譯漢全真試題及詳解99年

Unit （1999年Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistorians，modernpracticemostcloselyconformstoonethatseeshistoryastheattempttorecreateandexinthesignificanteventsofthepast.Caughtinthewebofitsowntimeandce，eachgenerationofhistoriansdeterminesanewwhatissignificantforitinthepast.Inthissearchtheevidencefoundisalways pleteandscattered;itisalsofrequentlypartialorpartisan.Theironyofthehistorianscraftisthatitspractitionersalwaysknowthattheireffortsarebutcontributionstoanunendingprocess.Interestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityhistoryasaninlectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.Whilehistoryoncerevereditsaffinitytolitureandphilosophy，theemergingsocialsciencesseemedtoaffordgreateropportunitiesforaskingnewquestionsandprovidingrewardingapproachestoanunderstandingofthepast.Socialsciencemethodologieshadtobeadaptedtoadisciplineernedbytheprimacyofhistoricalsourcesratherthantheimperativesofthecontemporaryworld.Duringthistransfer，traditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy.MethodologyisatermthatremainsinherentlyambiguousinthehistoricalThereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalinquiry.Historians，especiallythosesoblindedbytheirresearchintereststhattheyhavebeenaccusedof“tunnelmethod，”frequentlyfallvictimtothe“technicistfallacy.”Alsocommoninthenaturalsciences，thetechnicistfallacymistakenlyidentifiesthedisciplineasawholewithcertainpartsofitstechnicalimplementation.Itappliesequallytotraditionalhistorianswhoviewhistoryasonlytheexternalandinternalcriticismofsources.Andtosocialsciencehistorianswhoequatetheiractivitywithspecifictechniques.Unit Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistorians,modernpracticemostcloselyconformstoonethatseeshistoryastheattempttorecreateandexinthesignificanteventsofthepast.Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistorians,/modernpracticemostcloselyconformstoone/thatseeshistoryastheattempttorecreateandexinthesignificanteventsofthepast.Whiletherearealmostas...asthereare...+主句，While引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，從句中as...as結(jié)構(gòu)是，這句話直譯為有多少歷史學(xué)家，就有多少關(guān)于歷史的定義onethatseeshistoryas把……看作是，不定式短語torecreateandexin...作名詞theWhile雖然，盡管；definitions定義，界定；modernpractice現(xiàn)代（補(bǔ)詞：史學(xué)家的）實(shí)踐；conformsto符合于，趨向于認(rèn)為；attempt試圖，嘗試；torecreate再現(xiàn)，重現(xiàn)；eventsInterestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasaninlectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.Interestinhistoricalmethodshasarisen/lessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasaninlectualdiscipline/andmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.主干結(jié)構(gòu)是一個簡單句：Interest...hasarisenlessthrough..andmorelessthrough...andmorefrom的翻譯是關(guān)鍵，throughfrom意思完全相同challenge后面的不定式短語tothevalidityofhistoryasaninlectualdiscipline是它的定語，直譯對歷史作為一門學(xué)科的正確性提出異議，internalquarrels后面的介詞短語amonghistoriansthemselvesquarrels的定語。arisen質(zhì)疑，；validity真實(shí)性，正確性；asaninlectualdiscipline作為一門學(xué)問（一個學(xué)科領(lǐng)域；internalquarrels內(nèi)部意見不統(tǒng)一，內(nèi)部Duringthistransfer,traditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy.Duringthistransfer,/traditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmented/byadditionalmethodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy.1）主干結(jié)構(gòu)是一個語態(tài)的簡單句：...methodswereaugmentedby...2）designedto...methodologies的定語。transfer轉(zhuǎn)變；augmented充實(shí)，補(bǔ)充；additionalmethodologiesdesigned用來；interpret闡釋，解釋，說明；thenewformsofevidence新的形式，根據(jù)上下文意思引申為在歷史學(xué)研究中的新史料；inthehistoricalstudy在（補(bǔ)譯：歷史學(xué)家）Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalinquiry.Thereisnoagreement/whethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneral/ortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalThereisnoagreement因?yàn)橹髡Z部分太長，整個結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該采用順whethermethodologyreferstoortoagreementtheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneral是它的定語；theresearchtechniques后面的形容詞短語appropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalinquiry也agreement統(tǒng)一的意見，一致看法；whether...refersto...orto...是指……還是指……theconcepts/peculiarto/historicalwork/ingeneral（按后置定語的順序倒譯）一般的歷史研究中的特有概念；theresearchtechniques研究；appropriateto適用于，合適于thevariousbranches各個領(lǐng)域；historicalinquiry歷史探究Itappliesequallytotraditionalhistorianswhoviewhistoryasonlytheexternalandinternalcriticismofsources,andtosocialsciencehistorianswhoequatetheiractivitywithspecifictechniques.Itappliesequallytotraditionalhistorians/whoviewhistoryasonlytheexternalandinternalcriticismofsources,/andtosocialsciencehistorianswhoequatetheiractivitywithspecifictechniques.主干結(jié)構(gòu)是：Itappliesequallyto...,andto...直譯這既適應(yīng)于……又適應(yīng)于引申