雅思英語(yǔ)考試閱讀理解滿分練習(xí)及答案解析

雅思英語(yǔ)考試閱讀理解滿分練習(xí)及答案解析【CanScientiststellus:Whathappinessis?】

A

Economistsacceptthatifpeopledescribethemselvesashappy,thentheyarehappy.However,psychologistsdifferentiatebetweenlevelsofhappiness.Themostimmediatetypeinvolvesafeeling;pleasureorjoy.Butsometimeshappinessisajudgmentthatlifeissatisfying,anddoesnotimplyanemotionalstate.EsteemedpsychologistMartinSeligmanhasspearheadedanefforttostudythescienceofhappiness.Thebadnewsisthatwe'renotwiredtobehappy.Thegoodnewsisthatwecandosomethingaboutit.SinceitsoriginsinaLeipziglaboratory130yearsago,psychologyhashadlittletosayaboutgoodnessandcontentment.Mostlypsychologistshaveconcernedthemselveswithweaknessandmisery.Therearelibrariesfulloftheoriesaboutwhywegetsad,worried,andangry.Ithasn'tbeenrespectablesciencetostudywhathappenswhenlivesgowell.Positiveexperiences,suchasjoy,kindness,altruismandheroism,havemainlybeenignored.Forevery100psychologypapersdealingwithanxietyordepression,onlyoneconcernsapositivetrait.

B

Afewpioneersinexperimentalpsychologybuckedthetrend.ProfessorAliceIsenofCornellUniversityandcolleagueshavedemonstratedhowpositiveemotionsmakepeoplethinkfasterandmorecreatively.Showinghoweasyitistogivepeopleanintellectualboost,Isendivideddoctorsmakingatrickydiagnosisintothreegroups:onereceivedcandy,onereadhumanisticstatementsaboutmedicine,onewasacontrolgroup.Thedoctorswhohadcandydisplayedthemostcreativethinkingandworkedmoreefficiently.InspiredbyIsenandothers,Seligmangotstuckin.Heraisedmillionsofdollarsofresearchmoneyandfunded50researchgroupsinvolving150scientistsacrosstheworld.Fourpositivepsychologycentresopened,decoratedincheerfulcoloursandfurnishedwithsofasandbaby-sitters.Therewereget-togethersonMexicanbeacheswherepsychologistswouldsnorkelandeatfajitas,thenform"pods"todiscusssubjectssuchaswonderandawe.Athousandtherapistswerecoachedinthenewscience.

C

Butcriticsaredemandinganswerstobigquestions.Whatisthepointofdefininglevelsofhappinessandclassifyingthevirtues?Aren'ttheseconceptsvagueandimpossibletopindown?Canyoujustifyspendingfundstoresearchpositivestateswhenthereareproblemssuchasfamine,floodandepidemicdepressiontobesolved?Seligmanknowshisworkcanbebelittledalongsidetritenotionssuchas"thepowerofpositivethinking".Hisplantostopthenewsciencefloating"onthewavesofself-improvementfashions"istomakesureitisanchoredtopositivephilosophyabove,andtopositivebiologybelow.

D

Andthistakesusbacktoourevolutionarypast.HomosapiensevolvedduringthePleistoceneera(1.8mto10,000yearsago),atimeofhardshipandturmoil.ItwastheIceAge,andourancestorsenduredlongfreezesasglaciersformed,thenferociousfloodsastheicemassesmelted.Wesharedtheplanetwithterrifyingcreaturessuchasmammoths,elephant-sizedgroundslothsandsabre-toothedcats.ButbytheendofthePleistocene,alltheseanimalswereextinct.Humans,ontheotherhand,hadevolvedlargebrainsandusedtheirintelligencetomakefireandsophisticatedtools,todeveloptalkandsocialrituals.Survivalinatimeofadversityforgedourbrainsintoapersistentmould.ProfessorSeligmansays:"Becauseourbrainevolvedduringatimeofice,floodandfamine,wehaveacatastrophicbrain.Thewaythebrainworksislookingforwhat'swrong.Theproblemis,thatworkedinthePleistoceneera.Itfavouredyou,butitdoesn'tworkinthemodemworld."

E

Althoughmostpeopleratethemselvesashappy,thereisawealthofevidencetoshowthatnegativethinkingisdeeplyingrainedinthehumanpsyche.Experimentsshowthatwerememberfailuresmorevividlythansuccesses.Wedwellonwhatwentbadly,notwhatwentwell.Ofthesixuniversalemotions,fouranger,fear,disgustandsadnessarenegativeandonlyone,joy,ispositive.Thesixth,surprise,ispsychologistDanielNettle,authorofHappiness,andoneoftheRoyalInstitutionlecturers,thenegativeemotionseachtellus"somethingbadhashappened"andsuggestadifferentcourseofaction.

F

Whatisitaboutthestructureofthebrainthatunderliesourbiastowardsnegativethinking?Andisthereabiologyofjoy?AtIowaUniversity,neuroscientistsstudiedwhathappenswhenpeopleareshownpleasantandunpleasantpictures.Whensubjectsseelandscapesordolphinsplaying,partofthefrontallobeofthebrainbecomesactive.Butwhentheyareshownunpleasantimagesabirdcoveredinoil,oradeadsoldierwithpartofhisfacemissingtheresponsecomesfrommoreprimitivepartsofthebrain.Theabilitytofeelnegativeemotionsderivesfromanancientdanger-recognitionsystemformedearlyinthebrain'sevolution.Thepre-frontalcortex,whichregistershappiness,isthepartusedforhigherthinking,anareathatevolvedlaterinhumanhistory.

G

Ourdifficulty,accordingtoDanielNettle,isthatthebrainsystemsforlikingandwantingareseparate.Wantinginvolvestwoancientregionstheamygdalaandthenucleusaccumbensthatcommunicateusingthechemicaldopaminetoformthebrain'srewardsystem.Theyareinvolvedinanticipatingthepleasureofeatingandinaddictiontodrugs.Aratwillpressabarrepeatedly,ignoringsexuallyavailablepartners,toreceiveelectricalstimulationofthe"wanting"partsofthebrain.Buthavingreceivedbrainstimulation,therateatsmorebutshowsnosignofenjoyingthefooditcraved.Inhumans,adruglikenicotineproducesmuchcravingbutlittlepleasure.

H

Inessence,whatthebiologylessontellsusisthatnegativeemotionsarefundamentaltothehumancondition,andifsnowondertheyaredifficulttoeradicate.Atthesametime,byatrickofnature,ourbrainsaredesignedtocravebutneverreallyachievelastinghappiness.

Question14-20

ThereadingpassagehassevenparagraphsA-H.

Whichparagraphcontainsthefollowinginformation?

WritethecorrectletterA-H,inboxes14-20onyouranswersheet.

14Anexperimentinvolvingdividingseveralgroupsoneofwhichreceivedpositiveicon

15Reviewofapoorlyresearchedpsychologyarea

16Contrastbeingmadeaboutthebrain’sactionasresponsetopositiveornegativestimulus

17Theskepticalattitudetowardtheresearchseemedtobeawasteoffund

18asubstancethatproducesmuchwantinginsteadofmuchliking

19aconclusionthatlastinghappinessarehardlyobtainedbecauseofthenatureofbrains

20Onedescriptionthatlistedthehumanemotionalcategories

Question21-25

CompletethefollowingsummaryoftheparagraphsofReadingPassage,usingnomorethanfourwordsfromtheReadingPassageforeachanswer.

Writeyouranswersinboxes21-25onyouranswersheet.

Afewpioneersinexperimentalpsychologystudywhathappenswhenlivesgowell.ProfessorAlicedivideddoctors,makingatrickyexperiment,intothreegroups:besidetheonecontrolgroup,theothertwoeitherareaskedtoreadhumanisticstatementsaboutdrugs,orreceived…21...Thelatterdisplayedthemostcreativethinkingandworkedmoreefficiently.Sincecriticsarequestioningthesignificanceofthe…22…forbothlevelsofhappinessandclassificationforthevirtues.ProfessorSeligmancounteredinanevolutionaltheory:survivalinatimeofadversityforgedourbrainsintothewayofthinkingforwhat'swrongbecausewehavea…23…

Thereisbountifulofevidencetoshowthatnegativethinkingisdeeplybuiltinthehumanpsyche.Later,atIowaUniversity,neuroscientistsstudiedtheactivepartsinbrainstocontrastwhenpeopleareshownpleasantandunpleasantpictures.Whenpositiveimageslike…24…areshown,partofthefrontallobeofthebrainbecomesactive.Butwhentheyareshownunpleasantimage,theresponsecomesfrom…25…ofthebrain.

Question26

Writeyouranswersinboxes26onyouranswersheet.

Choosethecorrectletter.A,B,CorD.

AccordingtoDanielNettleinthelasttwoparagraphs,whatistrueasthescientistscantellusabouthappiness

ABrainsystemsalwaysmixlikingandwantingtogether.

BNegativeemotionscanbeeasilyridofifwethinkpositively.

CHappinessislikenicotinewearecravingforbutgetlittlepleasure.

DTheinnermechanismofhumanbrainsdoesnotassistustoachievedurablehappiness.

文章題目：科學(xué)家可以告知我們什么是幸福嗎

篇章結(jié)構(gòu)

體裁

談?wù)撐?/p>

題目

科學(xué)家可以告知我們什么是幸福嗎

結(jié)構(gòu)

(一句話概括每段大意)

A段:關(guān)于幸福的早期心理學(xué)討論主流是負(fù)面心情

B段:少數(shù)心理學(xué)家討論正面情感帶給人的好處

C段:批判家質(zhì)疑用樂(lè)觀思索來(lái)討論幸福的合理性

D段:冰河世紀(jì)的古人類慣用消極思維模式

E段:消極想法更簡(jiǎn)單被牢記

F段:樂(lè)觀和消極想法的大腦結(jié)構(gòu)的生物學(xué)基礎(chǔ)

G段:區(qū)分喜愛(ài)和欲望是討論幸福的難點(diǎn)

H段:消極心情是人類生存的基礎(chǔ)

試題分析

Question14-26

題目類型：

題號(hào)

定位詞

文中對(duì)應(yīng)點(diǎn)

題目解析

14

Threegroups

B段第2句

B段敘述了少數(shù)心理學(xué)家對(duì)樂(lè)觀心情的討論。從第2句話開(kāi)頭，文章詳述了試驗(yàn)的方法，題干中的positiveicon指代文中的candy。

本題答案為B

15

Ignored，only

A段最終兩句

A段是關(guān)于早期心里學(xué)家討論幸福的方法。從該段最終兩句可以看出，樂(lè)觀的心情在當(dāng)時(shí)的討論被ignored，并且在100個(gè)試驗(yàn)中，onlyoneconcernsapositivetrait。這里的ignored/only/a都是在映射題干中的poorlyresearched。

本題答案選A

16

Structureofthebrain

F段第1句

F段敘述了樂(lè)觀和消極想法的大腦結(jié)構(gòu)的生物學(xué)基礎(chǔ)。從第一句話的structureofbrain可以看出，本段會(huì)討論brainaction。

本題答案選F

17

Critics,bigquestion

C段第1句

C段是針對(duì)B段的觀點(diǎn)，批判家質(zhì)疑少數(shù)心理學(xué)家討論幸福的方式。從critics,bigquestion,whatisthepointof…等地方，均可以看出題干中所述的skepticalattitude。

本題答案選C

18

Wanting,liking

G段第1句

G段落主要講wanting和liking的在大腦系統(tǒng)中的區(qū)分。從第1句開(kāi)頭，該段多次消失wanting和liking。

所以本題答案選G

19

Brickofnature

H段第2句

H段是全文最終一段，所以很簡(jiǎn)單于題干中的conclusion聯(lián)系在一起。另外在H段第2句也消失了brickofnature,指代題干中的natureofbrains。

本題答案選H

20

Sixuniversalemotion

E段中間

E段中提到了人類最基礎(chǔ)的六種情感，對(duì)應(yīng)題干中的humanemotionalcategories。

本題答案選E

21

Candy

B段

B段中具體描述了試驗(yàn)的三個(gè)分組狀況。Intothreegroups:onereceivedcandy,one…

所以本題可以從原文中直接找到答案為candy。

22

Whatisthepointofdefining…

C段

從題干中的Sincecritics可得知此題對(duì)應(yīng)原文中的C段。該段第2句話whatisthepointofdefininglevelsofhappinessandclassifyingthevirtues。所以本題需要填寫define的名詞definition。

23

ProfessorSeligman,adversity

D段倒數(shù)第三局

D段倒數(shù)第3句：ProfessorSeligmansays:becauseourbrainevolvedduringatimeofice,floodandfamine,wehaveacatastrophicbrain。從題干中的ProfessorSeligman提示了答案應(yīng)當(dāng)從這句話中查找。另外題干中的adversity對(duì)應(yīng)了文章中的iceflood和famine。因此每題應(yīng)當(dāng)填catastrophicbrain

24

Pleasantpicture

E段第3句

E段第3句敘述了pleasantandunpleasantpicture對(duì)人類大腦的`影響，之后緊接著提到了landscapesanddolphinsplaying?？梢?jiàn)這里的positiveimage應(yīng)當(dāng)填文章中對(duì)應(yīng)的pleasantpicture，即landscapesanddolphinsplaying。

25

Unpleasantimages

E段第4句

此題答案緊接著上一題。在E段中描述了pleasantpicture之后，緊接著提到了unpleasantimage(picture)。在該句的末尾處comesfrommoreprimitivepartsofthebrain可以找到改題的答案為moreprimitiveparts

26

Separate,deeplyingrained,wantingandliking,lastinghappiness

E、G、H段

A選項(xiàng):G段的第一句話brainsystemforlikingandwantingareseparate，因此選項(xiàng)中的mixtogether是錯(cuò)誤的。

B選項(xiàng):在E段中，主要表述了消極思想和情感在大腦中會(huì)留下深刻的記憶，并很難被抹去:negativethinkingisdeeplyingrainedinthehumanpsyche。Deeplyingrained和題干中的beeasilyridof沖突。

C選項(xiàng)：G段最終一句，druglikenicotineproducesmuchcravingbutlittlepleasure?？此婆c題干很吻合但是卻在意思上大相徑庭。G段的核心思想是在強(qiáng)調(diào)happiness和滿意wanting后的satisfaction是兩個(gè)概念。題干中的nicotine只是滿意了人類大腦的wanting，但是不會(huì)帶來(lái)pleasant，更不會(huì)帶來(lái)happiness。所以這個(gè)選項(xiàng)也是錯(cuò)誤的。

D選項(xiàng)：H段最終一句，ourbrainaredesignedtocravebutneverreallyachievelastinghappiness意思與題干全都，表述了由于大腦結(jié)構(gòu)導(dǎo)致了很難持續(xù)或者幸福感。

所以本題選D

參考譯文：

科學(xué)家可以告知我們什么是幸福嗎

A

經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家認(rèn)為，假如人們會(huì)把自己描述成幸福的，那么他們就是幸福的.然而心理學(xué)家卻要區(qū)分不同幸福感之間的差別。幸福最中等的水平是一種快樂(lè)或是歡樂(lè)的感覺(jué)。但是有時(shí)幸福是對(duì)生活的一種評(píng)判，認(rèn)為生活是令人滿足的，而這好像是不涉及感情范疇的。受人仰慕的心理學(xué)家MartinSeligman領(lǐng)先致力于關(guān)于幸福的討論。不幸的是，我們并不是天生就會(huì)感到幸福;而所幸的是，我們可以做一些關(guān)于幸福的事情。關(guān)于幸福的討論最早要追溯到130年前在Leipzig的試驗(yàn)室，那時(shí)心理學(xué)對(duì)“和善”和“滿意”還知之甚少，大部分的心理學(xué)家都在討論“脆弱”和“苦痛”。圖書館里的書涉及的理論都是關(guān)于我們?yōu)槭裁磿?huì)哀痛，擔(dān)憂和生氣這類的心情。討論生活乎順時(shí)發(fā)生的事情在當(dāng)時(shí)看來(lái)是不靠譜的。樂(lè)觀正面的體驗(yàn)，比如說(shuō)歡樂(lè)，和善，利他主義和英雄主義在當(dāng)時(shí)經(jīng)常是被人們忽視的。在每100篇關(guān)于焦慮和壓抑的心理學(xué)論文中，只有一篇會(huì)涉及樂(lè)觀的心理狀態(tài)。

B

少數(shù)的試驗(yàn)心理學(xué)家引領(lǐng)了有關(guān)幸福討論的潮流。康奈爾高校的AliceIsen教授和她的同事致力于討論正面的情感如何讓人們思維更靈敏以及更有制造力。為了展現(xiàn)正面的情感是怎樣快速地提升一個(gè)人的智力，Isen教授通過(guò)一個(gè)奇妙的診斷將參與試驗(yàn)的醫(yī)生分為3組：一組收到了糖果，一組朗讀人本主義的宜言，一組則作為掌握對(duì)比組，(試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明，)收到糖果的醫(yī)生的思維更具制造性同時(shí)工作也更高效，受到Isen教授和其他人的啟發(fā)，Seligman也投身關(guān)于幸描的討論，他等集到了幾百萬(wàn)美金的討論經(jīng)費(fèi)，用以資助全世界150名科學(xué)家組成的50個(gè)討論小組。4家“樂(lè)觀心理學(xué)”中心成立，用令人愉悅的顏色裝飾，配有沙發(fā)和保姆。心理學(xué)家聚集在墨西哥的沙灘上享受著潛水的樂(lè)趣，品嘗墨西哥菜肴f(wàn)ajitas，他們還分成小組爭(zhēng)論有關(guān)“夸跡”和“敬畏"的話題。還有一千名臨床醫(yī)學(xué)家接受這項(xiàng)新科學(xué)項(xiàng)目的培訓(xùn)。

C

但是一些批判家要求心理學(xué)家回答一些重大的問(wèn)題，比如說(shuō)，什么是定義不同幸福水平的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以及如何將這些特點(diǎn)分類?這些關(guān)于幸福的概念莫非不是糢糊不清而且無(wú)法被這實(shí)的嗎?當(dāng)四處還有饑荒，洪水和經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條的時(shí)候，將這些討論基金用于樂(lè)觀心態(tài)的討論合適嗎?Seligman知道他的工作會(huì)被別人輕看，還可能會(huì)被人冠以諸如“樂(lè)觀思索的力氣”此類的陳詞濫調(diào)。因此，為了讓這樣新的科學(xué)討論不要浮于自我滿意的狀態(tài)，就要確保這項(xiàng)研完和“枳極心理學(xué)”相聯(lián)系，又以“枳極生物學(xué)”作為基礎(chǔ)。

D

這就需要我們回到人類的進(jìn)化史，人類是從更新世時(shí)代(180萬(wàn)到1萬(wàn)