.Exception:

Primocanefruitingtypes(fallorever-bearingtypes).Theprimocanesflowerandproducefruitonthetipsuntilfrost.Basalbudshavedormancyrequirement;donotfruitfirstyear.RootSystemFibrousandperennial~70%ofrootsareinthetop10inchesofsoilRaspberriesarefairlydroughtproneduetoweakrootsystem.Blackberriesarefairlydroughtresistantduetostrong,extensiverootsystem.BramblePropagationRed,yellow,purpleraspberriesRootsuckers:diginfall,store,plantinspringBlackraspberriesTiplayers(tipsofprimocanesbenddownandroot)BlackberriesRootcuttings,especiallyforthornyRootsuckersAllBramblesTissueculturemeristemsinasepticconditions,transplanttogreenhouse,matureinnurseryorgreenhouse.Cultivarselection:ColdhardinessofBrambles:Summerredraspberries-25to-40FFallredraspberries-20to-30Blackraspberries-15to-20Thornyblackberries-5to-15Thornlessblackberries0to-5(newervarietiescanbebetter)Coldinjuryoccursmostfrequentlyduringlatewinter–earlyspring.WhichOnesSucker?RedRaspberriesandThornyBlackberriessuckerbadlyThornlessblackberries,blackraspberriesandpurpleraspberriesdonot.RedRaspberryBlackberries(Boysenberry,Loganberry,Blackberry,Dewberry,Youngberry)VariationsinasubgenusoftheRubusgenuscalledEubatusMostofthesearehybridsandcrossesSemi-erect–blackberries,LoganberriesTrailing-boysenberries,youngberriesVerytrailing-dewberriesApplesApplevarieties….listedbypopularityinUSproductionDelicious(RedDelicious)GoldenDeliciousGrannySmithRome(RomeBeauty)FujiMcIntoshApplevarietiesgainingimportanceintheworld...BraeburnRoyalGalaorGalaJonagoldEmpireHoneycrispThereisacontinualsearchforvarietiesthatareuniquetoaparticularmarketorhaveyield,qualityoruniquecharacteristicsthatwouldmakethemappealingfordomesticorexportmarkets.AppleProductiontoday:UStotal464,025acresWashington172,810NewYork53,233Michigan50,539California38,268Pennsylvania28,110Kansas599‘Dwarfing’ofappletrees‘Dwarf’orSemi-Dwarf’actuallyarangeofdwarfingisavailabledependingonrootstockBuddingandgraftingtechniquesweredevelopedbythe15thcentury,usedinEuropeduringthe1800’s.AdvantagesReductioninlabor/productioncostsEarlierbearingImprovementincolorandmarketabilityResistancetodisease/insectsAexperiencedapplegraftercangraftapplestockandscionin1-2minutesMostapplegraftsdoneonsmallrootstockplantsandcuttingsfromknownfruittypes.Usetonguegraft(bridgegraft)where2stemsareaboutthesamesizeGrafted,wrapped,andallowedtostandforseveralweeksormonthsbeforeplantingoutDwarfingisprovidedbyarootstockorrootsystemthatisgraftedontoatopofanapplevarietythatyouchosetogrow.ToporVarietyofAppleInterstem(bridgebetweentopandrootstock)Rootstock-providesdwarfingeffectontreeIfgraftisn’tcompatibleorthereisnotagooduntionbetweentherootstockandtop,anINTERSTEMisused.Rootstockeffects...Growthcontrol-limitsthesizeofthetopAnchorage-brittlenatureofrootsorshallowrooted(mayrequiretrellis)Suckering-don’tproducealotofsuckershootsBurr-roots(small‘suckerlike’roots)thatdevelopnearthegraftunion(diseaseentrypoints)DiseaseandinsectresistanceDroughtresistanceandcoldhardinessManyrootstocksare‘numbered’ratherthannamed...MorEM(MallingorEastMalling)EastMallingHorticultureResearchCenterinKentEngland(Inthe1960stheEMstockswereputthrougha‘virusfree’programdesignated(LongAshton)orLA.NowcalledEMLAMM(Merton-Malling)cooperativeeffortbetweenMallingandJohnInnisResearchCenterinMertonEngland)(mostnewonesnowabbreviatedAR)BorBud-BudagovskyfromtheSovietUnionP

fromPolandCGorG-CornellUnivandGenevaResearchCenterinNewYorkMAC-MichiganStateSemi-DwarfDwarfDwarfingrootstocksizesVerydwarf-M-27andP-2(trellis)Dwarf-M-9,Mark,M-26,B-9SemiDwarf-M-7MediumM106,M111(BestforKansas)Standard-M-793LargeMM-115,M-25,RobustaMoststateshavedevelopedresearchtrialstosuggestspacingsforcertainrootstocksandrootstock-topcombinationsthatseemtoworkwellunderspecificenvironmentalconditions.Rootstock DistancebetweentreesSeedling 18-2570–134trees/AMM-111 14-18134–222trees/AMM-106 12-16170–302trees/AM-7 10-14222–435trees/AM-26 8-12302–680trees/AMark 6-8680–1210trees/AM-9 4-81210–2722trees/AMostmodernorchardsareusingtreedensityfrom450to1000trees/acre(lesswithpoorfertilityandwater)‘Standard’appletreemaybe30-40fttall.Treesnowmaybeinthe5-10fttallrange.Somearesupportedbyatrellissothata‘continuouswall’offruitdevelops.Orcharddensityoftrees...Density Trees/A Planting CumProfits Costs/A to10thYr.Plantingcostsandcumulativeprofitsasa%oflowdensityplantings.ApplePestManagement“Realizingthatover500speciesofinsectsand100diseaseorganismshavebeenfoundinfruitorchardspresentsanimmediatechallengetoourunderstanding.”(1)“Between25and50%ofthecostofcommercialproductionoffruitsisdevotedtoinsectanddiseasecontrolWithoutthisexpenditure,thetreeswouldbeshort-livedandthefruitalmostworthless.”(2)“Withoutanypestcontrol,onecanonlyobtainabout10%saleablefruit.”(3)1)TheAppleGrower/Phillips,2)FruitScience/Childers,and3)AttraguideSprayScheduleIUseApril1throughpetaldrop:ImmunoxPetaldropthroughMemorialDay:Immunox+MalathionMemorialDayuntiltwoweeksbeforeharvestormid-August(whichevercomesfirst):Captan+MalathionApricots,PeachesandNectarinesApricotEarliestofstonefruit(andallfruitstobloom)InKansas,mostseasonsbloomsarecaughtbyalatefreeze(perhaps1-2yearsin5maygetacrop)AvoidfrostsensitiveareasNearlyallvarietiesareself-fruitful(don’tneedapollenizer)ApricotPrunus

armeniacaNativeofChina,cametoEuropeviaArmenia.‘a(chǎn)bricock’or‘a(chǎn)pricock’-earlyEnglishadaptationofaLatinword‘earlyripeningfruit’MostcommercialproductioninMediterraneanareaandChinaParideazaFarm-2008Treeislargerthanpeachtree.Treestake5-6yearstobecomeproductive(ayearor2longerthanpeach).Longlivedtree-maylast25-40years.MostinUSgrowninCalifornia(94%ofcrop).Apricotculture….Bearson1-yearoldwoodbuttreealsoproducessomeshortspurs.PruningislessthanpeachesLessemphasisonencouragingvigorousshootsFruitsareusuallythinnedtoproducelargersizesoffruit-handthinnedwith‘bats’toknockexcessfruitfrombranchesWantonefruitevery2inchesThinningusuallydone30-40daysafterfullbloomPeachPrunus

persicaPrunusgenuscontainsalargenumberofediblefruitsincluding:apricots,almonds,cherries,andplums.NativeofChina(notmiddleeastasthespecies‘persica’mightsuggest.CametoEuropeviaPersia(Iran)Anectarineisafuzzlesspeach-noteredcolorationintofleshandpit.Asinglerecessivegenecontrolsfuzziness.Whatisanectarine?Fruitdevelopalongstem-notonspurs.Thick,fatbudsareflowerbudswhilelong,slenderbudsareleafbuds.Theremaybe2ormoreflowerbudssetateachnodealongwithleafbuds.FreezingTemperaturesofPeachBuds/BlossomsPetalFallFullPinkOpenFirstPinkCalyxpinkCalyxgreenFirstswellPalepinkofapeachorchardinfullbloom.Bloomafterapricotsandbeforeapples.Bloomingandpollination.Peachesbloomabout2weeksearlierthanapples.Springfreezesmuchmoreprevalentinpeaches.Mostpeachesareself-fruitful(singlevarietywillpollenize).PeachbudsaresetlateJunetolateJulyofpreviousseason’sgrowthonactivelygrownshoots(15-20incheslongworksbest)Peachisa‘drupeSomepeaches(mainlyfreshmarkettypes)thestoneseparateseasilyfromthefleshwhenripecalledFREESTONE.Thesealsoripenlater,andhave“meltingflesh.”Somepeaches(mainlyprocessingtypes)thestonedoesnotseparatefromtheflesh(mustbecutaway)calledCLINGSTONE………RipenearlierthanFREESTONE,andhavefirmflesh,usedforcanning.Peachfleshformost‘freshmarket’peachesissoft-oftendescribedas‘MELTINGFLESH’-thereisnotthecharacteristiccrunchorfirmnessassociatedwithmanyfruits.Fruitsalsotendtobeveryjuicy-juicewillfreelydripfromthefruitasitiseaten.Manypeacheshavearedcoloration-someslightandsomepronouncedwhenthefruitisripe.Redcolorationoftenextendsintothefleshandpit.White-fleshedpeach(noteredcolorationintofleshandpit)Mostpeacheshaveayellowflesh…..Somehavewhiteflesh.Colorcontrolledbyasinglegene.Whitevar.canalsohavehighersugar,lessacidcontent.Arelativelynewvariety–SaturnPeach“……distinctive“flat”or“doughnut”peaches.Everyonelovessomethingdifferent—andtheytastegreat.Red,freestonepeachesopenuptotender,whitefleshwithamild,sweetflavor.Winter-hardytreesbearheavycropsoffruitthatmeasure2?-2?inchesindiameter.RipensinlateJuly”Peachisasmallertreethanapplesandisprunedtoamoreopencentersystem.Nofruitonspurs,somusthavesomeactivelygrowingshootsforfruitproduction.Treeisprunedto3-4lowerscaffoldbranches-noteabsenceof‘centralleader’aswithapplepruning.Keepcenterofthetreeopenforgoodlightpenetration.“IdealShape”Peachtreeshavemoreslender,flexiblestems.Can’tholdasmuchfruitload.Needacertainnumberoffruitperbranch/leaftoadequatelysizefruitbutnotbreakdowntree.(6-8”betweenfruit)Peachesaremore‘precocious’thanapple-settingafewfruitsinthe2ndyear,morein3rdyear-enoughtoestablishamarket,oftenharvestinganearfullcropinthe4thyear.Peachesaremoresensitivetograss/weedcompetitionthanapples.Peachesareoftencleancultivated…keepingthesoilbareinalargeareaaroundthetree.Mulchingwouldalsoworkwell.MulchedPeachTreeThinbarkofpeachtrunkispronetoheating/coolinginwinter-causingentrypointfordiseases(canker)Trunkscanbepaintedwhitetoreducewinterheating.Irrigationsystem-minisprinklerateachtreeonashortstake.For1yearoldtrees,25gallons/weekFor2yearoldtrees,50gallons/weekFormaturetrees,150gallons/weekPeachtreesarefairlyshortlivedtreescomparedtootherfruits.SomeareasoftheUShaveexperiencedlossofpeachesin10-15years.OftencalledPEACHTREESHORTLIFEorPEACHTREEDECLINE.Mayberelatedtonematodedamage,diseasessuchasstemcankersbuildup,rootinjuryordamage,generalplantstressesorotherunknownfactors.PeachrootstocksNotnearlyasextensiveordevelopedasapplesMuchattentionnowbeingaddressedtocoldhardinessandnematoderesistanceSiberianorharrowrootstocksforhardinessSomeearliernematoderesistantrootstockswereverysusceptibletocankerandotherdiseases.LovellrootstocksfornematoderesistanceNogood‘dwarfing’rootstocksforpeach.Somegeneticdwarfsusedforspecialpurposepeaches(homegardenorcontainertypes).Mostcommercialpeachesarenotgrownondwarfingrootstocks.Brownsoftrotonpeachesaftertheybegintosize/ripen.Fungicides(Captan,Immunox)inbloomperiodandfruitripeningwillprovidecontrol.Sanitationisimportantintheorchardaswell.Canspreadinwashwateror‘dumptank’.Maintaingoodtreevigorbutexcessivevigorwillresultinincreasesofbrownrot.Peachscab-notecrustyblotchesandcracked,splitskin.Developsin‘shucksplit’stageofbloombutsymptomsshowuplaterasspotsonfruit.ControlwithCaptanPeachScabBorersentertheareaatthebaseoftrunkatgroundlevel.Larvaefeedunderbark-weakeningorkillingthetree.Presenceof‘gumming’orfrass(sawdustlikematerial)isasignofpeachtreeboreractivity.Insecticideapplications(permethrin)canbeappliedtobaseoftreeinlate-Juneandagaininlate-Julyforcontrol.Peachesareusuallyharvestedataslightlyfirmstagetoalloweaseofhandling.Ripeningwilloccurin2-3days.GrapesOneoftheoldestcultivatedcropsRequiresseverepruningforgoodcrops.ThosethatknewgrapeculturewereimportantinsocietyWineprobablyused5000-6000yearsagobyAssyriansandEgyptiansBecamethestandardbeverageformostculturesinearlytimesWineandgrapestradedtoEuropeabout1000yearsagoandbecameverypopularinculturesthereALITTLEHISTORY:Grown/usedwidelyinItaly,France,Germany,andSpainSettlerstoNorthAmericaweresurprisedtofindnativegrapesgrowinghere.Weremuchmorecold-hardythanEuropeangrapesandhadadarkcolorwithaintense‘foxy’flavor(AmericangrapesaresometimesknownasFoxgrapes)HISTORYCONTINUED:AmericangrapeswereintroducedtoEuropeandtookwiththemasmallrootaphidcausingphylloxeraEuropeangrapeshadnoresistanceandweredevastated(1860’s).[V.viniferawaspropagatedonownroots]Identifiedthephylloxerain1868,begantosearchfor(andfound)resistantrootstocks(Americangrapes).GrapeSuggestionsIfpeoplewanttoknowhowtoprunegrapes,suggesttheSingleCurtainCordonsystem.Itisdescribedinourpublicationtitled“Grapes.”Themistakemostpeoplemakewithgrapesistonotprunethemenough.Aproperlyprunedestablishedvineshouldhaveabout90%ofthegrowthremovedeachyear.ThebesttablegrapeIhavegrowninJupiter.Itisaseedless,bluegrapethatisproductivewithlarge,goodqualityfruit.

“Wild”N.AmericanFruitNorthAmerican“wild”fruitBlueberry,cranberry,huckleberryStrawberryGooseberryandcurrentRaspberryandblackberryMulberry,pawpaw,andpersimmonElderberryandsandplum/beachplumToday:wildrose,chokeberry(Aronia),chokecherry,June/Serviceberry,pricklypear,andwolfberry.Juneberry/Serviceberry

AmelanchieralnifoliaFoundinN.GreatPlainsandCanada.Morethan25speciesnativetoN.Am.FoodformanyNortherntribesincludesfresh,bakedinbread,anddriedforwinteruse.Shrub3-10ft.tall.HardyinZones3-9.Preferfullsun,acidic,moist,well-drainedsoil,butwilltolerateshadeandawiderangeofsoiltypes.Fruitis?to3/8inchdiameter,fleshyredtopurplishblack,ripeninginJune.Possiblelandscapeplant?

PlantDistributionbyState:

Amelanchier

alnifolia

Juneberry/Serviceberry

Amelanchier

alnifoliaMulberry,Persimmon,andPawPawMulberry,Persimmon,andPawPawAllhaveatleastonespeciesnativetoNorthAmerica(andadaptedtoKS)LimitedcommercialtradeValuableand“interesting”forhomegardenorlandscapingFewpests,relativelyeasytogrowPotentialfor“weediness,”somecanspreadbyrootsuckers,birdsNutritiousfruit,etc.etc.etc.MulberryNativesp.isM.rubra.M.nigra(blackmulberry),M.tatarica(Russianmulberry)andM.alba(whitemulberry)fromAsia.M.albawasimportedtoU.S.tofeedsilkworms,andhasnaturalizedhere(canbeweedy).M.nigrasaidtohavethebestflavor.Morus

rubraL.Morus

albaL.Mulberry–Morussp.

(familyMoraceae)IsNOTaberry(isamultiplefruit)CloselyrelatedtoOsageOrange

(Maclura

pomifera)andCommonfig

(Ficus

carica),alsomultiplefruits.MulberryCharacteristicsPropagatedfromseedorcuttings.Needmaletreeforpollinationaswellasfemaleforfruit.Growfairlyfastwhenyoung,butarenotlargetreeswhenmature(10-15M)FairlyhardyIfpurchasingforfruit,may

begoodtochooseone

selectedforfruitquality.

Non-fruitingspecies,

(e.g.weeping,orothers)

fruithasbeendescribed

as“insipid.”CharacteristicsCont.Prefershighorganicmatter,welldrainedsoils,buttoleratesmanyconditions.Prefersfullsun,buttoleratessomeshade.“ThewhitemulberryisthesecondmostcommonweedtreeinNYC.”1MulberryCharacteristicsCont.Goodthings–birdslikethem.Mayattractthemawayfromyourcherriesorblueberries.Selfpollinating.KidslikethemRelativelyeasytoharvest.Shakeontoclothorplasticsheet.Goodinpies,etc.butneedtocombinewithanotherfruitiftheyseemtoosweet.Badthings–birdslikethem.Don’tplantnexttoyourpatio,orifyouparkyourcarinthedrivewayundertrees.Whitefruitedvarietiesavailablethough,maybebetterinthesesituationsthanthedarkfruits.Zeroshelflife.CommonPersimmon–Diospyrosvirginiana

Inthefamily“Ebenaceae,”orEbonyfamily.Woodishard,hasspecialuses(golfclubs,weavingshuttles,billiardcues).Mainlygrownforfruit,andaestheticvalue.TwomainspeciesDiospyros

virginiana(nativetoNorthAmerica)Onlyrecentlycultivated,eatenwildsincepre-history.Fruitissmaller,buthardytozone4.Improvedcultivarsavailablesince1880.Diospyroskaki(nativetoChina)Coldhardytoabout0F,hardinesszones7-10LargerfruitthanAmericanpersimmonGrowncommerciallyTherearesomekaki’s(TamKam)andhybrids(Nikita’sGift)thathavethecoldhardinessofvirginianaandthesizeandtasteofkaki.PersimmonCharacteristicsMoist,well-drainedsoilsbest,butwilltoleratehot,drypoorsoils,includingurbanenvironments.Nativetreeswillgrow15-65fttall.Hardyinzones4-9.Propagatefromseedsorcuttings.Speciesisdioecious,withmaleandfemaleflowersondifferenttrees(note;Asianspeciesisnot,someneweronesself-pollinate)Thrivesinfullsun,butisalsoshade-tolerant.Inthewild,maybefoundasthickets(fromrootsuckers).FlowersMarch-June,fruitsSept