王佐良《歐洲文化入門》配套題庫（含考研真題）

第1章希臘羅馬文化一、選擇題1._____believedthatthehighestgoodinlifewaspleasure,freedomfrompainandemotionalupheaval.A.SophistsB.CynicsC.SkepticsD.Epicureans【答案】D查看答案【解析】伊壁鳩魯認(rèn)為人生中最好的就是快樂，沒有痛苦和情緒的波動(dòng)。2._____issaidtohavetoldthekingofSyracuse:“Givemeaplacetostand,andIwillmovetheworld.”A.ArchimedesB.AristotleC.PlatoD.Euclid【答案】A查看答案【解析】阿基米德告訴錫拉丘茲國王：“給我一個(gè)支點(diǎn)，我將能撬動(dòng)整個(gè)地球?！?.IncreasinglytroubledbytheinroadsofnortherntribessuchasGoths,theWestRomanEmpirefinallycollapsedin_____.A.395B.27C.1453D.476【答案】D查看答案【解析】西羅馬帝國最終于476年滅亡。4.TheCityofGodwaswrittenby_____,themostimportantofalltheleadersofChristianthought.A.JesusB.AugustineC.ThomasAquinasD.MartinLuther【答案】B查看答案【解析】《上帝之城》是奧古斯丁的杰作。C中，托馬斯·阿奎納所撰寫的最知名著作是《神學(xué)大全》（SummaTheologica）。馬丁·路德是16世紀(jì)歐洲宗教改革倡導(dǎo)者，基督教新教路德宗創(chuàng)始人。路德于在1517年10月31日以學(xué)術(shù)爭論的方式在維登堡城堡大教堂的大門上張貼出了“歡迎辯論”的《九十五條論綱》5._____wasapainter,asculptor,anarchitect,amusician,anengineer,andascientist—aRenaissancemaninthetruesenseoftheword.A.MichelangeloB.RaphaelC.ShakespeareD.LeonardoDaVinci【答案】D查看答案【解析】達(dá)芬奇是真正意義上的文藝復(fù)興人。A中，米開朗基羅是意大利文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期偉大的繪畫家、雕塑家、建筑師和詩人，文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期雕塑藝術(shù)最高峰的代表。B中，拉斐爾是文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期意大利著名畫家，也是“文藝復(fù)興后三杰”中最年輕的一位，代表了文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期藝術(shù)家從事理想美的事業(yè)所能達(dá)到的巔峰。6.In_____,Cervantessatirizedaverypopulartypeofliteratureatthetime,theromanceofchivalry.A.DonQuixoteB.HamletC.LeviathanD.TheLifeandSurprisingAdventuresofRobinsonCrusoe【答案】A查看答案【解析】在《唐·吉訶德》中，米格爾·德·塞萬提斯（MigueldeCervantes）諷刺了當(dāng)時(shí)非常流行的一種文學(xué)類型，騎士傳奇。7.Thebest-knownbookwrittenbyThomasMoreis_____,whichdescribesanidealnon-Christianstatewhereeverybodylivesasimplelifeandsharesthegoodsincommon,possessesagoodknowledgeofLatin,fightsnowarandenjoysfullfreedominreligiousbelief.A.ThePraiseoftheFollyB.AsYouLikeItC.DivineComedyD.Utopia【答案】D查看答案【解析】托馬斯·莫爾的杰作是《烏托邦》。A中，ThePraiseoftheFolly是伊拉斯謨最重要也是最具影響的著作。B為莎士比亞的戲劇之一。C是但丁的杰作。8._____,authorofPrince,isregardedas“fatherofpoliticalscience”intheWest.A.MachiavelliB.DanteC.BaconD.Locke【答案】A查看答案【解析】馬基雅弗利，《王子》的作者，被認(rèn)為是政治科學(xué)之父。培根被馬克思稱為“英國唯物主義和整個(gè)現(xiàn)代實(shí)驗(yàn)科學(xué)的真正始祖”。9.InTheRevolutionofHeavenlyOrbs,_____putforwardhistheorythatthesun,nottheearth,isthecenteroftheuniverse.A.KeplerB.GalileoC.NewtonD.Copernicus【答案】D查看答案【解析】哥白尼提出了日心說的理論。開普勒發(fā)現(xiàn)了行星運(yùn)動(dòng)的三大定律，分別是軌道定律、面積定律和周期定律。伽利略發(fā)明了擺針和溫度計(jì)。牛頓發(fā)現(xiàn)了萬有引力定律。10.Duringthe_____century,themodernscientificmethodbegantotakeshape,whichemphasizedobservationandexperimentationbeforeformulatingafinalexplanationorgeneralization.A.18thB.15thC.16thD.17th【答案】D查看答案【解析】17世紀(jì)，現(xiàn)代科學(xué)方法開始成形，該方法強(qiáng)調(diào)在作出最終解釋或概括之前要先進(jìn)行觀察和實(shí)驗(yàn)。11._____said,“Knowledgeispower.”A.IsaacNewtonB.FrancisBaconC.JohnLockeD.Marx【答案】B查看答案【解析】“知識(shí)就是力量”是培根的名言。12.InFaust,_____drewonanimmensevarietyofculturalmaterial—theological,mythological,philosophical,political,economic,scientific,aesthetic,musical,andliterary.A.GoetheB.DefoeC.RousseauD.Byron【答案】A查看答案【解析】《浮士德》的創(chuàng)作者是歌德。13.Whichofthefollowingisnotregardedasaromanticwriter?A.WordsworthB.ShelleyC.PushkinD.Balzac【答案】D查看答案【解析】巴爾扎克是19世紀(jì)法國偉大的批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義作家，歐洲批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義文學(xué)的奠基人和杰出代表。14.ThemostfrequentthemesofRomanticismincludeallofthefollowingexcept_____.A.thepowerofreasonB.individualfreedomC.spontaneityD.loveofnature【答案】A查看答案【解析】浪漫主義時(shí)代的主題是個(gè)人自由，對自然的熱愛以及詩歌的隨意性。A是啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)的主題。15.“Ifwintercomes,canSpringbefarbehind?”istheendinglineof“OdetotheWestWind”by_____.A.WordsworthB.KeatsC.PushkinD.Shelley【答案】D查看答案【解析】“冬天來了，春天還會(huì)遠(yuǎn)嗎”是雪萊的著作《西風(fēng)頌》里的話。16.ThecomposerofSwanLakewas____,ageniusinsymphonicmusic.A.TchaikovskyB.ChopinC.BeethovenD.Mozart【答案】A查看答案【解析】天鵝湖的作曲家是柴可夫斯基，俄國人。17.ThenaturalistschoolfoundedbyZolainlate19thcenturyintended_____.A.toattacktheindustrialinjusticeandurbanevilsB.togivefullplaytotheimaginationofindividualsC.toupholdtheclassicalvaluessuchasharmony,balance,proportionandrestraintD.todemonstratethelawofhumanconductbyascientificstudyof“asliceoflife”【答案】D查看答案【解析】19世紀(jì)末左拉創(chuàng)立的自然主義學(xué)派希望通過科學(xué)研究“人人小站”來展示人類的行為法則。18.WhichofthefollowingnovelswasnotwrittenbyTolstoy?A.ResurrectionB.WarandPeaceC.CrimeandPunishmentD.AnnaKarenina【答案】C查看答案【解析】《罪與罰》的作者是FyodorDostoyevsky。19.Inhispoems,WaltWhitmansangpraisesofallofthefollowingvalueexcept_____.A.democracyB.thedignityoftheindividualC.theidyllicwayoflifeD.thebrotherhoodofman【答案】C查看答案【解析】惠特曼歌頌了民主，個(gè)人尊嚴(yán)以及人類的兄弟情誼，而沒有說到田園般地生活方式。20.Modernismwascharacterizedby_____.A.aconsciousrejectionofestablishedrules,traditionsandconventionsB.theexplorationoftheinnerlifeoftheindividualandthepsychopathologyofhumanrelationsC.itsintenseinterestinthebizarre,themysterious,theunpredictableandtheformlessD.alloftheabove【答案】D查看答案【解析】現(xiàn)代主義的特點(diǎn)是：對既定的規(guī)則、傳統(tǒng)和習(xí)俗有意識(shí)的拒絕；對個(gè)人內(nèi)在生活的探索和人際關(guān)系的精神病理學(xué)；對怪異、神秘、不可預(yù)知、無形的事物報(bào)以濃厚的興趣。21.Whichculturereachedahighpointofdevelopmentinthe5thcenturyB.C.?A.GreekcultureB.RomancultureC.ChinesecultureD.Egyptianculture【答案】A查看答案【解析】公元前5世紀(jì)，希臘文化的發(fā)展達(dá)到了頂峰。22.WhichisPlato’sbelief?A.Theworldismatterandactivity.B.MenhaveknowledgebecauseofexperienceC.Mindandmatterarecompletelyapartfromeachother.D.Menhaveknowledgebecauseoftheexistenceofcertaingeneral“ideas”.【答案】D查看答案【解析】柏拉圖認(rèn)為，人們擁有知識(shí)是因?yàn)槟承┢毡椤坝^念”的存在。23.WhobroughtaboutthebeginningofOlympicGames?A.IndiansB.RomansC.GreeksD.Egyptians【答案】C查看答案【解析】奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)發(fā)源于兩千多年前的古希臘，因舉辦地在奧林匹亞而得名。故選C。二、填空題1.The“Iliad”isanamazingtaleofheroesandheroines,godsandgoddesses.Butmostofallitisthestoryof_____,ofhisangeranddetermination,andofhisslayingofthe_____heroHector.（人大2001研）【答案】Achilles；Trojan查看答案【解析】《伊利亞特》是由古希臘詩人所作的一部敘述性史詩，主要記述特洛伊之戰(zhàn)中英勇的阿喀琉斯（Achilles）如何戰(zhàn)勝赫克托耳（Hector）。2.ThefirstproseliteratureintheformofhistoryentitledhistorywasanaccountofthePersianWarwrittenby_____,knownas“Thefatherofhistory”,andThucydides,anotherfamousGreekhistorianwasthewriterofthe_____War.（人大2001研）【答案】Herodotus;Peloponnesian查看答案【解析】在古希臘時(shí)代，希羅多德（Herodotus）被譽(yù)為“歷史之父”；另一位著名的希臘歷史學(xué)家修昔底德（Thucydides）主要記述了《伯羅奔尼撒戰(zhàn)爭史》（PeloponnesianWar）。3.TheRomansenjoyedalongperiodofpeacelastingtwohundredyears,aremarkablephenomenoninhistoryknownasthe_____.（人大2001研）【答案】PaxRomana查看答案【解析】羅馬人曾經(jīng)擁有200多年的和平時(shí)期，這段時(shí)期十分著名，被稱為“羅馬和平時(shí)期”。4.TheRomanswerefineengineersandroadbuilders,butinart,literature,and_____theyhadbarelymadeastartwhentheycameintocontactwiththeadvancedGreekcivilizationintheseareastheRomansbecameeagerstudents.andastheRomanpoet_____putit“CaptiveGreecetookRomecaptive.”（人大2001研）【答案】philosophy；Horace查看答案【解析】雖然羅馬人征服了希臘，并善于建造各種建筑，修繕道路，但是在藝術(shù)、文學(xué)和哲學(xué)上，羅馬人都為希臘人燦爛輝煌的文化所折服；因此古羅馬詩人和評論家賀瑞斯（Horace）寫到：“被俘的希臘人卻征服了羅馬人”。5.PartoftheHomericpoemsdealswiththeallianceofthecitystalesofthemainlandGreece,ledby_____intheirwaragainstthecity,ofTroy.TheheroesareHectorontheTrojansideand_____andOdysseusontheGreekside.（人大2005研）【答案】Agamemnon；Achilles查看答案【解析】《荷馬史詩》相傳為古希臘盲詩人荷馬所創(chuàng)作，包括《伊利亞特》和《奧德賽》，其中一部分以特洛伊戰(zhàn)爭為主題；阿伽門農(nóng)，特洛伊戰(zhàn)爭中希臘軍隊(duì)的統(tǒng)帥；赫克托耳，特洛伊第一勇士，在決斗中被希臘勇士阿喀琉斯殺死；奧德修斯，伊塞卡國王，獻(xiàn)木馬計(jì)。6.InancientGreecetherewasaphilosophicalschoolknownasthe_____,whoweresonamedbecauseoneoftheirexemplarsDiogenesdecidedtolivelikeadogandrejectedallconventions.Astoryistoldofhow_____theGreatvisitedhimandaskedifhewantedanyfavor.“Onlytostandoutofmylight,”hereplied.（人大2005研）【答案】Cynics；Alexander查看答案【解析】戴奧真尼斯（公元前412～323），古希臘犬儒哲學(xué)學(xué)派（Cynics）代表人物；他住在桶里，認(rèn)為除了人的必要需求，其他諸如財(cái)富、地位都不重要；當(dāng)時(shí)他非常著名，甚至亞歷山大大帝都去拜訪他。7.AncientGreeksconsidered_____tobetheauthoroftheirepics.【答案】Homer查看答案【解析】古希臘人認(rèn)為荷馬是其史詩的作者。8.Inthesecondhalfofthe4thcenturyB.C.,allGreecewasbroughtundertheruleof_____.【答案】Alexander查看答案【解析】公元前4世紀(jì)后半葉，整個(gè)希臘都在亞歷山大大帝的統(tǒng)治之下。9.Inthe5thandthe4thcenturyB.C.inancientGreece,therewerethreegreatphilosopherswhohaveexertedgreatinfluenceuponEuropeanthinking.Theywere_____,_____and_____.【答案】Socrates；Plato；Aristotle查看答案【解析】公元前5世紀(jì)和公元前4世紀(jì)的古希臘有三位偉大的哲學(xué)家，他們對歐洲的思想產(chǎn)生了重大影響。這三位哲學(xué)家分別是蘇格拉底、柏拉圖和亞里士多德。三、術(shù)語解釋1.Iliad【答案】ItisoneofthetwogreatancientGreekepicsbyHomer.ItdealswiththeallianceofthestatesofthesouthernmainlandofGreece,ledbyAgamemnonintheirwaragainstthecityofTroyprobablyintheperiod1200-1100B.C.TheheroesareHectorontheTrojansideandAchillesandOdysseusontheGreekside.Inthefinalbattle,HectorwaskilledbyAchillesandTroywassackedandburnedbytheGreeks.查看答案2.Herodotus【答案】HerodotusisoneofgreatancientGreekhistorians.Heisoftencalled“FatherofHistory”.HewroteaboutthewarsbetweenGreeksandPersians.Hisworks,fullofanecdotesanddigressionsandlivelydialogue,iswonderfullyreadable.Hisobjectinwritingwas“thatthegreatandwonderfuldeedsdonebyGreeksandPersiansshouldnotlackrenown.”查看答案3.Socrates【答案】HewasthephilosopherofancientGreeceinthe5thto4thcenturyB.C.HewasconsideredoneofthethreegreatestnamesinEuropeanphilosophy.Heheldthatphilosophytooktheaimtoreachtheconclusionofoneselfandvirtuewasknowledge.HisthoughtswererecordedinDialoguesbyPlato.Hedevisedthedialecticalmethod.查看答案4.Dialecticalmethod【答案】ItwasdevisedbyancientGreekphilosopherSocrates.Itisamethodofargument,byquestionsandanswers.查看答案5.Plato【答案】HewasthegreatestphilosopherofancientGreece,pupilofSocrates.HisDialoguesareimportantnotonlyasphilosophicalwritingbutalsoasimaginativeliterature.OftheDialogueshewrote,27havesurvived,including:theApology,SymposiumandtheRepublic.Platobuiltupacomprehensivesystemofphilosophy.Hisphilosophyiscalledidealism.查看答案6.Diogenes【答案】HewasoneoftheCynic’sleadersinancientGreece,whodecidedtolivelikeadog.Theword“cynic”means“dog”inGreek.Herejectedallconventions,advocatedself-sufficiencyandextremesimplicityinlife.查看答案7.Stoics【答案】ItwasoneoffourancientGreekschoolsofphilosophersinthe4thcenturyB.C.Tothem,themostimportantthinginlifewas“duty”.Itdevelopedintothetheorythatoneshouldendurehardshipandmisfortunewithcourage.ThechiefStoicwasZeno.查看答案8.DoricStyle【答案】ItisoneofthreeancientGreekarchitecturestyles.Itisalsocalledthemasculinestyle.Itissturdy,powerful,severe-lookingandshowingagoodsenseofproportionsandnumbers.TheDoricstyleismonotonousandunadorned.查看答案9.PaxRomana【答案】Intheyear27B.C.OctaviustooksupremepowerasemperorwiththetileofAugustus.Twocenturieslater,theRomanEmpirereacheditsgreatestextentintheNorthandEast.Theemperorsmainlyreliedonastrongarmy—thefamousRomanLegionsandaninfluentialbureaucracytoexerttheirrules.ThustheRomanenjoyedalongperiodofpeacelasting200years.ThisremarkablephenomenoninthehistoryisknownasPaxRomana.查看答案10.Virgil【答案】HewasthegreatestofLatinpoets.Hewrotethegreatepic,theAeneid.Thepoemopenedouttothefuture,forAeneasstoodattheheadofaraceofpeoplewhoweretofoundthefirsttheRomanrepublicandthentheRomanEmpire.查看答案11.TheDarkAgeinBritain（人大2007研）【答案】The“DarkAges”startedwhentheRomansleftBritainandfinishedwhentheSaxonsruledthewholeofEngland,fromaboutAD410toAD710,duringwhichtheBritishwererulingbythemselveswithoutRomanhelp.Thisperiodofhistoryiscalled“Dark”because,inthepast,historiansknewverylittleaboutit.Nowsomepeoplecallit“Post-Roman”or“Sub-Roman”times.查看答案12.AlexandertheGreatofMacedon（人大2001研）【答案】AlexandertheGreatofMacedonisaGreekkingwhohadcreatedavastempireincludesthemainlandGreece,EgyptandpartofAsiaMinor.HehadreceivedaclassicalGreekeducationwithAristotleashistutor.HeencouragedtheconstructionoflibrariesandhelpedtospreadtheancientGreekcultureintotheEast.Hewasalsoagreatmilitarycommander.查看答案四、簡答題1.Whatisthelimitationof“Democracy”inancientGreece?【答案】(1)Democracymeans“exerciseofpowerbythewholepeople”,butinGreeceby“thewholepeople”theGreeksmeantonlytheadultmalecitizens.(2)Women,children,foreignersandslaveswereexcludedfromDemocracy.2.WhatphilosophysystemdidPlatoestablished?(WhydowesayPlato’sphilosophysystemwasidealistic?DoyouthinkPlatobuiltupacomprehensivesystemofphilosophy?)【答案】(1)Itdealtwith,amongotherthings,theproblemofhow,inthecomplex,ever-changingworld,menweretoattainknowledge.(2)Thefirstcaseandphysicalworldshouldtakethesecondarycase.(3)Idealisticofphilosophy.(4)ManyofPlato’sideaswerelaterabsorbedintoChristianthought.3.What’sthedifferencebetweenPlatoandAristotleintermsoftheirphilosophicalideas(system)?【答案】(1)Foronething,Aristotleemphasizeddirectobservationofnatureandinsistedthattheoryshouldfollowfact.ThisisdifferentfromPlato’srelianceonsubjectivethinking.(2)Foranother,hethoughtthat“form”andmattertogethermadeupconcreteindividualre