英語(yǔ)最全修辭手法

PAGEPAGE卯英語(yǔ)常用修辭1.Simile明喻明喻是將具有共性的不同事物作對(duì)比.這種共性存在于人們的心里,而不是事物的自然屬性?；蛘哒f(shuō)是以兩種具有相同特征的事物和現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行對(duì)比，表明本體和喻體之間的相似關(guān)系，兩者都在對(duì)比中出現(xiàn)。標(biāo)志詞常用like,as,seem,asif,asthough,similarto,suchas等.Itisafigureofspeechwhichmakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelementshavingatleastonequalityorcharacteristicincommon.Tomakethecomparison,wordslikeas,as...as,asifandlikeareusedtotransferthequalityweassociatewithonetotheother.例如:1>.Hewaslikeacockwhothoughtthesunhadrisentohearhimcrow.2>.Iwanderedlonelyasccloud.3>.Einsteinonlyhadablanketon,asifhehadjustwalkedoutofafairytale.4>.Thiselephantislikeasnakeasanybodycansee.這頭象和任何人見(jiàn)到的一樣像一條蛇。5>.Helookedasifhehadjuststeppedoutofmybookoffairytalesandhadpassedmelikeaspirit.他看上去好像剛從我的童話故事書(shū)中走出來(lái)，像幽靈一樣從我身旁走過(guò)去。6>.Ithaslongleavesthatswayinthewindlikeslimfingersreachingtotouchsomething.它那長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的葉子在風(fēng)中擺動(dòng)，好像伸出纖細(xì)的手指去觸摸什么東西似的。

7>.CarlosLehderwastococainetransportationwhatHenryFordwastocars.2.Metaphor隱喻,暗喻隱喻是將某一事物的名稱用于另一事物,通過(guò)比較形成。這種比喻不通過(guò)比喻詞進(jìn)行，而是直接將用事物當(dāng)作乙事物來(lái)描寫(xiě)，甲乙兩事物之間的聯(lián)系和相似之處是暗含的。Itislikeasimile,alsomakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelements,butunlikeasimile,thiscomparisonisimpliedratherthanstated.Forexample,theworldisastage.

例如:1>.Hopeisagoodbreakfast,butitisabadsupper.2>.Somebooksaretobetasted,othersswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.3>.GermangunsandGermanplanesraineddownbombs,shellsandbullets...德國(guó)人的槍炮和飛機(jī)將炸彈、炮彈和子彈像暴雨一樣傾瀉下來(lái)。4>.Thediamonddepartmentwastheheartandcenterofthestore.鉆石部是商店的心臟和核心。5>.Alltheworld’sastage,andallthemenandwomenmerelyplayers.6>.Moneyisabottomlesssea,inwhichhonor,conscience,andtruthmaybedrowned.7>.Timeisariver,ofwhichmemoryisthewater.Ohmyfriend,whatIscoopupfromtheriverisallyearningofyou.3.Metonymy借喻,轉(zhuǎn)喻借喻不直接說(shuō)出所要說(shuō)的事物,而使用另一個(gè)與之相關(guān)的事物名稱。指兩種不同事物并不相似，但又密不可分，因而常用其中一種事物名稱代替另一種。就是借用甲來(lái)表示乙，但前提條件是甲必須與乙關(guān)系密切和本質(zhì)上有相似之處Itisafigureofspeechthathastodowiththesubstitutionofthemaneofonethingforthatofanother.1>.以容器代替內(nèi)容,例如:Thekettleboils.水開(kāi)了.Theroomsatsilent.全屋人安靜地坐著.2>.以資料.工具代替事物的名稱,例如:Lendmeyourears,please.請(qǐng)聽(tīng)我說(shuō).3>.以作者代替作品,例如:acompleteShakespeare莎士比亞全集4>.以具體事物代替抽象概念,例如:Ihadthemuscle,andtheymademoneyoutofit.我有力氣,他們就用我的力氣賺錢(qián).5>.Severalyearslater,wordcamethatNapoleonyhhimselfwascomingtoinspectthem...幾年以后，他們聽(tīng)說(shuō)拿破侖要親自來(lái)視察他們?！皐ord”在這里代替了“news,information”（消息、信息）6>.Alspokewithhiseyes,“yes”.艾爾用眼睛說(shuō)，“是的”?！罢f(shuō)”應(yīng)該是嘴的功能，這里實(shí)際上是用眼神表達(dá)了“說(shuō)話的意思”。7>.Adoctormmusthavetheheartofalionandthehandofalady.8>.Shewastobesureagirl,whoexcitedtheemoions,butIwasnottheonetoletmyheartrulemyhead.4.Synecdoche提喻提喻用部分代替全體,或用全體代替部分,或特殊代替一般一般代替特殊.又稱舉隅法，舉隅指舉一反三之意，具有“牽一發(fā)而動(dòng)全身”之功能。主要特點(diǎn)是局部代表全體，或以全體喻指部分，或以抽象代具體，或以具體代抽象。它往往因微見(jiàn)著，在提到某人或某物時(shí)，不直呼其名，與其密不可分的東西來(lái)代替。Itisinvolvesthesubstitutionofthepartforthewhole,orthewholeforthepart.例如:1>.Thereareabout100handsworkinginhisfactory.他的廠里約有100名工人.2>.HeistheNewtonofthiscentury.他是本世紀(jì)的牛頓.3>.Thefoxgoesverywellwithyourcap.這狐皮圍脖與你的帽子很相配.4>.TheGreatWallwasmadenotonlyofstonesandearth,butofthefleshandbloodofmillionsofmen.長(zhǎng)城不僅是用石頭和土建造的，而且是用幾百萬(wàn)人的血和肉建成的。句中的“thefleshandblood”喻為“thegreatsacrifice”巨大的犧牲DowningStreet（唐寧街）→theBritishgovernment（英國(guó)政府）FleetStreet（艦隊(duì)街）→TheBritishpress（英國(guó)新聞界）DownUnder（對(duì)跖地）→AustraliaorNewZealand（澳大利亞或新西蘭）Thefieldwaswonaftertwohoursofbloodyfighting.thebattle經(jīng)過(guò)2小時(shí)的浴血奮戰(zhàn)，戰(zhàn)斗取得了勝利。（用“戰(zhàn)斗場(chǎng)地”指代“戰(zhàn)斗”。）提喻（Synecdoche）的定義與用法：定義：用局部代替全體或全體代替局部，用屬代替種或種代替屬，用具體代替抽象或抽象代替具體的修辭手法叫做提喻。(Asynecdocheisafigureofspeechthatinvolvesthesubstitutionofthepartforthewholeorthewholeforthepart,andthesubstitutionofthespeciesforthegenusorthegenusforthespecies,andalsothesubstitutionoftheconcretefortheabstractortheabstractfortheconcrete.)用法：①以局部代全體：Thepoormanhadsixmouthstofeed.這可憐的人要養(yǎng)六口人people（“口”只是人體的一部分，在此用來(lái)指代“人”。）Thepoormanisnowleftwithoutaroof.這可憐的人落得個(gè)上無(wú)片瓦。house（“屋頂”只是房子的一部分，在此用來(lái)指代“房屋”。）Hecan'trideawheel.他不會(huì)騎自行車(chē)。bicycle（“輪子”只是自行車(chē)的一個(gè)部件，在此用來(lái)指代“自行車(chē)”。）②以全體代局部：Thebirdssangtowelcomethesmilingyear.小鳥(niǎo)歌唱迎新春。thespring（“春季”只是“一年”中的一個(gè)季節(jié)，句中用“歡笑的年”指代“春天”。）Hehasgainedafootinginthemusicalworld.他在音樂(lè)界站住了腳。field（“世界”包括一切，表示“領(lǐng)域”的“界”。）③以屬代替種：Springvanisheswiththerose.花謝春盡。flowers“玫瑰”屬于“花”中的一種Itwillcostyouaprettypenny這恐怕會(huì)花你許多錢(qián)money便士屬于錢(qián)中的一種④以種代替屬：Idon'tliketoeatmeat.我不想吃豬肉。pork肉包括“豬肉”在內(nèi)的任何一種肉Whatalovelycreature!多么美麗的女人??！abeautifulwoman（“人”包括“女人”在內(nèi)的任何一種人。）⑤以具體代抽象：Heearnedhisbreadasateacher.他以教書(shū)為生living面包指代抽象名詞生計(jì)Thewolfandthepigmingledtogetherinhisface.他的臉上帶著兇殘和貪婪的神色。fiercenessgreediness（用“狼”指代其“兇殘的”本性，用“豬”指代其“貪婪的”本性。）⑥以抽象代具體：Allthewitandlearningoftheworldwereassembledthere.thewiseandlearnedscholars所有聰明博學(xué)的人都聚集在那里。（“聰穎”和“學(xué)問(wèn)”都是抽象名詞，在此指代“學(xué)者”。）Itwassicknessandpovertytogetherthatshecametovisit.patientspoorpeople她來(lái)探望的是病人和窮人。（“疾病”和“貧窮”都是抽象名詞，在此分別用來(lái)指代“病人”和“窮人”。）換稱（Antonomasia）的定義與用法：定義：用頭銜、綽號(hào)和稱呼等代替姓名或稱謂或用專有名詞代替普通名詞的修辭手法叫做換稱。(Anantonomasiaisafigureofspeechthatinvolvestheuseofanepithetortitleinplaceofaname,andalsotheuseofapropernameinplaceofacommonnoun.)Antonomasia（換稱、代類名）指用形容詞、頭銜等代替專有名詞，比如用theAlmighty代指上帝，用hisHonour指法官，用Fatheroflies（謊言之父）指Satan。同時(shí)也可以用來(lái)表示用專有名詞代替普通概念，UncleSam代替USA，Hercules（赫格立斯）代verystrongperson（力大無(wú)窮者）。換稱中的專有名詞通常有這幾種來(lái)源：宗教、古代及當(dāng)代的歷史和文學(xué)，這也是它和喻代的不同之處。用法：’①用頭銜、綽號(hào)和稱呼等代替姓名或稱謂：HisMajesty（陛下）→akingorthenameoftheking（國(guó)王或國(guó)王的姓名）HisHonor（閣下）→ajudgeorthenameofthejudge（法官或法官的姓名）IronChancellor（鐵血宰相）→Bismarck（俾斯麥）②用專有名詞代替普通名詞：a.源于宗教或神話：Solomon（所羅門(mén)）→awiseman（聰明人）Judas（猶大）→atraitor（叛徒）Helen（海倫）→abeautifulwoman（美女）b.源于歷史：Hitler（希特勒）→atyrant（暴君）HeistheNewtonofthiscentury.他是本世紀(jì)的牛頓。agreatscientistMilton（彌爾頓）→apoet（詩(shī)人）c.源于文學(xué)作品：Romeo（羅米歐）→alover（情人）Holmes（福爾摩斯）→adetective（偵探）轉(zhuǎn)喻（metonymy）與換稱（antonomasia）的比較：metonymy與antonomasia共同之處是它們都可以用人名或地名來(lái)借代人物或事物；它們的不同點(diǎn)在于：metonymy中的借代物與被借代物之間通常具有等同關(guān)系或密切相關(guān)的聯(lián)系，而antonomasia通常是利用人的頭銜、綽號(hào)，或利用歷史上的名人、名勝以及小說(shuō)、典故中的典型人物的特點(diǎn)來(lái)借代。并且，它通常是用專有名詞指代普通名詞。試比較：例1：TheWallStreetdefinitelyhasmoresayintheirpolicymaking.Americanfinancialcenter顯然華爾街在他們的政策制定方面更有發(fā)言權(quán)。（美國(guó)的各大銀行、證券公司等都坐落在華爾街，故而華爾街成了美國(guó)金融中心的代名詞?！叭A爾街”與“美國(guó)金融中心”具有等同關(guān)系，所以該句所采用的修辭手法是metonymy。）例2：ShanghaiistheNewYorkofChina.上海是中國(guó)的紐約。abigandflourishingcity（紐約是美國(guó)的一個(gè)大城市，它具有“繁華”的特點(diǎn)；上海是中國(guó)的一個(gè)大城市，也同樣具有“繁華”的特點(diǎn)，故該句用“紐約”指代“上?！薄Ｈ欢吧虾！辈荒芘c“紐約”等同，我們不能說(shuō)“上?！本褪恰凹~約”，所以該句所采用的修辭手法是antonomasia。）例3：IhaveneverreadLiBai.我從未讀過(guò)李白的詩(shī)。LiBai'spoems（通過(guò)動(dòng)詞read，可以聯(lián)想到此句中的“李白”是指“李白的詩(shī)”。雖然“李白”是我國(guó)唐代著名詩(shī)人，但該句并沒(méi)有利用他的某個(gè)特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行借代，所以它不是antonomasia。而“李白”與“李白的詩(shī)”之間具有密切相關(guān)的聯(lián)系，故該句所采用的修辭手法是metonymy。）例4：YouJudas!你這個(gè)叛徒！atraitor（根據(jù)《圣經(jīng)》，猶大是耶穌十二個(gè)門(mén)徒之一，他為了三十枚紋銀出賣(mài)了耶穌。根據(jù)這一典故，“猶大”便成了“出賣(mài)朋友的人”和“叛徒”的代名詞。該句是利用典故中的典型人物的特點(diǎn)來(lái)借代，故它所采用的修辭手法是antonomasia。）轉(zhuǎn)喻（metonymy）與提喻（synecdoche）的比較：metonymy與synecdoche的共同點(diǎn)是它們都可以用人體的各個(gè)部位進(jìn)行借代；它們的不同點(diǎn)在于：metonymy是利用人體部位指代其功能或特點(diǎn)，而synecdoche則是利用人體的部位指代整體。試比較：例1：Herheartruledherhead.她的感情控制了理智。emotionsgoodsense（該句用“心”指代“感情”，用“頭”指代“理智”。雖然“心”和“頭”都是人體的部位，但說(shuō)話者并沒(méi)有用它們來(lái)借代“人”這個(gè)整體，而是指代根據(jù)其特點(diǎn)聯(lián)想所產(chǎn)生的東西，故該句所采用的修辭手法是metonymy。）例2：Noeyesawhim,butasecondlatereveryearheardagunshot.man沒(méi)有人看見(jiàn)他?？墒?，一秒鐘以后每個(gè)人都聽(tīng)到一聲槍響。（“眼睛”和“耳朵”都是人體的部位，在此用來(lái)借代其整體“人”。故該句所采用的修辭手法是synecdoche。）例3：Weareallears.我們洗耳恭聽(tīng)。listeningattentively（“耳朵”是人體部位，在此用來(lái)指代其“聽(tīng)”的功能，故該句所采用的修辭手法是metonymy。）例4：Twoheadsarebetterthanone.兩個(gè)腦袋總比一個(gè)腦袋強(qiáng)。people（“頭”是人體部位，在此指代整體“人”，故該句所采用的修辭手法是synecdoche。）例5：Hehasanoldheadonyoungshoulders.他年輕而有見(jiàn)識(shí)。experiencesyoungman（head是人體部位，前面加了形容詞old后，產(chǎn)生一種聯(lián)想意義，即“有見(jiàn)識(shí)的”；shoulders也是人體部位，前面加了形容詞young后，產(chǎn)生一種象征意義，即“年輕人”。該句沒(méi)有用人體部位指代整體，而是用人體部位指代其特點(diǎn)，故該句所采用的修辭手法是metonymy。）例6：Nevershowyourfaceagain.千萬(wàn)不要再露面。body（“臉”是人體部位，在此指代整個(gè)“人”，故該句所采用的修辭手法是synecdoche。）]5.Synaesthesia通感,聯(lián)覺(jué),移覺(jué)這種修辭法是以視.聽(tīng).觸.嗅.味等感覺(jué)直接描寫(xiě)事物.是指在某個(gè)感官所產(chǎn)生的感覺(jué)，轉(zhuǎn)到另一個(gè)感官的心理感受。例如:1>.Thebirdssatuponatreeandpouredforththeirlilylikevoice.鳥(niǎo)兒落在樹(shù)上,傾瀉出百合花似的聲音.2>.TastethemusicofMozart.品嘗Mozart的音樂(lè).3>.Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowedandsomefewtobechewedanddigested.有些書(shū)是應(yīng)當(dāng)嘗嘗滋味的，有些書(shū)是應(yīng)當(dāng)吞下去的，有少數(shù)書(shū)是應(yīng)當(dāng)咀嚼和消化的。6.Personification擬人擬人是把生命賦予無(wú)生命的事物.是把人類的特點(diǎn)、特性加于外界事物之上，使之人格化，以物擬人，以達(dá)到彼此交融，合二為一。Itgiveshumanformoffeelingstoanimals,orlifeandpersonalattributes(賦予)toinanimate(無(wú)生命的)objects,ortoideasandabstractions(抽象).Forexample,thewindwhistledthroughthetrees.例如:1>.Thenightgentlylaysherhandatourfeveredheads.2>.Iwasveryhappyandcouldhearthebirdssinginginthewoods.3>.Shemayhavetensofthousandofbabiesinonesummer.(From“WatchingAnts”)一個(gè)夏天她可能生育成千上萬(wàn)個(gè)孩子。這里用“she”和“babies”把蜜蜂比作人類婦女的生育。4>.MyonlyworrywasthatJanuarywouldfindmehuntingforajobagain.我唯一擔(dān)心的是，到了一月份我又得去找工作。英語(yǔ)里常把“年”“月”“日”人格化，賦以生命，使人們讀起來(lái)親切生動(dòng)。7.Hyperbole夸張夸張是以言過(guò)其實(shí)的說(shuō)法表達(dá)強(qiáng)調(diào)的目的.它可以加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)勢(shì),增加表達(dá)效果..運(yùn)用豐富的想象，過(guò)激的言詞，渲染和裝飾客觀事物，以達(dá)到強(qiáng)調(diào)的效果。Itisthedeliberateuseofoverstatementorexaggerationtoachieveemphasis.Forinstance,healmostdiedlaughing.

例如:1>.Ibegathousandpardons.2>.Loveyou.Youarethewholeworldtome,andthemoonandthestars.3>.Whensheheardthebadnews,ariveroftearspouredout.4>.Mybloodfroze.我的血液都凝固了。5>.WhenItoldourfatheraboutthis,hisheartburst.當(dāng)我將這件事告訴我們的父親時(shí)，他的心幾乎要迸出來(lái)。6>.MyheartalmoststoppedbeatingwhenIheardmydaughter’svoiceonthephone.從電話里一聽(tīng)到我女兒的聲音，我的心幾乎停止跳動(dòng)。8.Parallelism排比,平行

['p?r?leliz?m]這種修辭法是把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的結(jié)構(gòu)大體相同或相似,意思相關(guān),語(yǔ)氣一致的短語(yǔ).句子排列成串,形成一個(gè)整體.例如:1>.Noonecanbeperfectlyfreetillallarefree;noonecanbeperfectlymoraltillallaremoral;noonecanbeperfectlyhappytillallarehappy.2>.Inthedayswhenallthesethingsaretobeansweredfor,Isummonyouandyours,tothelastofyourbadrace,toanswerforthem.Inthedayswhenallthesethingsaretobeansweredfor,Isummonyourbrother,theworstofyourbadrace,toanswerforthemseparately.9.Euphemism委婉,婉辭法用溫和的、間接的詞語(yǔ)代替生硬的、粗俗的詞語(yǔ)，以避免直接說(shuō)出不愉快的事實(shí)冒犯別人或者造成令人窘迫的、沮喪的局面。婉辭法指用委婉,文雅的方法表達(dá)粗惡,避諱的話.Itisthesubstitutionofanagreeableorinoffensive(無(wú)冒犯)expressionforonethatmayoffendorsuggestsomethingunpleasant.Forinstance,wereferto"die"as"passaway".例如:1>.Heisoutvisitingthenecessary.他出去方便一下.2>.Hisrelationwithhiswifehasnotbeenfortunate.他與妻子關(guān)系不融洽.3>.DengXiaopingpassedawayin1997.4>.Hewasbothoutofpocketandoutofspiritsbythatcatastrophe,failedinhishealthandprophesiedthespeedyruinoftheempire.5>.seniorcitizens代替oldpeople;lowincomebrackets代替poorpeople;handicapped代替crippled;washroom\men’s\women’sroom代替lavatory;emotionallydisturbed代替mad;aslowlearner\anunderachiever代替astupidpupil.10.Allegory諷喻,比方這是一種源于希臘文的修辭法,意為"換個(gè)方式的說(shuō)法".它是一種形象的描述,具有雙重性,表層含義與真正意味的是兩回事.例如:1>.Makethehaywhilethesunshines.2>.It'stimetoturnploughintosword.11.Irony反語(yǔ)反語(yǔ)指用相反意義的詞來(lái)表達(dá)意思的作文方式.如在指責(zé)過(guò)失.錯(cuò)誤時(shí),用贊同過(guò)失的說(shuō)法,而在表?yè)P(yáng)時(shí),則近乎責(zé)難的說(shuō)法.是指用含蓄的褒義詞語(yǔ)來(lái)表示其反面的意義，從而達(dá)到使本義更加幽默，更加諷刺的效果。Itisafigureofspeechthatachievesemphasisbysayingtheoppositeofwhatismeant,theintendedmeaningofthewordsbeingtheoppositeoftheirusualsense.Forinstance,wearelucky,whatyousaidmakesmefeelrealgood.例如:1>.Itwouldbeafinethingindeednotknowingwhattimeitwasinthemorning.2>"Ofcourse,youonlycarrylargenotes,nosmallchangeonyou."thewaitersaidtothebeggar.3>.Well,ofcourse,Iknewthatgentlemenlikeyoucarryonlylargenotes.啊，當(dāng)然，我知道像你這樣的先生只帶大票子。店員這句話意在諷刺這位穿破衣的顧客：像你這樣的人怎么會(huì)有大票子呢？名為“gentlemen”實(shí)則“beggar”而已。4>.Well,ofcourse,Iknewthatgentlemenlikeyoucarryonlylargenotes.【sarcasm的特點(diǎn)是尖刻，往往蓄意中傷或譏諷；irony的特點(diǎn)是幽默或俏皮，故意使用同本意相反的說(shuō)法，必須靠其語(yǔ)調(diào)或筆調(diào)表示真意；satire可用來(lái)泛指irony，sarcasm等，其特點(diǎn)是用來(lái)諷刺社會(huì)向現(xiàn)象或一些人，不像sarcasm那樣指?jìng)€(gè)人?！?2.Pun雙關(guān)雙關(guān)就是用一個(gè)詞在句子中的雙重含義,借題發(fā)揮.作出多種解釋,旁敲側(cè)擊,從而達(dá)到意想不到的.滑稽效果.它主要以相似的詞形.詞意和諧音的方式出現(xiàn).是以一個(gè)詞或詞組，用巧妙的辦法同時(shí)把互不關(guān)聯(lián)的兩種含義結(jié)合起來(lái)，以取得一種詼諧有趣的效果。Itisaplayonwords,orratheraplayontheformandmeaningofwords.Forinstance,acannon-balltookoffhislegs,sohelaiddownhisarms.(Here"arms"hastwomeanings:aperson'sbody;weaponscarriedbyasoldier.)例如:1>.Sheistoolowforahighpraise,toobrownforafairpraiseandtoolittleforagreatpraise.2>.Anambassadorisanhonestmanwholiesabroadforthegoodofhiscountry.3>.Ifwedon'thangtogether,weshallhangseparately.4>.Napoleonwasastonished.”Eitheryouaremad,orIam,”hedeclared.“Both，sir!”criedtheSwedeproudly.“Both”一詞一語(yǔ)雙關(guān)，既指拿破侖和這位士兵都是瘋子，又指這位戰(zhàn)士參加過(guò)拿破侖指揮的兩次戰(zhàn)役。5>.Whyarelawyersalluneasysleepers?Becausetheylieononeside,andthenontheother,andremainwideawakeallthetime.13.Parody仿擬這是一種模仿名言.警句.諺語(yǔ),改動(dòng)其中部分詞語(yǔ),從而使其產(chǎn)生新意的修辭.例如:1>.Romewasnotbuiltinaday,norinayear.2>.Afriendinneedisafriendtobeavoided.3>.Ifyougiveagirlaninchnowadaysshewillmakeaddressofit.4>.Tosmokeornottosmoke,thatisaquestion.5>.WinewasthickerthanbloodtotheMondavibrothers,whofeudedbitterlyovercontrolofthefamilybusiness,CharlesKrugWinery.14.Rhetoricalquestion修辭疑問(wèn)它與疑問(wèn)句的不同在于它并不以得到答復(fù)為目的,而是以疑問(wèn)為手段,取得修辭上的效果,其特點(diǎn)是:肯定問(wèn)句表示強(qiáng)烈否定,而否定問(wèn)句表示強(qiáng)烈的肯定.它的答案往往是不言而喻的.例如:1>.Howwasitpossibletowalkforanhourthroughthewoodsandseenothingworthofnote?2>.Shallweallowthoseuntruthstogounanswered?15.Antithesis對(duì)照,對(duì)比,對(duì)偶Itisthedeliberatearrangementofcontrastingwordsorideasinbalancedsructuralformstoachieveemphasis.Forexample,speechissilver;silenceisgolden.Afigureofspeechinwhichsharplycontrastingideasarejuxtaposedinabalancedorparallelphraseorgrammaticalstructure.這種修辭指將意義完全相反的語(yǔ)句排在一起對(duì)比的一種修辭方法.（將強(qiáng)烈對(duì)立的想法并列于穩(wěn)定、對(duì)等的短語(yǔ)或語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)中的修辭方法。）例如:1>.NotthatIlovedCaeserlessbutthatIlovedRomemore.2>.Youarestaying;Iamgoing.3>.Givemeliberty,orgivemedeath.4>.Takelittle,givemore.5>.Pridehurts,modestybenefits.滿招損，謙受益。6>.Allforone,oneforall.人人為我，我為人人。16.Paradox雋語(yǔ)這是一種貌似矛盾,但包含一定哲理的意味深長(zhǎng)的說(shuō)法,是一種矛盾修辭法..例如:1>.Morehaste,lessspeed.2>.Thechildisthefathertotheman.三歲看老。3>.Everybody’sbusinessisnobody’sbusiness.4>.Therearetwowaysofrisingintheworld,eitherbyyourownindustryorbythefollyofothers.5>.Nothingismorefataltohappinessthantherememberanceofhappiness.6>.Ibelieve,though,thatpraiseshouldbemeasured,iftheremustbeany,itshouldbenegativetobeconstructive.7>.IlovehimsomuchthatIhatehimwhenhelooksatanothergirl.8>.Aloverofpeaceemergedasamagnificentleaderofwar.9>.Infact,itappearsthattheteachersofEnglishteachEnglishsopoorlylargelybecausetheyteachgrammersowell.10>.JohnMcEnroe:TheChampYouLovetoHate.11>.SaturdayNightonSundayMorning.(推銷(xiāo)錄像機(jī)的廣告標(biāo)題)12>.Homeless,theyhaveahundredhomes.13>.Thecoachhadtobecrueltobekindtohistrainees.14>.Nonewsisgoodnews.(尤其在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)年代)17.Oxymoron反意法,逆喻,矛盾修飾法這也是一種矛盾修辭法,用兩種不相調(diào)和的特征形容一個(gè)事物,以不協(xié)調(diào)的搭配使讀者領(lǐng)悟句中微妙的含義.例如:1>.Nolight,butratherdarknessvisible.2>.Thestateofthishouseischeerlesswelcome.3>.Themotherisundergoingthejoyfulpain,andthepainfuljoyofchildbirth.18.Climax漸進(jìn)法,層進(jìn)法這種修辭是將一系列詞語(yǔ)按照意念的大小.輕重.深淺.高低等逐層漸進(jìn),最后達(dá)到頂點(diǎn).可以增強(qiáng)語(yǔ)勢(shì),逐漸加深讀者印象.例如:1>.Iamsorry,Iamsosorry,Iamsoextremelysorry.2>.Eyehadnotseennorearheard,andnothinghadtouchedhisheartofstone.3>.Andherfacelookingup,herlostfacewithbeseechingeyes,anddark,wethair-possessed,haunted,torturedhim.19.Anticlimax漸降法與climax相反的一種修辭法,將一系列詞語(yǔ)由大到小,由強(qiáng)到弱地排列.例如:1>.Onhisbreasthewearshisdecorations,athissideasword,onhisfeetapairofboots.2>.Thedutiesofasoldieraretoprotecthiscountryandpeelpotatoes.3>.Wehadplentyofcompanyinthewayofwagon-loadsandmule-loadsoftouristsandthedust.4>.Onhisbreasthewearshisdecorations,athissideasword,onhisfeetapairofboots.5>.Itistruthuniiversallyacknowledgedthatasinglemaninpossessionofafortunemustbeinwantofawife.20.Rhetoricalrepetition疊言，重復(fù)疊言Repetition這種修辭法是指在特定的語(yǔ)境中，將相同的結(jié)構(gòu)，相同意義詞組成句子重疊使用，以增強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣和力量。1>.Itmustbecreatedbythebloodandtheworkofallofuswhobelieveinthefuture,whobelieveinmanandhisgloriousman—madedestiny.它必須用我們這些對(duì)于未來(lái)，對(duì)于人類以及人類自己創(chuàng)造的偉大命運(yùn)具有信心的人的鮮血和汗水去創(chuàng)造。2>...Becausegoodtechniqueinmedicineandsurgerymeansmorequickly—curedpatients,lesspain,lessdiscomfort,lessdeath,lessdiseaseandlessdeformity.因?yàn)閮?yōu)良的醫(yī)療技術(shù)和外科手術(shù)意味著更快地治療病人，更少痛苦，更少不安，更少死亡，更少疾病，和更少殘廢。3>.Ihavewritteninbedandwrittenoutofit,writtendayandnight.我臥床寫(xiě)，起床寫(xiě)；白天寫(xiě)，晚上也寫(xiě)。21.Onomatcpocia擬聲是摹仿自然界中非語(yǔ)言的聲音，其發(fā)音和所描寫(xiě)的事物的聲音很相似，使語(yǔ)言顯得生動(dòng)，富有表現(xiàn)力。1>.Ontherootoftheschoolhousesomepigeonsweresoftlycooing.在學(xué)校房屋的屋頂上一些鴿子正輕輕地咕咕叫著。2>.Shebroughtmeintotouchwitheverythingthatcouldbereachedorfelt—sunlight,therustlingofsilk,thenoisesofinsects,thecreakingofadoor,thevoiceofalovedone她使我接觸到所有夠得著的或者感覺(jué)得到的東西，如陽(yáng)光呀，絲綢擺動(dòng)時(shí)的沙沙聲呀，昆蟲(chóng)的叫聲呀，開(kāi)門(mén)的吱嗄聲呀親人的說(shuō)話聲呀3>.Thebeggerrattledthecoinsinhistin.4>.Shebroughtmeintotouchwitheverythingthatcouldbereachedorfeltsunlight,therustlingofsilk,thenoisesofinsects,thecreakingofadoor,thevoiceofalovedone.22.Alliteration頭韻法在文句中有兩個(gè)以上連結(jié)在一起的詞或詞組，其開(kāi)頭的音節(jié)有同樣的字母或音，以增強(qiáng)語(yǔ)言的節(jié)奏感。HowandwhyhehadcometoPrinceton,NewJerseyisastoryofstruggle,success,andsadness.23.Analogy:(類比）Itisalsoaformofcomparison,butunlikesimileormetaphorwhichusuallyusescomparisonononepointofresemblance,analogydrawsaparallelbetweentwounlikethingsthathaveseveralcommonqualitiesorpointsofresemblance.將兩個(gè)本質(zhì)上不同的事物就其共同點(diǎn)進(jìn)行比較，是通過(guò)比喻手法的綜合運(yùn)用幫助說(shuō)明道理或描述某種復(fù)雜情況。比如說(shuō)，我們?cè)谟懻撜毮艿臅r(shí)候，假如我們不了解政府職能，我們可以從我們了解的組織談起，比如我們可以討論班級(jí)、學(xué)校、公司或者一些大型小型組織，從一個(gè)具體的問(wèn)題到另一個(gè)問(wèn)題而避免談一些不熟悉的問(wèn)題。具體的陳述可以類似如下開(kāi)展：Appropriatepraiseistochildrenwhatthesunistoflowers.Whileelitecollegesanduniversitiesstillhavehighstandardsofadmissions,someofthemost“exclusive”prisonsnowrequireaboutfivepriorseriouscrimesbeforeaninmateisacceptedintotheircorrectionalprogram.WritingabookofpoetryislikedroppingarosepetaldowntheGrandCanyonandwaitingfortheecho.將寫(xiě)書(shū)的動(dòng)作和把玫瑰花瓣扔到大峽谷等回音類比。

24.Understatement:(含蓄陳述）降調(diào)陳述Itistheoppositeofhyperbole,oroverstatement.Itachievesitseffectofemphasizingafactbydeliberately(故意地)understatingit,impressingthelistenerorthereadermorebywhatismerelyimpliedorleftunsaidthanbybarestatement.Forinstance,Itisnolaughingmatter.

1>.Heisnomeanopponentinthecomingdebate.(言外之意，他不是一個(gè)弱者，而是一個(gè)勁敵)

2>.TherewasaslightdisturbanceintheSovietUnionlastyear,whichcausedthedisintegrationofthecountry.3>.ItwasnotwithoutreasonthattheCouncildecidedtotakesuchmeasures.

25.Syllepsis:(一語(yǔ)雙敘）Ithastwoconnotations.Inthefirstcase,itisafigurebywhichaword,oraparticularformorinflectionofaword,referstotwoormorewordsinthesamesentence,whileproperlyapplyingtooragreeingwithonlyonofthemingrammarorsyntax(句法).Forexample,Headdressedyouandme,anddesiredustofollowhim.(Hereusisusedtorefertoyouandme.)

Inthesecondcase,itawordmayrefertotwoormorewordsinthesamesentence.Forexample,whilehewasfighting,andlosinglimbandmind,anddying,othersstayedbehindtopursueeducationandcareer.(Heretolosingone'slimbsinliteral;toloseone'smindisfigurative,andmeanstogomad.)

例句：1>.Atthenextdoorheshookoffhiscompanyandran.Hehaltedinthedistrictwherebynightarefoundthelighteststreet,heart,vowsandliberttos.2>.ThenewlyelectedmemberforCentralLeedstooktheoathandhisseat.3>.Oldpeoplegatheringinthesocialhallforcomradeshipandahotlunch.4>.Whilethevietnamvetwasfighting,andlosinglimbandmind,anddying,othersstayedbehindtopursueeducationandcareer.5>.ThebusinessmanleftinhighspiritsandaCadillac.6>.Themoonwasabove,coldandbeautiful,andthemusicremindedSoapyofthosedayswhenhislifecontainedsuchthingsasmothersandrosesandcleanthoughtsandcollars.7>.Sheopenedthedoorandherheartforthehomelessboy.

26.Sarcasm:(諷刺）ItSarcasmisastrongformofirony.Itattacksinatauntingandbittermanner,anditsaimistodisparage,ridiculeandwoundthefeelingsofthesubjectattacked.Forexample,lawsarelikecobwebs,whichmaycatchsmallflies,butletwaspsbreakthrough.【irony:1)theamusingorstrangeaspectofasituationthatisverydifferentfromwhatyouexpect2)theuseofwordsthatsaytheoppositeofwhatyoureallymean,oftenasajokeandwithatoneofvoicethatshowsthissatire:awayofcriticizingaperson,anideaoraninstitutioninwhichyouusehumourtoshowtheirfaultsorweaknessessarcasm:awayofusingwordsthataretheoppositeofwhatyoumeaninordertobeunpleasanttosbortomakefunofthem可見(jiàn)irony和sarcasm都有反語(yǔ)的意思而sarcasm通常指對(duì)人進(jìn)行挖苦嘲諷，irony可以指其他事物。satire和上面兩個(gè)有區(qū)別，是指通過(guò)幽默對(duì)人，想法或機(jī)構(gòu)的諷刺和取笑比如諷刺社會(huì)的陰暗面等?！?7.Allusion典故它包括引用典故、諺語(yǔ)、成語(yǔ)、格言和俗語(yǔ)等。1>.Auniversitydegreeisnolongertheopensesametoagoodjob.2>.Maryisagooddancerbutshe’sgettingfatlatterly,whichisherAchilles’heel.3>.Hewalkedattheheadofthefuneralprocession,andeverynowangthenwipedawayhiscrocodiletearswithabighadkerchief.28.Transferredepithet移位修辭格1>.TheAmericansocietysawagnawingpovertyduringtheyearoftheGreatDepression.2>.Theyarestillprolongingthenight:dancing,singing,gossiping,postpoingtheunfortunatenecessityofundertakingaday’sworkinthefieldsafterasleeplessnight.3>.Heclosedhisbusylifeattheageofsixty.4>.HeoccasionallyevenengagesinelectronicconversationswithAppleusersaroundthecoungtry.5>.Therewasashort,thoughtfulsilence.出現(xiàn)了一陣短暫的、令人沉思的寂靜。6>.Theoldmanputareassuringhandonmyshoulder.一支令人安心的手7>.Thisisthecheapestmarketinthiscountry.最便宜的市場(chǎng)29.Inanimatesubject無(wú)靈主語(yǔ)英語(yǔ)里主語(yǔ)常用人稱和非人稱兩種形式來(lái)表達(dá)。用非人稱主語(yǔ)表達(dá)時(shí)，往往注重“什么事發(fā)生在什么人身上”。而漢語(yǔ)則較常用人稱主語(yǔ)表達(dá)，側(cè)重“什么人怎么樣了”。英語(yǔ)中非人稱作主語(yǔ)的句子主要有兩種類型：1,從有無(wú)生命角度劃分，主語(yǔ)可區(qū)分為有靈主語(yǔ)(animate)和無(wú)靈主語(yǔ)(inanimate)兩類。無(wú)靈名詞作主語(yǔ)，常翻譯成各種狀語(yǔ)，譯成“由于……因此”，“因?yàn)椤浴?，“在……之后”等等。非人稱主語(yǔ)句采用“無(wú)靈主語(yǔ)”(inanimatesubject)，表示抽象概念、心理感覺(jué)、事物名稱或時(shí)間地點(diǎn)等，但謂語(yǔ)卻常常使用“有靈動(dòng)詞”(animateverb)表示人或社會(huì)團(tuán)體的動(dòng)作和行為，如：see，desert，find，bring，witness，give，escape，surround，kill，deprive，serve，send，know，tell，permit，invite，take，drive，prevent…from等，這類句子往往帶有擬人化(personification)的修辭色彩。舉幾個(gè)例子：E.g.1Pastexperiencehastaughtusthatweshouldnotdependonothersforeverything.E.g.2Hisnameslipsmymind.E.g.3Agoodideasuddenlystrikesme.(Isuddenlyhaveagoodidea!)E.g.4Astrangepeacecameoverherwhenshewasalone.(Shewaspeacefulwhenshewasalone.)E.g.5MyonlyworrywasthatJanuarywouldfindmehuntingforajobagain.2.用非人稱代詞“it”作主語(yǔ)。Itneveroccurredtomethatshewassodishonest.30.Consonance尾韻

31.Regression回環(huán)32.Quotation引用33.Innuendo:(暗諷）Itisamildformofirony,hintinginaratherroundabout(曲折)wayatsomethingdisparaging(不一致)oruncomplimentary(不贊美)tothepersonorsubjectmentioned.Forexample,theweathermansaiditwouldbeworm.Hemusttakehisreadingsinabathroom.34.Zeugma:(軛式搭配）Itisasinglewordwhichismadetomodifyortogoverntwoormorewordsinthesamesentence,witherproperlyapplyinginsensetoonlyoneofthem,orapplyingtothemindifferentsenses.Forexample,Thesunshallnotburnyoubyday,northemoonbynight.(Herenoonisnotstrongenoughto