新編臨床醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)

新編臨床醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)第1期:病患的問(wèn)題與訴求Unit?1?Text?A?Internal?Medicine?and?Today's?Internist第1單元文章A?內(nèi)科與內(nèi)科醫(yī)生Questions/Pleas?of?the?Patient病患的問(wèn)題與訴求How?can?I?find?a?good?doctor?"我如何找到一位良醫(yī)？How?can?I?find?a?good?doctor?whom?I?can?afford?"如何能夠碰到一位價(jià)格親民的醫(yī)生？How?can?I?find?a?good?doctor?who?cares?about?me?as?a?person?〃又如何能夠遇見一位把我當(dāng)成“人”看待的醫(yī)生？How?can?I?find?a?good?doctor?who?will?take?the?time?to?listen?and?understand?"如何找到一位能夠花時(shí)間傾聽我的訴說(shuō)，了解我的名醫(yī)？People?who?need?medical?care?ask?these?questions?throughout?the?world?every?day.每天，全球有許多病患都在詢問(wèn)這些問(wèn)題。They?ask?them?because?they?face?a?health?care?system?that?is?scientifically?complex,organizationally?overloaded,?and?generally?not?oriented?to?the?patient?as?a?person.他們之所以問(wèn)這些問(wèn)題，是因?yàn)樗麄兯鎸?duì)的醫(yī)療保健體系技術(shù)深?yuàn)W、機(jī)構(gòu)臃腫，而且一般都沒有意識(shí)到病人首先是一個(gè)“人”。When?an?individual?first?becomes?ill,?regardless?of?the?symptoms,?he?or?she?needs?mostsomeone?who?seems?to?say,如果有人生了病，不管癥狀如何，他們最希望聽到的是："I?am?a?good?doctor；I?charge?a?reasonable?amount?for?my?services；I?care?about?you，thepatient?and?I?will?take?the?time?to?listen?and?understand."“我是醫(yī)生；我只收取親民價(jià)格，我關(guān)心病患，我將傾聽你的訴求，理解你?！盇?prominent?teacher/physician?in?a?major?medical?center?taught?his?students?to?listen?to?thepatient?and?he?will?tell?you?what?is?wrong,?and?he?will?tell?you?what?he?needs".主要醫(yī)療中心的知名學(xué)者/內(nèi)科醫(yī)生都會(huì)教授學(xué)生要學(xué)會(huì)傾聽，病人會(huì)告訴你哪里不舒服，也將會(huì)告訴你他們的需求。Having?found?a?physician?who?answers?so?profoundly?to?their?needs,?some?patients?areextremely?grateful?but?most?are?utterly?overwhelmed.有些內(nèi)科醫(yī)生完全滿足了病患的需求，有些患者表現(xiàn)出了極大的感激之情，但是絕大部分都激動(dòng)不已。With?the?discovery?of?that?relationship,?the?difference?between?a?superb?technician?and?a?truephysician?really?becomes?evident?to?the?patient.有了這層關(guān)系之后，專業(yè)技師和內(nèi)科醫(yī)生的區(qū)別在病患面前展露無(wú)遺。That?physician/teacher?was?a?scholarly?gentleman?with?deep?scientific?insight?and?an?activeand?stimulating?clinical?and?research?practice.內(nèi)科醫(yī)生/教授都是學(xué)術(shù)人才，他們對(duì)學(xué)科有著科學(xué)的深刻見解，并活躍在臨床和研究領(lǐng)域中。Unfortunately?he?developed?crippling?rheumatoid?arthritis?in?the?midst?of?his?career.但是，他們?cè)诠ぷ髌陂g不幸患上了風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎。Beyond?question,?his?own?disease?sensitized?him?to?the?complex?mix?of?expectations,?needs,fears,毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，他自身的疾病使他對(duì)病人交織著期待、需要、恐懼和感激的復(fù)雜心情十分敏感，and?appreciation?that?patients?feel?when?facing?a?physical-mental?trial?while?at?the?same?timelooking?forthat?perfect?physician?to?help?them.這是患者們?cè)诮?jīng)歷身心煎熬、同時(shí)又盼望有那么一位德高望重的名醫(yī)能給他進(jìn)行診治時(shí)所共有的感覺。Patients?flocked?to?this?doctor，not?just?for?his?accurate?diagnoses,?his?correct?therapies,?oreven?his?warmth,患者都去找這樣的醫(yī)生看病，并不是因?yàn)樗麄儨?zhǔn)確無(wú)誤的診斷，正確的治療方法，甚至是所給予的溫暖，but?for?the?intellect?he?expressed?and?the?sheer?joy?of?living?that?he?extended?in?everyencounter?with?another?human?being.而是他們所散發(fā)的智慧之光，以及他在面對(duì)每一個(gè)“人”時(shí)所展現(xiàn)的喜悅之情。He?had?a?Shakespearean?grasp?of?the?qualities?of?being?human?and?an?uncommon?ability?totransmit?love?and?respect?for?his?fellow?human?beings.他既能像莎翁那樣對(duì)人性特點(diǎn)有著深刻的了解，又身具異秉能把關(guān)愛和尊重傳遞給全人類。He?exhibited?the?ideal?all?physicians?should?emulate.他展現(xiàn)了所有內(nèi)科醫(yī)生應(yīng)該展現(xiàn)的最理想的一面。Many?readers?know?a?physician?with?these?characteristics?all?should?seek?to?know?one?and?todevelop?their?own?professional?persona?so?that?human?qualities?are?not?lost?to?technicalacumen.許多讀者都認(rèn)為擁有這些特征的內(nèi)科醫(yī)生都應(yīng)該去了解，并培養(yǎng)自己的職業(yè)形象，只有這樣，人類的本質(zhì)才不會(huì)在技術(shù)面前甘拜下風(fēng)。1.be?oriented?to?面向,本句中的?them?是指上句的?these?questions.原文：They?ask?them?because?they?face?a?health?care?system?that?is?scientifically?complex,organizationally?overloaded,?and?generally?not?oriented?to?the?patient?as?a?person.?他們之所以問(wèn)這些問(wèn)題，是因?yàn)樗麄兯鎸?duì)的醫(yī)療保健體系技術(shù)深?yuàn)W、機(jī)構(gòu)臃腫，而且一般都沒有意識(shí)到病人首先是一個(gè)“人”。2.in?the?midst?of：在…中，在…當(dāng)中原文：Unfortunately,?he?developed?crippling?rheumatoid?arthritis?in?the?midst?of?his?career.但是，他們?cè)诠ぷ髌陂g不幸患上了風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎。3.beyond?question?的意思是“毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)地”；sensitize?sb?to?sth?意思是“使某人對(duì)某事敏感起來(lái)”。原文：Beyond?question,?his?own?disease?sensitized?him?to?the?complex?mix?of?expectations,needs,?fears,?and?appreciation?that?patients?feel?when?facing?a?physical-mental?trial?while?atthe?same?time?looking?forthat?perfect?physician?to?help?them.毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，他自身的疾病使他對(duì)病人交織著期待、需要、恐懼和感激的復(fù)雜心情十分敏感。這是患者們?cè)诮?jīng)歷身心煎熬、同時(shí)又盼望有那么一位德高望重的名醫(yī)能給他進(jìn)行診治時(shí)所共有的感覺。4.rheumatoid?arthritis?風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎例句：The?study?was?also?too?short?to?show?whether?TwHF?can?slow?the?joint?damage?causedby?rheumatoid?arthritis.這項(xiàng)研究時(shí)間也太短，不能顯示雷公藤是否能減緩由風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎引起的關(guān)節(jié)損傷。第2期:好醫(yī)生的科學(xué)和技術(shù)專業(yè)背景THE?SCIENTIFIC?AND?TECHNOLOGIC?BACKGROUND?OF?A?"GOOD?DOCTOR"“好醫(yī)生”的科學(xué)和技術(shù)專業(yè)背景Since?Flexner?issued?his?famous?report?in?1910,?American?medical?education?has?striven?towardthe?development?of?a?strong?scientific?base.自從1910年弗萊克斯納的著名研究報(bào)告問(wèn)世以來(lái)，美國(guó)的醫(yī)學(xué)教育致力于培養(yǎng)深厚的科學(xué)基礎(chǔ)。This?intellectual?prerequisite,therefore,has?become?an?integral?part?of?premedical,undergraduate,?graduate,?and,?indeed,?continuing?medical?education.所以，以學(xué)術(shù)知識(shí)為前提的教育就成為了醫(yī)學(xué)預(yù)科、本科生、研究生以及繼續(xù)醫(yī)學(xué)教育的主要組成部分。Biomedical?science?is?fundamental?to?understanding?disease,?making?diagnoses,?developingnew?therapies,?and?appreciating?the?complexities?and?contributions?of?new?technologies.生物醫(yī)學(xué)是掌握病情、作出診斷、研究新型治療方法的基礎(chǔ)，同時(shí)它還是研發(fā)新技術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)。Physicians?cannot?be?satisfied?with?simply?knowing?that?a?certain?form?of?therapy?works?80?to90?per?cent?of?the?time.內(nèi)科醫(yī)生不能夠只滿足于掌握某領(lǐng)域治療方法的80-90%。They?must?understand?the?basic?physiology?and?pharmacology?of?any?approach?they?use.他們必須對(duì)所應(yīng)用的生理學(xué)和藥物學(xué)的基本療法了如指掌。They?must?possess?the?intellectual?tools?to?follow?reports?of?current?research?in?medicaljournals他們必須能夠利用學(xué)術(shù)方法來(lái)掌握醫(yī)學(xué)雜志的最新研究成果，so?that?they?can?continue?to?grasp?the?newest?and?latest?approaches,?no?matter?howcomplicated?the?field?may?become.不管該領(lǐng)域變得多么復(fù)雜多變，他們都能夠掌握最新的治療方法。That?is?why,?in?a?textbook?of?medicine?like?this,?strong?emphasis?is?given?to?how?things?work,what?goes?amiss?when?pathologic?processes?ensue,這就是為什么像這樣的醫(yī)學(xué)教科書要著重強(qiáng)調(diào)事物的運(yùn)作方法，以及在病理過(guò)程中所出現(xiàn)的差錯(cuò)，and?what?effect?a?given?therapy?has?in?correcting?that?defect.以及特定治療方法對(duì)糾正差錯(cuò)所帶來(lái)的影響。We?seek?to?create?within?the?minds?of?our?readers?a?yearning?for?a?greater?depth?ofunderstanding?and?a?continuing?commitment?to?stay?at?the?frontier?of?scientific?knowledge.我們希望我們的讀者能夠從內(nèi)心有著更加深入的了解，并繼續(xù)處在科學(xué)的最前沿。These?are,?in?fact,?among?the?hallmarks?of?a?professional?in?any?scientific?field.事實(shí)上，任意科學(xué)領(lǐng)域?qū)I(yè)都包含了這些特點(diǎn)。We?are?moving?into?an?era?when?pharmacotherapeutic?agents?are?no?longer?merely?wonders?oforganic?chemistry,?but?increasingly?often?are?biologic?products.當(dāng)今時(shí)代，藥劑已經(jīng)不僅僅是有機(jī)化學(xué)的奇跡，它也逐漸變成了生物制品。Some?of?these?are?isolated?from?nature?others?are?developed?by?recombinant?DNAtechnology.許多產(chǎn)品已經(jīng)脫離自然，有些是DNA技術(shù)重組的產(chǎn)物。On?the?horizon?is?the?availability?of?a?true?replacement?or?supplement?for?defective?ordeficient?biochemical?constituents?of?the?body.我們即將要面對(duì)的是真正能夠替代或是能夠補(bǔ)充生物化學(xué)成分中不足的產(chǎn)品。No?physician?can,?with?intellectual?honesty,?use?these?new?classes?of?agents?without?fullyunderstanding?their?action,?their?meaning,?and?their?potential?side?effects.任何一位有學(xué)術(shù)誠(chéng)信的醫(yī)生都不會(huì)在沒有充分了解這些新型藥劑的功能、作用以及潛在副作用的情況下就使用它們。The?diagnostic?and?therapeutic?contributions?and?potential,?in?clinical?situations,ofbiocompatible?prosthetic?devices,?nuclear?magnetic?resonance?spectroscopy,通過(guò)一系列的發(fā)展（還沒有被確認(rèn)），診療對(duì)未來(lái)臨床中的生物兼容性假肢器官、核磁共振譜、high-frequency?laser?beams,?and?so?on?through?developments?not?yet?conceivedappreciated?only?by?the?mind?that?is?disciplined?in?fundamental?science.高頻激光等所作出的貢獻(xiàn)只有在基礎(chǔ)科學(xué)中才能得以實(shí)現(xiàn)。1.per?capita?每人，按人口（計(jì)算）例句：The?United?States?spends?more?per?capita?on?health?care?than?any?other?nation?in?theworld.美國(guó)是全球個(gè)人醫(yī)療開銷最大的國(guó)家。2.Medicaid?plan?醫(yī)療補(bǔ)助制度例句：With?the?passage?of?the?Medicare?program?for?the?elderly?and?the?Medicaid?plan?for?thepoor?by?Congress?in?1965,?1965年，美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)通過(guò)了補(bǔ)助老人的退休醫(yī)療福利，以及補(bǔ)助窮人的窮人醫(yī)療補(bǔ)助，3.dental?care?牙齒護(hù)理例句：Your?smile?depends?on?simple?dental?care?habits,?such?as?brushing?and?flossing.自信的笑容取決于簡(jiǎn)單的牙齒護(hù)理習(xí)慣，如刷牙和使用牙線。4.cost-efficient?有成本效益的例句：It?also?helps?the?architect?manage?resources?in?a?very?cost-efficient?manner.?它還有助于架構(gòu)師采用一種非常具有成本效益的方式來(lái)管理各種資源。第3期:THE?ORGANIZATION?AND?FINANCING?OF?TODAY'S?MEDICINE當(dāng)代醫(yī)療制度與資金投入Patients,?as?well?as?their?representatives?in?government,?industry,?and?managed-careorganizations,?are?concerned?about?the?rising?cost?of?medical?care.政府、產(chǎn)業(yè)、管理型醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)代表以及病患都對(duì)不斷增加的看病價(jià)格給予了高度關(guān)注。The?total?bill?for?health?care?in?America?now?rises?at?a?rate?of?about?10?per?cent?per?year,?anincrease?that?seems?to?continue?unabated.在美國(guó)，醫(yī)療開銷以每年10%的價(jià)格增長(zhǎng)，而這一趨勢(shì)還將繼續(xù)下去。Federal?legislation?instituting?diagnosis-related?groups?(DRC's)?has?clearly?moderated?the?riseof?hospital?costs,?but?physician?costs?continue?to?rise?at?an?ever-increasing?rate.聯(lián)邦立法已經(jīng)開設(shè)了診斷相關(guān)組，并已經(jīng)降低了醫(yī)院開銷，但是內(nèi)科醫(yī)生的開銷仍然在不斷增加。Every?student?of?medicine?should?ask?if?this?is?realistic.每一名醫(yī)學(xué)學(xué)生都在問(wèn)這是不是真的。Is?it?sustainable??Is?it?defensible?是可持續(xù)性的？還是有可解決的辦法？What?will?be?the?limits?范圍到底在哪？Patients?already?ask,“Can?I?really?afford?the?best?doctors?in?the?most?prestigious?practices,?inthe?most?famous?medical?centers?”病患在問(wèn)，“我能去最好的醫(yī)療中心，最好的科室，找最好的醫(yī)生看病嗎？”“Can?I?afford?to?be?referred?to?a?subspecialist?”我有錢去看那些專業(yè)醫(yī)師嗎？“Can?I?afford?to?be?out?of?work?and?in?the?hospital?”我能支付得起不上班在醫(yī)院看病的開銷嗎？“Can?I?afford?to?pay?my?rising?insurance?premiums?”“我有錢支付不斷增長(zhǎng)的保險(xiǎn)嗎？”“How?much?deductible?on?my?insurance?can?I?afford?”“保險(xiǎn)中的扣除條款我能支付得起多少？”Worse?yet,?an?increasing?number?of?patients?have?to?make?choices?between?seeking?medical?anddental?care?and?getting?food,?clothing,?shelter,?and?other?essentials?of?daily?living.更糟糕的是，有許許多多的病患不得不在看病，看牙和基本日常生活之間做出選擇。These?issues?have?become?major?concerns?in?American?households?and?clearly?represent?one?ofthe?most?disturbing?weaknesses?in?our?economy,這些問(wèn)題已經(jīng)成為美國(guó)家庭關(guān)心的主要問(wèn)題,并且是美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)中最令人擔(dān)心的薄弱環(huán)節(jié)，of?which?now?nearly?12?per?cent?(?by?annual?gross?national?product)?is?devoted?to?health?care,up?from?8?per?cent?in?1975.醫(yī)療費(fèi)用所占每年國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值的比例已由1975年的8%增加到現(xiàn)在的12%。Over?the?last?two?to?three?decades?it?has?been?a?goal?of?the?United?States?to?promote?everincreasing?quality?and?cost-effectiveness?of?health?care?for?all.在過(guò)去的二三十年中，美國(guó)的目標(biāo)就是要為全體民眾提供質(zhì)量高，成本高效益的醫(yī)療制度。Unfortunately,?we?have?failed?miserably.不幸的是，我們?cè)庥隽藨K敗。The?USA?spends?more?per?capita?on?health?care?than?any?other?nation?in?the?world.美國(guó)是全球個(gè)人醫(yī)療開銷最大的國(guó)家。Yet?in?the?major?indices?of?health?our?population?ranks?nineteenth！但是在主要醫(yī)療指數(shù)上，美國(guó)民眾排在了第19位！At?the?same?time?we?continue?to?see?a?wasteful?maldistribution?of?physicians?both?by?specialtyand?geographically?and?a?growing?number?of?medically?indigent?and?medically?uninsured?peoplein?our?nation.與此同時(shí)，無(wú)論在專業(yè)還是在地域上，內(nèi)科醫(yī)生的分配不合理，沒有保險(xiǎn)，沒錢看病的人數(shù)還在不斷增加。Somehow,?the?costs?of?what?we?are?trying?to?achieve—even?though?the?goal?is?commendable—?are?not?being?placed?in?proper?perspective?by?the?medical?profession,?health-care?managers,and?representatives?of?the?people?in?order?to?provide?suitable?care?for?all.盡管我們要實(shí)現(xiàn)的目標(biāo)值得贊揚(yáng)，但是我們要實(shí)現(xiàn)的看病價(jià)格并沒有得到醫(yī)療人士、醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生監(jiān)管人士、以及代表的認(rèn)真對(duì)待。Unfortunately，in?the?present?system?the?real?needs?of?the?populace?are?not?always?met?byaffordable?services.不幸的是，就目前的制度而言，大眾所能夠支付得起的醫(yī)療費(fèi)用無(wú)法滿足人們的要求。At?the?same?time,?overutilization?of?medical?services?may?be?the?very?engine?that?drives?up?thetotal?cost?of?health?care?delivery.與此同時(shí)，醫(yī)療服務(wù)的過(guò)度使用或許也是增加醫(yī)療費(fèi)用的引擎。With?the?passage?of?the?Medicare?program?for?the?elderly?and?the?Medicaid?plan?for?the?poor?byCongress?in?1965,1965年，美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)通過(guò)了補(bǔ)助老人的退休醫(yī)療福利，以及補(bǔ)助窮人的窮人醫(yī)療補(bǔ)助，we?had?hoped?as?a?nation?that?we?were?moving?toward?a?more?just?and?efficient?system.我們希望美國(guó)的醫(yī)療系統(tǒng)能夠變得更加公正，更加有效。In?fact,?the?opposite?has?been?the?trend.但是事實(shí)上，我們卻背道而馳。This?societal?goal?must?now?be?readdressed?reformulated,?and?restructed?in?terms?of?modernneeds,就社會(huì)需求來(lái)講，我們應(yīng)該通過(guò)重組來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)社會(huì)目標(biāo)，reflecting?fairly?and?fully?measured?cost-benefit?ratios?for?every?form?of?medical?service.全面反映醫(yī)療服務(wù)的成本與效益比例。1.per?capita?每人，按人口（計(jì)算）例句：The?United?States?spends?more?per?capita?on?health?care?than?any?other?nation?in?theworld.美國(guó)是全球個(gè)人醫(yī)療開銷最大的國(guó)家。2.Medicaid?plan?醫(yī)療補(bǔ)助制度例句：With?the?passage?of?the?Medicare?program?for?the?elderly?and?the?Medicaid?plan?for?thepoor?by?Congress?in?1965,?1965年，美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)通過(guò)了補(bǔ)助老人的退休醫(yī)療福利，以及補(bǔ)助窮人的窮人醫(yī)療補(bǔ)助，3.dental?care?牙齒護(hù)理例句：Your?smile?depends?on?simple?dental?care?habits,?such?as?brushing?and?flossing.自信的笑容取決于簡(jiǎn)單的牙齒護(hù)理習(xí)慣，如刷牙和使用牙線。4.cost-efficient?有成本效益的例句：It?also?helps?the?architect?manage?resources?in?a?very?cost-efficient?manner.?它還有助于架構(gòu)師采用一種非常具有成本效益的方式來(lái)管理各種資源。第4期:Medical?professionals?often?attribute?overutilization?to?patient?behavior.醫(yī)療專業(yè)人士經(jīng)常將過(guò)度使用歸罪于病患的行為。In?fact,?however,?physicians?control?70?per?cent?of?health?expenditures.但是，事實(shí)上，醫(yī)護(hù)人員卻掌控者70%的醫(yī)療支出。A?few?patients?with?hypochondriasis,?for?example,?may?visit?physicians?too?often,例如，少數(shù)患有疑病癥的病患會(huì)經(jīng)常就醫(yī)。and?many?older?patients?may?seek?medical?help?at?times?when?a?friendly,?reassuring?chat?istheir?real?desire,許多老年患者有時(shí)也會(huì)尋求醫(yī)療幫助，他們希望能夠得到友好，舒心的交談，but?in?the?final?analysis?utilization?of?the?health?care?system?is?in?the?hands?of?physicians.歸根結(jié)底，醫(yī)護(hù)系統(tǒng)的利用問(wèn)題掌控在醫(yī)護(hù)人員手中。Ironically,?although?physician?competence?is?often?equated?to?mastery?of?expensivetechniques?and?technologies,具有諷刺意味的是，雖然醫(yī)術(shù)常常等同于掌握價(jià)格高昂的儀器設(shè)備和科技手段，physicians?are?actually?at?their?professional?best?when?listening?to?the?patient?and?respondingto?what?they?hear?and?see?with?medicine?most?comprehensive?armamentarium.但醫(yī)生達(dá)到爐火純青境地，往往是在能夠傾聽患者心聲并應(yīng)用最先進(jìn)的醫(yī)療設(shè)備對(duì)他們聽到、看到的患者狀況采取相應(yīng)措施的時(shí)候。Overutilization,?when?it?occurs,?is?thus?most?likely?to?be?our?fault?as?physicians.當(dāng)出現(xiàn)過(guò)度使用問(wèn)題時(shí)，醫(yī)護(hù)人員是最有可能出錯(cuò)的。Our?responsibility?as?professionals?is?to?be?absolutely?certain?that?our?errors?in?this?directionare?driven?by?well-founded?concern?for?the?health?of?our?patients,作為專業(yè)人士，我們的責(zé)任就是要堅(jiān)決確保這些錯(cuò)誤是建立在對(duì)病患健康的關(guān)心之上，not?by?the?financial?interests?of?our?practices?or?the?hospitals?where?we?work.而不是建立在經(jīng)濟(jì)效益或是醫(yī)院之上。Individual?physicians,?then,?must?take?a?personal?and?professional?interest?in?the?control?ofhealth?care?costs?not?only?because?it?is?right?for?the?nation,?but?because?it?is?right?for?thepatient.對(duì)于個(gè)體醫(yī)護(hù)人員來(lái)說(shuō)，他們必須從專業(yè)角度和個(gè)人角度來(lái)對(duì)醫(yī)療費(fèi)用產(chǎn)生興趣，這不僅對(duì)國(guó)家有益，還將有益于病患。In?our?litigious?society,?a?legalistically?defensive?approach?to?medical?practice?has?become?tooprevalent.在我們這個(gè)喜歡訴訟的社會(huì)里，有關(guān)醫(yī)療的法律保護(hù)方法就變得非常普遍了。The?conditions?that?engender?this?tendency?must?be?altered.我們必須對(duì)這一趨勢(shì)進(jìn)行糾正。Physicians?must?use?all?of?their?diagnostic?skills?to?focus?on?the?very?best?approach?to?medicaldiagnosis?and?therapy醫(yī)護(hù)人員必須使用其所有的診斷技能來(lái)關(guān)注醫(yī)療診斷和理療方法，and?to?steer?away?from?unnecessary?use?or?repetition?of?expensive?procedures?such?ascomputed?tomography,?magnetic?resonance?imaging,?and?cardiac?catheterization.并避免不必要的使用，或是重復(fù)價(jià)格昂貴的診治，例如計(jì)算機(jī)體層攝影、核磁共振成像或是心導(dǎo)管插入術(shù)。The?physician?must?use?intellect?scientific?knowledge?and?analytical?skillsto?best?serve?thepatient?without?inundating?the?system?with?unnecessary?costs醫(yī)生必須運(yùn)用智慧（包括科學(xué)知識(shí)和分析能力）來(lái)為病人提供最佳服務(wù)，既不要給醫(yī)療保健體系增加不必要的費(fèi)用，and?the?patient?with?a?financial?burden?he?simply?cannot??to?bear.也不要給病人造成不必要的、無(wú)法繼續(xù)承受的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)。1.take（an）interestin對(duì)……發(fā)生興趣例句：We?takeinterestin?yourcannedgoodsandwishtohavethecatalogues.我們對(duì)你方的罐頭食品有興趣，希望能收到目錄。2.onthefinalanalysis歸根結(jié)底例句：Nowadays,thecompetitionoftechnologyandstrengthisthecompetitionofhumansandhumancapital?onthefinalanalysis.當(dāng)今世界科技和實(shí)力的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，歸根到底是人的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，是人力資本的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。3.steerawayfrom避開例句：Wewantedtomakeacleanbreakfromactressesand?steerawayfrom?blondesandcleansethepalette.我們不想再用女演員代言，也不想要金發(fā)女郎，我們重新做出選擇。4.financialburden財(cái)政負(fù)擔(dān)例句：Bearingthe?financialburden?ofcommercialandinvestmentarbitrationsisdifficultforanycountry,butmostespeciallysoforasmallcountrylikeUruguay.承擔(dān)商業(yè)和投資仲裁決定的財(cái)政負(fù)擔(dān)對(duì)任何國(guó)家都很艱難，對(duì)于烏拉圭這樣的小國(guó)來(lái)說(shuō)更是如此。第5期:Costscanbecontrolledonlyifphysiciansareconvincedoftheneedandarewillingtoparticipateinprovidingthisvitalservice.只有醫(yī)護(hù)人員能夠真正明白這些需求，并愿意參與到提供重大服務(wù)上來(lái)，價(jià)格才能夠得到控制。Oneaspectofthiscontrolisattentiontovariouspossiblemeansofhealthcarefinance,控制價(jià)格的其中一個(gè)方面就是要重視各種衛(wèi)生保健,includingprepaidplans,preferredproviderorganizationshealthmaintenanceorganizations,andothermanagedcaresystems.包括重點(diǎn)服務(wù)計(jì)劃、優(yōu)先醫(yī)療服務(wù)提供者組織、健康維護(hù)組織以及其他管理式醫(yī)療系統(tǒng)。Allofthesemustbecarefullyexploredwithaviewtomakinghealthcareaccessiblewhereitismostneeded.為了讓最需要醫(yī)療保障的民眾接受到該服務(wù)，我們必須對(duì)這些系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行細(xì)致地探究。Clearly,multipletoolsandprogramsmaybenecessary,buttheyshouldnotbethrustuponthepatientsimplytosatisfydoctrinesoffreeenterprise.顯然，這些措施和項(xiàng)目或許是不可或缺的，但是不能夠僅僅是為了滿足自由主義的信條而將其強(qiáng)加于病患身上。Toprovidethebesthealthcareinafiniteeconomyweneedsystemsthatprovidesuchcareinthemostefficientway,regardlessofthepaymentscheme.為了在有限的經(jīng)濟(jì)體中提供最好的醫(yī)療保障，不論支付計(jì)劃如何，我們需要利用最有效的措施來(lái)提供醫(yī)療服務(wù)Anotheraspectofourcost-controljobistosupportandparticipateinresearchonoutcomes,在這項(xiàng)成本控制工作中，另一個(gè)方面就是要參與到對(duì)支出的研究上來(lái)，aimingtowardsystematicevaluationofcost-effectivenessofthemedicalprocedureswechooseinthelightofalltheinterestsofourpatient.考慮到病患的利益，我們的目的就是要對(duì)醫(yī)療程序的成本效益進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)的評(píng)估。Forexample,wedonotknowwhytreatmentofprostatichypertrophyismorecommonlymedicalinsomepartsofthenation,surgicalinothers.例如，我們不知道為什么有些地區(qū)對(duì)會(huì)利用內(nèi)科的方式來(lái)治療前列腺增生，有的地方會(huì)利用手術(shù)的治療方式。Whydoestheincidenceofcaesareansectionsvarysowidely?為什么實(shí)施剖腹產(chǎn)的范圍會(huì)如此之廣？Thecostsandbenefitsofcoronaryangioplastyversusbypasssurgeryremainobscure.冠狀動(dòng)脈成形術(shù)和心臟搭橋手術(shù)的成本和效益仍然不明確。Everyyearbillionsofdollarsarespentasaresultofclinicaldecisionsthatmayhingeontheseorsimilarissues.每年，政府都會(huì)在相似的臨床問(wèn)題上花費(fèi)數(shù)十億美金。Physiciansmustinvolvethemselvesintheprocessesofchangewithaneyefirsttotheindividualpatientandthentosociety.內(nèi)科醫(yī)生必須親身參與到變革的過(guò)程中來(lái)，這么做首先是為了病患，其次這也有利于社會(huì)。1.with?a?view?to?為了要例句：Time?after?time,?he?read?such?sentences?as:“Please?cause?an?investigation?be?made?witha?view?to?ascertaining?the?truth.馬弗里克一次又一次看到這樣的句子：“敬請(qǐng)以查明事實(shí)真相為宗旨，展開一番調(diào)查。”2.be?thrust?on?把…強(qiáng)加于例句：Specific?challenges?will?be?thrust?on?Mrs?Clinton?from?Day?1.希拉里從第一天開始就會(huì)面臨具體的挑戰(zhàn)。3.in?the?light?of?根據(jù)例句：They?will?adjust?their?bequests?in?the?light?of?yours.他們將根據(jù)你的贈(zèng)予調(diào)整自己的遺產(chǎn)分配。4.hinge?on?靠...轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)例句：Somewhat?surprisingly,?the?answer?turns?out?to?hinge?on?what?you?mean?by?best?andwhat?you?mean?by?long-run.有些令人驚訝的是，答案取決于在你看來(lái)最好的和長(zhǎng)期的是一個(gè)什么概念。第6期:THOSE?WHO?CARE那些關(guān)愛病患的醫(yī)生"How?can?I?find?a?good?doctor?who?cares?about?me?as?a?person?"如何找到一位拿病患當(dāng)“人”看的醫(yī)生？When?speaking?of?caring,?one?has?to?define?specifically?what?is?meant.說(shuō)到關(guān)愛，人們不得不將其明確定義。A?physician?can?diagnose?and?prescribe?in?a?technically?correct?and?scientific?but?insensitiveway?and?the?patient?may?be?made?better?even?cured.醫(yī)生在確診病患時(shí)能夠保證在技術(shù)和科學(xué)上的準(zhǔn)確性，但是卻不添加個(gè)人感情，患者能夠在這種情況下有所好轉(zhuǎn)，或是得到治愈。On?the?other?hand,?when?the?patient?asks?the?question,"Does?my?physician?really?care?〃另一方面，當(dāng)病人問(wèn)道：我的醫(yī)生真的關(guān)心我嗎？the?patient?means,?Does?it?matter?to?the?physician?what?happens?to?me?病患的意思是：“我的情況對(duì)醫(yī)生來(lái)說(shuō)重要嗎？Does?my?doctor?show?sensitivity?and?compassion?beyond?the?mere?technical?qualities?ofmedicine?〃醫(yī)生是否僅僅超越了技術(shù)層面而展現(xiàn)出同情和敏感。It?is?in?this?sense?that?we?address?ourselves?to?the?nature?of?those?who?care.我們正是要從這一層面去了解那些醫(yī)護(hù)人員的本質(zhì)。It?may?seem?odd?to?talk?about?caring?as?a?skill,?but?in?a?real?sense?it?is?just?that.把關(guān)愛當(dāng)做一種技能來(lái)討論似乎有一些奇怪，但是事實(shí)就是這樣。Those?involved?in?the?education?of?students?realize?that?at?least?some?forms?of?compassionhave?to?be?learned.那些接受了醫(yī)學(xué)教育的學(xué)生意識(shí)到他們至少要習(xí)得某些形式的同情。The?developing?physician?must?see?such?traits?in?action?in?order?to?acquire?and?apply?them?ininteraction?with?patients?and?their?families.為了在與病患和家屬的溝通中獲得并應(yīng)用這種同情，成長(zhǎng)中的醫(yī)生必須將這些特點(diǎn)付諸行動(dòng)。Sometimes?this?involves?learning?how?to?demonstrate?compassion.有時(shí)，這些要涉及到如何展現(xiàn)同情心。Kahlil?Gibran?has?taught?us,"You?give?but?little?when?you?give?of?your?possessions?it?is?whenyou?give?of?yourself?that?you?truly?give."紀(jì)伯倫教導(dǎo)過(guò)我們：“給予財(cái)產(chǎn)算不上給予，只有當(dāng)你獻(xiàn)出自己，那才算是真正的給予?！盙iving?of?ourselves?with?ease,?with?grace,?and?with?meaning?is?for?most?of?us?an?acquired?skill.輕松，完美的獻(xiàn)出自己，這對(duì)于我們大多數(shù)人來(lái)說(shuō)是一種習(xí)得的技能。Sometimes?it?involves?a?deep?sense?of?reawakening?within?to?bring?out?an?innate?sensitivityand?compassion?that?perhaps?has?not?expressed?itself?since?childhood.有時(shí)，這包括內(nèi)心深處的蘇醒，并迸發(fā)出自從童年時(shí)期就沒有表現(xiàn)過(guò)的同情和敏感。At?other?times,?learning?to?care?may?involve?a?complete?transformation?of?behavior?andattitudes?toward?people,?particularly?those?who?are?not?from?our?own?cultural?background.在其他時(shí)候，學(xué)習(xí)關(guān)愛或許要把對(duì)待他人的行為和態(tài)度進(jìn)行全面的改變，特別是對(duì)那些擁有不同文化背景的人。Many?believe?that?the?greatest?responsibility?in?medical?education?today?is?to?fostercompassion?within?the?student?of?medicine.許多人相信當(dāng)今醫(yī)學(xué)教育中最重要的是將同情心滲透到醫(yī)科大學(xué)學(xué)生的心中。To?receive?medical?care,?patients?must?trust?their?bodies?and?their?very?lives?to?physicians,?andso?to?be?in?an?honest?position?to?give?medical?care，physicians?must?earn?such?radical?trust.為了獲得關(guān)愛，病患必須對(duì)自己的身體有著足夠的信心，并能夠?qū)⒆约旱纳坏结t(yī)生手中，那么醫(yī)生就完全能夠給予關(guān)愛，醫(yī)生必須獲得百分百的信任。Mere?technical?treatment?of?disease?does?not?suffice.僅僅是對(duì)于疾病的技術(shù)治療是不能夠滿足的。Patients?must?be?able?reasonably?to?believe?that?their?physicians?care?about?them?in?anextraordinarily?personal?way.病患必須合理地相信，他們的醫(yī)生從個(gè)人層面對(duì)他們非常關(guān)心。This?exchange?of?care?for?trust,?while?not?identical?to?friendship?or?love,?is?equally?binding.這種用關(guān)愛換取信任同樣相互關(guān)聯(lián)，這與友情和愛完全不同。From?it?develops?an?interdependence?that?is?far?from?unwholesome?rather,?it?potentiates?careand?promotes?healing.這種造成的相互依賴遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)對(duì)身心造成傷害，反而這會(huì)增強(qiáng)關(guān)愛，提高治愈率。Our?late?twentieth?century?sophistication?and?technologic?orientation?have?too?often?cost?uswarmth,?humor,?and?humanity,?leaving?us?in?social?isolation.20世紀(jì)晚期以復(fù)雜和技術(shù)為目的的醫(yī)療經(jīng)常讓我們失去了溫暖、幽默以及仁慈，并讓我們被社會(huì)所孤立。We?do?far?better?as?professionals?to?err?on?the?side?of?being?human?with?our?patients?than?totry?to?play?deus?ex?machina,?the?god?from?the?machine.作為專業(yè)人員，我們對(duì)待病人要人性化，這么做即使犯些小錯(cuò)也比扮演冷冰冰的解圍之神要好。1.identical?to/with：與…完全相同的例句：His?appearance?was?identical?to?his?mother,?Anyone?could?identify?that?he?was?herson.他的面容和母親是同樣的。任何人都可以識(shí)別他是她的兒子。2.in?a?position?to?do?能夠作某事例句：The?people?you're?in?a?position?to?do?something?nice?for,?even?if?they've?got?no?abilityto?reciprocate.你能做一些力所能及的事情的人，哪怕他們有沒有能力來(lái)報(bào)答。3.acquired?skill?習(xí)得的技能例句：Failing?to?recognize?that?speaking?is?an?acquired?skill.沒有認(rèn)識(shí)到演講是一個(gè)可以后天習(xí)得的技巧。4.happen?to?發(fā)生于例句：Yes,?it?could?happen?to?any?of?us,?but?yesterday?it?happened?to?.是的，這可能發(fā)生在我們?nèi)魏我粋€(gè)人身上，但是昨天卻發(fā)生在他們身上了。第7期HE?SOCIAL?RESPONSIBILITIES?AND?HUMANISTIC?QUALITIES?OF?"THE?GOODDOCTOR"“好醫(yī)生”的社會(huì)責(zé)任和人道主義素質(zhì)The?patient?says,"Take?charge,?make?me?well,?help?me?feel?comfortable,?show?me?compassion?listen?to?my?problems?and?I?will?give?you?trust."病患稱：“負(fù)責(zé)任，治好病，舒適感，同情心，傾聽我的訴求，我將信任你?！盌ag?Hammarskjold?reminds?us?of"the?humility?which?comes?from?others?having?faith?in?you".哈馬舍爾德提醒我們“要謙虛，謙虛來(lái)自于別人對(duì)你的信任”。The?natural?outcome?of?this?giving?and?receiving?of?trust?is?that?the?physician?must?acceptsome?degree?of?obligation?to?the?patient.信任別人和得到信任的自然結(jié)果是醫(yī)生必須要承擔(dān)一些對(duì)病患的義務(wù)。Of?course,?the?patient,?if?able,?keeps?some?responsibility?for?the?healing?process,?but?thephysician?must?be?willing?to?answer?the?patient's?needs,當(dāng)然，如果病患可以的話，他們也需要在治療過(guò)程中承擔(dān)一些責(zé)任，但是醫(yī)生必須愿意滿足病患的需求。however?demanding,?however?changing,?however?at?times?unreasonable?or?falsely?perceived.盡管這樣的要求過(guò)高，變動(dòng)性較大，有時(shí)還會(huì)是不合理的，或是不正確的需求。Generalists?in?internal?medicine?undertake?a?long-term?commitment?to?a?patient's?care.內(nèi)科醫(yī)生對(duì)病患所承擔(dān)的責(zé)任需要持續(xù)很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間。They?are?reminded?daily?that?this?commitment?continues?beyond?a?particularly?insightfuldiagnosis?or?the?completion?of?an?endoscopic?procedure；他們每天都會(huì)被提醒，這些責(zé)任超越了某一類高深的診斷，或是完成一次內(nèi)鏡檢查；that?the?patient?still?needs?care?when?the?numbers?are?back?from?the?most?recent?cardiaccatheterization就是當(dāng)病人完成最常見的心導(dǎo)管插手術(shù)，or?when?the?final?stitch?is?completed?in?a?complex?procedure?and?the?patient?is?rolled?from?theoperating?suite.或是完成了復(fù)雜手術(shù)的最后一針，就算病人從手術(shù)室中推出來(lái)，他們?nèi)孕枰亲o(hù)。The?internist?continues?to?care?for?and?nurture?the?patient?through?the?whole?process?ofhealing?in?a?way?that?requires?enormous?skill?in?close?personal?interaction.內(nèi)科醫(yī)生在全部治療過(guò)程中都會(huì)繼續(xù)對(duì)病患進(jìn)行關(guān)愛和呵護(hù)，而這種關(guān)愛方式需要人際交流中的諸多技能。1.long-term?長(zhǎng)期的例句：You?should?also?have?long-term?goals,?not?only?for?your?business?but?for?your?owncareer.同時(shí)，你也應(yīng)該為你的職業(yè)生涯設(shè)定一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期的目標(biāo)，而不僅僅是為了眼前的工作。2.care?for?關(guān)心例句：Lily?spent?years?caring?for?her?sick?uncle.莉莉照顧了她生病的叔叔好多年。3.endoscopic?procedure?內(nèi)鏡檢查例句：It?is?usually?done?in?the?hospital?or?an?endoscopic?procedure?room.通常結(jié)腸鏡檢查是在醫(yī)院或?qū)ｉT的內(nèi)鏡檢查室內(nèi)進(jìn)行。4.internal?medicine?內(nèi)科例句：The?study?was?published?on?Monday?in?the?Archives?of?Internal?Medicine.這項(xiàng)研究在星期一發(fā)表在內(nèi)科醫(yī)學(xué)檔案上。第8期HELP?WITH?FAMILY?INTERACTIONS了解家庭關(guān)系The?woman?who?comes?into?her?physician's?office?with?a?history?of?fatigue,listlessness,inability?to?sleep,?and?irritability?may?be?describing?the?early?symptoms?of?amorbid?disease.進(jìn)入醫(yī)生辦公室的這位女性患者擁有疲勞史，精神萎靡，并患有失眠癥和煩躁癥，這位病患或許還會(huì)描述她疾病的早期癥狀。She?may,?however,?be?showing?signs?of?depression?secondary?to?her?inability?to?cope?anylonger?with?an?alcoholic?husband,或許，由于她無(wú)力應(yīng)對(duì)酗酒的丈夫，with?a?teenage?son?addicted?to?cocaine,or?with?an?elderly?mother?for?whom?she?must?care.吸毒成癮的孩子，以及她必須要照顧的老母親而顯出抑郁狀態(tài)。The?wise?physician?considers?organic?pathology?but?also?realizes?that?presenting?symptomsmay?be?only?part?of?what?is?really?troubling?the?patient.睿智的醫(yī)生認(rèn)為應(yīng)該運(yùn)用器官病理學(xué)的方法來(lái)治療，但是醫(yī)生又意識(shí)到目前所展現(xiàn)的癥狀或許僅僅是煩惱病患的一部分。This?requires?an?unusual?sensitivity?and?an?ability?to?pursue?in?a?cautious,?understanding,andcareful?way?and?to?listen?to?the?concerns?and?needs?the?patient?describes--traits,?again,?thatcan?and?must?be?developed?and?practiced.這就需要醫(yī)生非常敏感并且能小心謹(jǐn)慎、善解人意、細(xì)致入微地去探尋并傾聽病人的憂慮和需求,醫(yī)生的這些能力能夠且必須加以完善和實(shí)踐。The?physician's?role?is?to?help?the?patient?understand?the?connections?between?unpleasantsituations,?emotional?disturbances,?and?organic?symptoms.醫(yī)生的角色就是要幫助病患了解不良狀況、情緒困擾以及身體癥狀之間的聯(lián)系。Sometimes?patients?are?helped?simply?by?understanding?those?relationships?and?being?awarethat?the?doctor?appreciates?them?and?reassures,?listens?with?a?sympathetic?ear,?and?seldomadvises?in?a?direct?way,?but?does?express?concern.有時(shí)候，幫助病人只需要讓他們知道這三者之間的關(guān)系并意識(shí)到：醫(yī)生了解他們，愿意安慰和傾聽他們，很少直言相勸、卻能表達(dá)關(guān)心之情。In?earlier?days,?when?most?medical?care?was?delivered?at?home,?the?physician?was?quickly?madeaware?of?living?situations?and?family?interactions,if?he?or?she?did?not?already?know?the?entirefamily?and?their?circumstances.早些時(shí)候，當(dāng)時(shí)絕大多數(shù)醫(yī)生都會(huì)在病人家中進(jìn)行醫(yī)護(hù)治療，如果醫(yī)生并沒有完全了解病患的家庭和環(huán)境狀況，那么醫(yī)生也會(huì)很快察覺到病患的生活狀況以及家庭關(guān)系。Today?when?the?patient?comes?to?the?office,?generally?alone?and?certainly?out?of?socioeconomiccontext,?it?is?much?more?difficult?to?perceive?what?is?going?on.如今，病患來(lái)到醫(yī)生的辦公室，通常病患會(huì)獨(dú)自一人來(lái)，完全無(wú)法得知病患的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)背景，醫(yī)生就很難做出正確的判斷。The?physician?must?exercise?a?much?greater?degree?of?skill?and?understanding?in?exploringfamily?interrelationships?during?a?history?and?physical?examination?or?in?an?even?shorter?visit.通過(guò)既往史，體檢甚至是通過(guò)簡(jiǎn)短拜訪的方式，醫(yī)生必須要提高他們了解家庭關(guān)系的技能。1.addicted?to?上癮例句：He?became?addicted?to?drugs.?他已吸毒成癮。2.medical?care?醫(yī)療護(hù)理例句：So?far,?however,?two?panels?of?government?experts?who?have?looked?at?the?issue?havenot?found?significant?impediments?to?research?or?medical?care?caused?by?gene?patents.?可是到目前為止，關(guān)注該案的兩個(gè)政府專家小組還沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)基因檢測(cè)專利制度對(duì)醫(yī)學(xué)研究和醫(yī)療護(hù)理方面明顯的障礙。3.physical?examination?體檢例句：A?careful?history?and?physical?examination?were?obtained,?but?there?was?no?obviousreason?for?the?patient's?problem.?也得到了一份詳細(xì)的病史和身體檢查，但是沒有任何明顯的證據(jù)表明病人患有該疾病。4.sympathetic?ear?同情心例句：Women?need?a?sympathetic?ear.?女士們需要一位具有同情心的聽眾。第9期HELP?WITH?OBTAINING?NECESSARY?ADDITIONAL?PROFESSIONAL?SERVICES幫助病患獲得必要的額外專業(yè)服務(wù)The?warm?and?intimate?relationship?that?any?patient?seeks?is?not?one?that?a?typical?patient?canhave?with?many?physicians?at?the?same?time.病患所需要的親密關(guān)系并不是哪位病患能夠在同一時(shí)間與多位醫(yī)生所擁有的。The?internist?must?demonstrate?a?variety?of?skills,?attitudes,?and?abilities?and?a?store?ofdiverse?information?that?allows?him?or?her?to?be?the?patient's?health?care?manager?as?well?as?hisconfidant,?keeping?in?mind?that?the?average?patient?does?not?understand?the?system?ofmedical?referrals?for?subspecialty?consultation.內(nèi)科醫(yī)生必須具有各種技能、觀點(diǎn)、能力和豐富的信息。這會(huì)讓他們既成為病人健康的管理者也成為患者的知心人。他們還要時(shí)刻牢記，普通病人對(duì)分科就診和轉(zhuǎn)診這套制度并不了解。An?oncologist/internist?recently?described?for?me?how?she?weaves?the?fabric?of?health?caremanagement?for?a?patient?who?has?been?referred?with?a?positive?biopsy?for?a?malignant?disease.一位腫瘤醫(yī)師/內(nèi)科醫(yī)生最近對(duì)我說(shuō)她是如何為病患建立醫(yī)療管理的，這名病患因惡性病接受了活性切片檢查。In?this?situation?the?oncologist?has?to?view?herself?as?the?captain?of?a?rather?complicated?ship.在這種情況下，腫瘤醫(yī)師不得不將自己看成是一艘大船船長(zhǎng)。She?has?to?talk?with?the?referring?physician，obtain?the?biopsy?slides,?have?them?re-read?byher?own?consulting?pathologist,?and?review?them?herself.她需要與轉(zhuǎn)診醫(yī)師進(jìn)行溝通，獲取切片，請(qǐng)病理學(xué)家再次分析，之后自己審查。She?then?has?to?review?the?chart?and?the?radiographs?with?a?consulting?radiologist?and?decide,given?al