智能電網(wǎng)：通過科技投資推動減碳

Smarter

GridsPowering

decarbonisation

throughtechnology

investmentMay

2023/cnContentsForeword03Executive

summary04Introduction08Part

1:Smart

grid

technology1.Whatmakesagridsmart?1212202.

StrategyandimplementationPart

2:Case

studies:Markets

and

regulationsenabling

smart

grid

investment221.China–

Vertically

integratedelectricitymarket2.

UnitedKingdom–Liberalisedelectricitymarket3.

UnitedStates–Hybridelectricitymarket233036Key

considerations

for

stakeholdersConclusion444748ReferencesGuide

to

abbreviationsAbout

KPMG

ChinaAcknowledgments545657SmarterGrids–poweringdecarbonisationthroughtechnologyinvestment?2023KPMG

Advisory(HongKong)Limited,aHongKong(SAR)limitedliabilitycompanyandamember?rmoftheKPMGglobalorganisationofindependentmember?rmsaf?liatedwithKPMGInternationalLimited,aprivateEnglishcompanylimitedby

guarantee.

Allrightsreserved.2ExecutivesummarySmartgridtechnologyKeyconsiderationsforstakeholdersAboutKPMGChinaForewordIntroductionCasestudiesConclusionReferencesAbbreviationsAcknowledgmentsForewordEnergytransitionisacriticalimperativefacingcountriesastheychartacoursetowardsactualisingtheirnetzeroambitions.Intheshortterm,energysecuritycontinuestobeanimportantissueamidaninflationaryeconomyandongoinggeopoliticaluncertainties.Inthemediumtolongterm,countriesneedtoaddresstheenergytrilemmaofsecurity,affordabilityandsustainability.Theelectricpowerindustryisnowcatchinguptothelevelofdigitaltransformationthathaspermeatedthecommunicationsindustryduetotheintegrationofadvancedcommunicationsystemsintothegrid.Thistechnologyformsthebedrockofthesmartgridrevolution,allowingthegridtoadaptquicklytothegrowingdiversityanddisparityintheenergymixacrosscontinents.Energyindependenceandtheneedtodecarbonisetheeconomybytransitioningfromfossilfuelsisakeypolicyandbusinessopportunitydriver.Manycountriesnotonlyhavestrategicroadmapsforexpandingrenewableenergygeneration,buttheyarealsochartingpathwaysforalternateenergyoptionsincludinggreenhydrogenandenergystorage.Thesechangeshavecontributedtotherenewedurgencytostrengthenthegrid.Billionsofdollarsarebeinginvestedinsmartelectricitygrids,includingintheresearchanddevelopmentofsmartgridtechnology.Theexpansionofrenewableenergy(RE)assetsisintricatelylinkedtothegrowthofsmartgridsinvestmentacrosstheglobe.In2022,ChinaacceleratedsmartgridinvestmentwiththeStateGridCorporationofChina(SGCC),budgetingmorethanRMB500billionforultra-high-voltageprojects,increasingthedigitisationofitsgridsandupgradingthedistributionnetwork'sabilitytocopewithChina'sREexpansion.Reducingthecarbonintensityofelectricitygenerationandconsumptionrequiresadditionalactionbeyondrenewableenergyintegration.Theintroductionofadvancedtechnologiesallowsthegridtorunmoreefficiently.Improvedefficiencymeanslesselectricityisdeployedtowardssatisfyingthesameenergydemandprofile.Thisinturnleadstoemissionreductionfrompowergeneration.Theintegrationofsmarttechnologiesintothegridsystem,suchasartificialintelligence-baseddataaggregation,isatthecoreofsmartdemand-sidemanagementandpowerdecentralisation.Thisreportexaminessmartgridtechnologythroughthelensofdeploymentstrategy,carbonreduction,investmentandpolicy.Wehopeitprovidesyouwithvaluableinsightsandwewelcometheopportunitytodiscussourfindingsfurther.Wei

LinPartner,

Head

of

Environmental,Social

and

GovernanceKPMG

ChinaAngus

ChoiPartner,

ESG

AdvisoryKPMG

ChinaEbele

Angela

OnyeaboAssociate

Director,Climate

and

SustainabilityKPMG

China?2023KPMG

Advisory(HongKong)Limited,aHongKong(SAR)limitedliabilitycompanyandamember?rmoftheKPMGglobalorganisationofindependentmember?rmsaf?liatedwithKPMGInternationalLimited,aprivateEnglishcompanylimitedby

guarantee.

Allrightsreserved.SmarterGrids–poweringdecarbonisationthroughtechnologyinvestment3ExecutivesummarySmartgridtechnologyKeyconsiderationsforstakeholdersAboutKPMGChinaForewordIntroductionCasestudiesConclusionReferencesAbbreviationsAcknowledgmentsExecutive

summaryDigitisation,decarbonisationanddecentralisationarethreecorebenefitsofasmartgrid.Throughadvancedartificialintelligence(AI)andcloudtechnology,asmartgridcanenablethebidirectionalflowofenergyandcommunication,whichhelpstopromoteenergyefficiencythroughenhancedprecisioninbalancingelectricitydemandandsupply,aswellastheintegrationofdecentralisedenergysources.Thecombinationofthesethreecorebenefitsultimatelyacceleratesthedecarbonisationoftheelectricpowersector.reportevaluatessmartgridtechnologies,thepoliciesthatsupportitsimplementationandtheinvestmentsincentivisedbytheseenablingpolicies.Byfocusingoninvestmentflowsthroughcountry-levelcasestudies,thereportanalyseshowtheenergymarketstructureoftheUK,ChinaandtheUS–representingliberalised,verticallyintegratedandhybridelectricitymarketsrespectively–impactthedepth,scalabilityandadaptabilityofsmarttechnologyintovariousaspectsofthegrid.Thisanalysisismadetakingintoaccountcountries’electricpowerregulatorystructure,nationaldecarbonisationgoalsandhistoricemissiontrajectory.Thisreportanalyseshowsmartgridtechnologyenhancestheoperationalandenergyefficiencyofthegridandbetterintegratesrenewableenergy(RE),resultinginasignificantreductioninemissions.ThisSmarterGrids–poweringdecarbonisationthroughtechnologyinvestment?2023KPMG

Advisory(HongKong)Limited,aHongKong(SAR)limitedliabilitycompanyandamember?rmoftheKPMGglobalorganisationofindependentmember?rmsaf?liatedwithKPMGInternationalLimited,aprivateEnglishcompanylimitedby

guarantee.

Allrightsreserved.4ExecutivesummarySmartgridtechnologyKeyconsiderationsforstakeholdersAboutKPMGChinaForewordIntroductionCasestudiesConclusionReferencesAbbreviationsAcknowledgmentsKeyobservationsfromourstudyinclude:Smart

grids

are

revolutionising

the

powerThe

focus

of

energy

savings

and

gridsector,

enabling

better

operational

efficiencyand

integration

of

distributed

energyresources

(DER).efficiency

continues

to

shift

from

consumerpower

saving

and

behavior

modification

to

anAI

and

data-enabled

grid

demand

response.Digitaltransformationintheelectricitysectoriscurrentlybeingdrivenbyanumberoffactorssuchasrapidlyexpandingelectricitydemand,thematurityofadvancedtechnologyandadesiretofortifythegridagainstcyberattacksandphysicaldamage.ClimatechangeandtheassociatedneedtoefficientlyincorporatemoreREintotheenergymixhasalsoprovidedmomentum.Smartgridsintegratedigitalandcyberinfrastructuretoenhancetheperformanceofthesystem’ssensory,communication,datamanagementandsecurityfunctions.Theultimategoalinimplementingsuchsystemsistoensureamoreefficient,green,resilient,clean,affordableandreliablegrid.Studiesshowthatpopulationgrowthinvariousmarketsacrosstheglobeiscausingelectricitydemandtocontinuetotrendupwards.Thisinturnhasanimpactontheabilityforjurisdictionstostrivetowardsclimatechangegoals.Whileenergytransitionremainstheprimarygoal,energyefficiencyhasbeenidentifiedasasignificantsourceofpotentialemissionsreductioninthepowersector.TheInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA)projectsthatcountrieswithwell-developedpoliciesthatsupportenergyefficiencyingridscouldsaveupto15%oftheirtotalelectricitygeneration.

Smartgridsare1increasinglyimprovingoperationalefficiencythroughenhancedprecisioninDemandSideManagement(DSM).Electricity

consumers

have

more

autonomybecause

of

smart

meters,

photovoltaics

(PV),vehicle

to

grid

(V2G)

and

microgrids.The

advancement

of

the

Internet

of

Things(IoTs)

and

blockchain

are

shaping

theevolution

of

smart

grid

technology.Consumersincreasinglyhaveaccesstomoreinformationabouttheirenergyuseandsources.Thisinformationenablesthemsaveenergyandcontributetoenergyefficiency.Consumerscanalsogenerateadditionalrevenuebyparticipatinginelectricitysupplyas“prosumers”.Thisflexibilityisespeciallyimportantforindustrialconsumers,whoareleviedwithincreasingemissioncostsandtaxes,andareexploringpathwaystoreducethecarbonintensityoftheirproductionprocesses.TheadvancementofREintegrationthroughPVs,batteryenergystoragesystems(BESS)andmicrogridtechnologyprovidesaclearpathtowardsreducingthecarbonintensityofindustrialprocesses.IntergovernmentalalliancesandinnovationinstitutessuchastheInternationalSmartGridActionNetwork(ISGAN),areworkingtodeveloptechnologythatenhancestheconsumerexperienceandbridgesthecommunicationgapsbetweenenergysupplyanddemand.However,technologysegregationremainsanissue.Asthistechnologymatures,publicentities,consumersandthirdpartieswillhaveincreasedcapabilitiestointeractwiththegrid.TheintegrationofIoTinareassuchasV2Gandmicrogridsenablespeer-to-peertradingofelectricity(prosumerism).Digitalenhancementsinremotelighting,heatingandcoolinginplaceslikemalls,airportsandevenhomes,willalsohelptocutdownemissionsandprovidemoreconsumptiondatathatisessentialtoDSM.?2023KPMG

Advisory(HongKong)Limited,aHongKong(SAR)limitedliabilitycompanyandamember?rmoftheKPMGglobalorganisationofindependentmember?rmsaf?liatedwithKPMGInternationalLimited,aprivateEnglishcompanylimitedby

guarantee.

Allrightsreserved.SmarterGrids–poweringdecarbonisation5throughtechnologyinvestmentExecutivesummarySmartgridtechnologyKeyconsiderationsforstakeholdersAboutKPMGChinaForewordIntroductionCasestudiesConclusionReferencesAbbreviationsAcknowledgmentsSmart

grids,

which

are

typically

funded

bygovernments,

institutional

investors

andother

private

investors,

are

increasinglybenefitting

from

sustainable

finance

andcarbon

reduction

regulations.Smart

grid

investment

has

thrived

inliberalised,

hybrid

and

vertically

integratedelectricity

markets,

however

market

featuresimpact

growth

in

certain

aspects

of

the

grid.In2021,climate-techcompaniesraisedatotalof$165billionfromglobalpublicequitymarketsandInvestmentingridtechnologyistiedtobroadnationalstrategicdecarbonisationgoalsandaccesstofinance.Thehighestlevelsofgridinvestment,advancementingridtechnologyanddeploymentofgridinfrastructurecurrentlyexistintheUK(andgenerallyacrossEurope),theUSandChina.However,electricitymarketfeaturescancauseseveralaspectsofthegridtoadvancefasterthanothers.Forinstance,Chinahasinvestedsignificantlyinultrahighvoltage(UHV)transmissionlinesthatspanlongerdistancesandintegratemoreRE,whilemarketsliketheUKpromoteconsumers’flexibilityinsupplierchoice,enablingthewide

deploymentofsmartmeters.IntheUS,cutting-edgeinnovationdrivenbycompetitionhashelpedtoadvanceremoteheating,ventilation,andair-conditioning(HVAC)systems.privateinvestors.technologyin2021was$36.9billionandprojectedtohit$55.9billionby2026.

Greenandsustainable2Themarketsizeforsmartgrid3financehasbecomeamajorchannelforraisingcapitalforsmartgrids.Forinstance,in2021,carbonneutralbondsissuedbyStateGridCorporationofChina(SGCC)raisedRMB15billiontohelpfinancesmartgridsprojects.

SGCCalsoissues4sustainability-linkedbondstosourceworkingcapitalfortherepairandmaintenanceoftransmissionlines,aswellasthemanagementofthegridsystem.5Corporates,policymakers,financialinstitutionsandutilitiesallhaveacollectiveroletoplayinensuringthedevelopmentandscalingofdigitised,efficient,low-carbongrids.There

are

differences

in

the

scalability

anddepth

of

smart

grid

technologies

beingdeployed

in

various

markets.COVID-19

impacted

investment

in

gridinfrastructure

and

smart

metersForexample,China’sverticallyintegratedelectricitymarketenhancesitsabilitytocarryoutpilotingandtestingindesignatedcontrolledzonesandupscaletheimplementationofadvancedtransmissionanddistribution(T&D)technology.Asaresult,weseeChina’sUHVDCT&Dprojectsexpandingevenbeyonditsborders.InmarketsliketheUKandUS,competitionisdrivingtechnologyinnovatorstodevelopmoreandmoreadvanceddigitalgridproducts.Incontrast,lesscompetitioninmarketsthataremoreverticallyintegratedcanimpactthedepthoftechnologicaladvancementinthosemarkets.TheimpactsofCOVID-19rippledthrougheveryaspectoftheglobaleconomyandtheelectricpowerindustrywasnoexception.Lockdownscausedsupplychainissuesthatimpactedtheviabilityofnewprojectsandthepaceofexistingones.Asparallelsaredrawnbetweenthisandtheinvestmentdownturninsmartgrids,itisalsoacknowledgedthatinvestmentinthisinfrastructureislong-term,andthestructureshaveanaveragelifespanofabove30years.Thisindicatesthattherewillbepeaksandvalleysinthegridinvestmenttrajectory.SmarterGrids–poweringdecarbonisationthroughtechnologyinvestment?2023KPMG

Advisory(HongKong)Limited,aHongKong(SAR)limitedliabilitycompanyandamember?rmoftheKPMGglobalorganisationofindependentmember?rmsaf?liatedwithKPMGInternationalLimited,aprivateEnglishcompanylimitedby

guarantee.

Allrightsreserved.6ExecutivesummarySmartgridtechnologyKeyconsiderationsforstakeholdersAboutKPMGChinaForewordIntroductionCasestudiesConclusionReferencesAbbreviationsAcknowledgments?2023KPMG

Advisory(HongKong)Limited,aHongKong(SAR)limitedliabilitycompanyandamember?rmoftheKPMGglobalorganisationofindependentmember?rmsaf?liatedwithKPMGInternationalLimited,aprivateEnglishcompanylimitedby

guarantee.

Allrightsreserved.SmarterGrids–poweringdecarbonisationthroughtechnologyinvestment7ExecutivesummarySmartgridtechnologyKeyconsiderationsforstakeholdersAboutKPMGChinaForewordIntroductionCasestudiesConclusionReferencesAbbreviationsAcknowledgmentsIntroductionBackgroundElectricitygenerationisthelargestsourceofenergy-relatedcarbonemissions,accountingfor36%ofglobalImprovingtheenergyefficiencyofgridshasbeenidentifiedasalargepotentialsourceofemissionsreductionforthepowersector.AccordingtoIEAfigures,totalenergylossesacrossglobalgridinfrastructureledtotheemissionofaround1gigatonemissions.

Thesenumbersareexpectedtorisefurther6withtheelectrification(includinghydrogenproduction)ofhard-to-abateindustries,suchasshipping,aviation,cementandsteel,ifcleanerelectricitysourcesarenotused.Asaresult,electricitygridsarebeingupgradedandinfusedwithdigitalinfrastructurethatenhancestheefficiency,affordabilityandreliabilityofelectricity.Theglobalefforttoaddressclimatechangehasacceleratedtheurgencyofthistransformation.ofcarbondioxidein2018.

Ananalysisofninelarge7markets,includingChina,theEUandtheUS,revealshowimproved

energyefficiencystandardshelpedtosaveabout1,500TWhofelectricityin2018,equivalenttothatyear’stotalgenerationofwindandsolarpowerinthosemarkets.

Thisnotonlyhighlightstheextent8ofenergylossthatoccursthroughoutthegenerationandtransmissionprocess;italsoshowstheabilityofadvancedgridtechnologytomitigatetheselosses.Smartgridtechnologyenhancestheoperationalefficiencyofthegridanditsabilitytotransmitenergywithminimalloss.Whendevelopedandscaled,smartgridshelpaddressfourmainchallengesfacingthepowersector:modernisation,decarbonisation,digitisationandelectrification.Angus

ChoiPartner,ESGAdvisory,KPMGChinaSmarterGrids–poweringdecarbonisationthroughtechnologyinvestment?2023KPMG

Advisory(HongKong)Limited,aHongKong(SAR)limitedliabilitycompanyandamember?rmoftheKPMGglobalorganisationofindependentmember?rmsaf?liatedwithKPMGInternationalLimited,aprivateEnglishcompanylimitedby

guarantee.

Allrightsreserved.8ExecutivesummarySmartgridtechnologyKeyconsiderationsforstakeholdersAboutKPMGChinaForewordIntroductionCasestudiesConclusionReferencesAbbreviationsAcknowledgmentsFunding

smart

gridsExpandingenergyefficiencyrequiresafunctionalofincentivisinggridinvestment.In2021,climate-techcompaniesraisedatotalof$165billionfromglobalpublicequitymarketsandprivateinvestors.Themarketsizeforsmartgridtechnologyin2021was$36.9billionandprojectedtohit$55.9billionby2026.10Part1ofthisreportexaminestheprimarysmartgridtechnologyavailableandoutlinestheconsiderationsfordevelopinganeffectiveimplementationstrategy.synergybetweenpolicymakers,financialinstitutions,electricutilitycompanies,gridtechnologyinnovatorsandconsumers.Overtheyears,therehasbeensubstantialgrowthinsmartgridinvestment,drivenbythedevelopmentofecosystemsthatconnectclimate-techcompanieswithgridoperators,utilitycompanies,governmentsandsustainablefinancewiththegoal9Figure

1:Smart

grid

technology

market

size

worldwide,

2021-2026

(forecasted)6055.951.450403047.343.640.136.920100202120222023(est.)2024(est.)2025(est.)2026(est.)Source:Statista11?2023KPMG

Advisory(HongKong)Limited,aHongKong(SAR)limitedliabilitycompanyandamember?rmoftheKPMGglobalorganisationofindependentmember?rmsaf?liatedwithKPMGInternationalLimited,aprivateEnglishcompanylimitedby

guarantee.

Allrightsreserved.SmarterGrids–poweringdecarbonisationthroughtechnologyinvestment9ExecutivesummarySmartgridtechnologyKeyconsiderationsforstakeholdersAboutKPMGChinaForewordIntroductionCasestudiesConclusionReferencesAbbreviationsAcknowledgmentsAnalysing

smart

grids

in

three

key

marketsThisreportassessestheglobalsmartgridoutlookfromtheperspectiveofthreecasestudies:China,theUKandtheUS.Thesethreemarketscombinedmakeupasubstantialportionoftheglobalinvestmentinelectricitygrids(seeFigure2below).Theyalsorepresentthethreemajorformsofelectricitymarkets,namelyliberalised,verticallyintegratedandhybridrespectively,thatcanimpactthemanner,directionandpaceofpolicyandinvestments.Theinnovation,policyandimplementationjourneysinthesemarketsaregenerallyapplicabletosimilarelectricitymarketsinotherjurisdictions.Figure

2:Investment

spending

in

electricity

networks

by

region,2016-202135030025024%21%18%20015010015%12%9%5006%3%2016201720182019Others20202021UnitedStatesChinaEuropeOECDPaci?cSource:IEA12Smart

grids,

smart

policiesAcrossglobalmarkets,policiesarebeingdevelopedtoincentivisesmartgridinvestmentandsupportingtechnologicaladvancement.Theoperationalefficacyofthegridisbasedsituationspecificissuessuchas,theageofexistinginfrastructure,energymix,nationalclimategoals,tariffs,andenergysecurity,aswellastheoverallorganisationoftheelectricitymarket.Thechallengeforregulatorsistodeveloppoliciesthatbalanceenergysecuritypriorities,whileincentivisingsmartgridinvestmentandadvancingnetzerotargets.Thesepolicies,asexploredinthethreecasestudies,arediscussedinPart2ofthisreport.SmarterGrids–poweringdecarbonisationthroughtechnologyinvestment?2023KPMG

Advisory(HongKong)Limited,aHongKong(SAR)limitedliabilitycompanyandamember?rmoftheKPMGglobalorganisationofindependentmember?rmsaf?liatedwithKPMGInternationalLimited,aprivateEnglishcompanylimitedby

guarantee.

Allrightsreserved.10ExecutivesummarySmartgridtechnologyKeyconsiderationsforstakeholdersAboutKPMGChinaForewordIntroductionCasestudiesConclusionReferencesAbbreviationsAcknowledgmentsSmart

grids,

smart

partnershipsTocreateapplicationsynergies,policiesrelatedtosmartgridsaretypicallydevelopedinconsultationwithrelevantresearchinstitutesthatsupportthedevelopment,validationandrolloutofsmartgridtechnology.TheseincludetheIEA’sInternationalSmartGridActionNetwork(ISGAN),theNationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology(NIST),theInstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineers(IEEE),GridWiseAllianceandtheEuropeanResearchInfrastructuresupportingSmartGrid(ERIGrid).Theseresearchcentresaccelerateinnovationbyprovidingarepositoryofcutting-edgeresearchandatechnologicalcoalitionofseveralstakeholders.Meanwhile,intheUS,advocacygroupssuchastheGridWiseAlliancedraftpolicyprinciplesthatformthebasisforidentifying,exploringanddevelopingnewpoliciesateverytierofgovernment.ThegroupalsolobbiestheUSCongresstoboostsmartgridinvestment.13

IntheEU,ERIGridhascreatedaholistic,cyber-physicalsystems-basedapproachthroughacoalitionof18Europeanresearchcentresthatdevelopcommonmethods,concepts,andproceduresforvalidatingandtestingsmartgridconfigurations.14?2023KPMG

Advisory(HongKong)Limited,aHongKong(SAR)limitedliabilitycompanyandamember?rmoftheKPMGglobalorganisationofindependentmember?rmsaf?liatedwithKPMGInternationalLimited,aprivateEnglishcompanylimitedby

guarantee.

Allrightsreserved.SmarterGrids–poweringdecarbonisation11throughtechnologyinvestmentExecutivesummarySmartgridtechnologyKeyconsiderationsforstakeholdersAboutKPMGChinaForewordIntroductionCasestudiesConclusionReferencesAbbreviationsAcknowledgmentsPart

1Smart

grid

technologyWhat

makes

a

grid

smart?Makinggridssmarterentailsthesystematicintegrationofadvancedsoftwareandhardwaretechnologyintoanelectricitynetworkacrossthevaluechainthatdigitisesthemonitoring,balancing,decentralisationandthebi-directionalflowofinformationandenergy.ItalsoincludesAI-enabledsecurity,resilienceandrepairaswellasconsumerautonomy,transparencyandoverallenergyefficiency.Figure

3:

Types

of

smart

grid

technologyTechnologyHardwareSystems

and

softwareWide-areamonitoringandcontrolPhasormeasurementunits(PMU)andothersensorequipmentSupervisorycontrolanddataacquisition(SCADA),wide-areamonitoringsystems(WAMS),wide-areaadaptiveprotection,controlandautomation(WAAPCA),wide-areasituationalawareness(WASA)InformationandcommunicationtechnologyCommunicationequipment(Power

linecarrier,

WIMAX,LTE,

RFmeshnetwork,cellular,),routers,relays,switches,gateways,computers(servers)Enterpriseresourceplanningsoftware(ERP),customerinformationsystem(CIS)integrationRenewableanddistributedgenerationPower

conditioningequipmentforbulkpowerandgridsupport,communicationandcontrolhardwareforgenerationandenablingstoragetechnologyEnergymanagementsystem(EMS),distributionmanagementsystem(DMS),SCADA,geographicInformationsystem(GIS),DistributedEnergyResourceManagementSystems(DERMS)integrationTransmissionenhancementSuperconductors,FACTS,

UHVDCNetworkstabilityanalysis,automaticrecoverysystemsDistributiongridmanagementAutomatedre-closers,switches,breakersandcapacitors,remotecontrolleddistributedgenerationandstorage,transformersensors,wireandcablesensors,hardware(servers,storageetc)forOperationalTechnology(OT)

deploymentGeographicinformationsystem(GIS),distributionmanagementsystem(DMS),outagemanagementsystem(OMS),workforcemanagementsystem(WMS)AdvancedmeteringinfrastructureSmartmeter,

in-homedisplays,servers,relaysMeterdatamanagementsystem(MDMS)ElectricvehiclecharginginfrastructureCharginginfrastructure,batteries,invertersEnergybilling,smartgrid-to-vehiclecharging(G2V)anddischargingvehicle-to-grid(V2G)methodologiesCustomer-sidesystemsSmartappliances,routers,in-homedisplay,

buildingautomationsystems,thermalaccumulators,smartthermostatEnergydashboards,energymanagementsystems,energyapplicationsforsmartphonesandtabletsIoTsareprimarilyphysicalobjects(orgroupsofsuch

objects)withsensors,processingability,software,andothertechnologiesthatconnectandexchange

datawithotherdevicesandsystemsover

theinternetorothercommunicationsnetworks.IoT-enabling

technologiesaretypicallydigitalprocesses,computationmethods,orsystemsthatenhancesystemoperation,improvebusinessvalue,andacceleratetechnologyadoption.Enabler:Internet

of

Things

(IoT)

technologySource:IEA15

,KPMG

AnalysisSmarterGrids–poweringdecarbonisationthroughtechnologyinvestment?2023KPMG

Advisory(HongKong)Limited,aHongKong(SAR)limitedliabilitycompanyandamember?rmoftheKPMGglobalorganisationofindependentmember?rmsaf?liatedwithKPMGInternationalLimited,aprivateEnglishcompanylimitedby

guarantee.

Allrightsreserved.12ExecutivesummarySmartgridtechnologyKeyconsiderationsforstakeholdersAboutKPMGChinaForewordIntroductionCasestudiesConclusionReferencesAbbreviationsAcknowledgmentsFigure

4:Smart

grid

technology

areas

across

the

electricity

value

chainGenerationTransmissionDistributionControl

CentreIndustrialResidentialWide-AreaMonitoring&ControlInformation&CommunicationTechnologies(ICT)IntegrationRenewable&DistributedGenerationIntegrationTransmissionEnhancement

ApplicationsDistributionGridManagementAdvancedMeteringInfrastructureEVChargingInfrastructureCustomer-sideSystems(CS)BatteryEnergyStorageSystems(BESS)Source:IEA16,KPMGChinaSmart

grid

technology

focus

ar